understanding financial information · why financial information is important • one of the best...

22
Understanding Financial Information Nicola Comninos 1

Upload: others

Post on 15-Jul-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Understanding Financial Information

Nicola Comninos

1

Page 2: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Why Financial Information is Important

• One of the best ways for investors to understand how well  or badly a company is operating

• Investors look at:• Earnings and Revenue Growth

• How much the company earns and whether it's growing its sales

• Is the company growing or declining • A company's earnings and revenue can be compared with its share price to tell you if a share is expensive or reasonably priced.

2

Page 3: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Why Financial Information is Important

• Cash flow trends• Difference between earnings and cash• Cash is money in hand vs. earnings and net income (accounting standards)

• Investors need to know whether cash is more than revenue

3

Page 4: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Why Financial Information is Important

• Debt• Companies can also borrow too much • Debt is not always bad – as long as companies are able to generate cash to pay the debt

• Investors need to understand howmuch debt companies have and how that debtcompares with a company's ability to pay it back

4

Page 5: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Statements

• Company financial information help investors in making investment decisions• Financial statements serve as scorecards or thermometers of the financial soundness of a company

• Investors want a strong return on investment (ROI) wheninvesting their money in a company

5

Page 6: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Statements

• Balance Sheet• Assets• Liabilities• Equity

• Income Statement• Revenue • Expenses

• Cash Flow Statement• Inflow and outflow of cash

6

Page 7: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Balance Sheet

• Gives an indication of the company’s financial position at certain point in time

• It offers a view as to what the company:• Owns• Owes• Amount invested by investors

7

Page 8: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Income Statement

• Measures a company’s financial performance over a certain period of time• Keeps record of all the income and expenses and the resultant P&L earned

• Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT)• Also known as operating profit or operating earnings• Looks at the core operating performance of the company• Difference between operating revenue and operating expense

• Net Profit After Tax (NPAT)• Net amount earned after taxes• Good indication of what the business is really earning

8

Page 9: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Cash Flow Statement

• Shows how changes in the balance sheet and income statement affect the company’s cash and cash equivalents

• It is a snapshot of the company’s resources and commitments• Company needs to know what cash is flowing in and what cash is flowing out

• The statement helps to determine the short‐term viability of the company to pay its bills

9

Page 10: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios

• Investors and analysts use financial ratios which are calculated from the company financial statements• They indicate how well a company is operating/performing (health)

• Liquidity (cash)• Speed of sales• Debt levels

• Gives a short answer to lots of financial data• Helps to compare a company’s financial performance to its industry peers

10

Page 11: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios:  Working Capital Ratio

• Working Capital Ratio looks at how much current assets (e.g. cash) a company has in order to pay its short term debt and how quickly it can do so• e.g. 2:1 (twice amount cash than short term debt)• A company needs “freed up” cash

11

Page 12: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios:  Earnings per Share (EPS)

• As an investor you want to know and understand the potential earnings or loss of the company• It considers the capital required in the business to generate net income 

• Looks at the net income earned per share• e.g. Assume 2 companies

• Both have same EPS• But one has fewer shares than the other

• This company is more efficient at using its capital to generate income ‐ it is the “better” company

12

Page 13: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios:  Headline Earnings per Share (HEPS)

• Similar to EPS but…• excludes profits or losses from extraordinary or abnormal events e.g. sale or termination of discontinued operations, write offs etc.

• Can use HEPS and EPS to compare companies across the board

• Diluted EPS• More shares were issued by the company therefore “diluting” the earnings per share

13

Page 14: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios: Price/Earnings Ratio (P/E)  

• Looks at the share price (market value) of the share divided by its EPS• It shows how much investors are willing to pay for each Rand of the company’s earnings 

• Shows the investor’s confidence in the company’s profitability

• High P/E generally more “risky”  as it signifies high expectations

• e.g. P/E = 20 • It will take 20 years of the company’s current profitability before the investor’s investment is “repaid” by the company

14

Page 15: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios:  Debt‐Equity Ratio

• Looks at what portion of the company’s equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets

• High D/E ratio = aggressive in financing its growth with debt i.e. more risky

• “high” is also relative to the industry in which the company operates e.g. capital intensive industries

• Low D/E ratio = more equity (shareholder money) used to finance its growth

15

Page 16: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Financial Ratios:  Return on Equity (ROE)

• Looks at how much profit a companymakes with the money shareholders have invested

• Sees how well a company uses its investment funds to generate earnings• 15‐20% = generally a good return

16

Page 17: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Market Information

• Listed companies’ share prices move up and down • Driven by demand (investors wanting to buy)  

• share price increases

• Driven by supply (investors wanting to sell)• share price decreases

17

Page 18: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

18

Page 19: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Market Information

• “The JSE was UP/DOWN for the day”• Generally refers to the FTSE/JSE All Share Index

• The index is a ruler or thermometer of JSE market sentiment

• If sentiment/attitude towards the market was positive (black/green) 

• more investors would invest money and buy shares• The index would then rise

• If sentiment/attitude towards the market was negative(red)

• more investors would not invest money and sell shares• The index would then fall

19

Page 20: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Example:  FTSE/JSE All Share Index

1 Oct:   48 875.032 Oct:   48 189.05

• The “market fell” by 1.4% or 685 index points

20

Page 21: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

FTSE/JSE All Share Index

21

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Page 22: Understanding Financial Information · Why Financial Information is Important • One of the best ways for investors to understand how well or badlya company is operating • Investors

Questions ?

22