understanding our garden’s soil. what does soil do? provides nutrients for the plants – npk...
TRANSCRIPT
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Understanding our Garden’s Soil
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What Does Soil Do?
• Provides nutrients for the plants– NPK
• Regulates water• Provides support for roots• Filters potential pollutants
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SOIL COMPONENTS: Physical
• Mineral Particles–Sand–Silt–Clay–Organic Matter
• Air• Water
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SOIL COMPONENTS: Living
• Microorganisms• Worms• Fungi• Bacteria
“It’s Alive!”In 1g of soil there are:
• >100,000,00 bacterial cells
• >11,000 species of bacteria
• Fungi and larger organisms
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COMPOSITION OF SOIL BY VOLUME
Mineral Particles;
48%Water;
25%
Air; 25%
Organic Matter; 2%
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SOIL FORMATION:ClORPT
•Climate
•Organisms
•Relief
•Parent Material
• Time
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SOIL HORIZONS
1. O-Horizon1. Recognizable, recent2. Less recognizable3. Humus
2. A-Horizon– Mineral layer
3. E-Horizon– Elluviation layer
4. B-Horizon– Zone of Accumulation
5. C-Horizon– Clumps
6. Bed Rock
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Physical Properties of Soil
• Color• Texture• Structure• Drainage• Depth
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SOIL COLOR
• Light brown Low in organic matter• Dark brown High in organic matter• Black Very high organic matter• Red Weathered/nutrient poor• Red-brown Good drainage• Yellow Moderate drainage• Grey Poor drainage• White, light greySandy
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SOIL TEXTURE
• Sand, Silt, Clay– Excludes organic matter
Water holding capacityIrrigation frequencyNutrient holding capacityFertilization frequency
CLAY LOAM SANDhigh medium lowlow medium highhigh medium lowlow medium high
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Structure, Drainage, and Depth
• Structure is the shape soil takes based on its physical and chemical properties– Destroyed by over-tilling and traffic
• Soil drainage is improved by adding organic matter
• The deeper the soil, the greater the storage capacity for water and nutrients
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SOIL pH
• pH is a measure of the acidity or the basicity of the soil
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ACID BASIC
NEUTRAL
PLANT GROWTH
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Effects of pH on Nutrient Availability
Reprinted from the Arizona Master Gardener Manual, Chapter 2, page 20.
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IRON CHLOROSIS
Iron deficiency appears on the youngest leaves of plants growing in alkaline soils.
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SOIL AMENDMENTS
• Complete fertilizers– NPK
• Incomplete fertilizers– Missing at least one of the
primary nutrients
• Organic fertilizers– Remains or by-products of
plants or animals– Release nutrients slowly
• Blood and bone meal• Fish emulsion• Manure
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MANURES
% of N P KChicken manure 4.4 2.1
2.6Cow manure 1.9 0.7 2.0Pig manure 2.1 0.8 1.2Horse manure 1.4 0.4
1.0Sheep manure 3.5 0.6
1.0
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NITROGEN
• Necessary for formation of chlorophyll, as well as building amino acids for proteins.
• Nitrogen deficiency symptoms– Yellowing leaves
beginning in oldest leaves– Leaf tips and margins
yellow and dies– Plants are stunted.
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PHOSPHORUS
• Phosphorus is necessary for almost all aspects of plant growth and is essential for flower and fruit formation
• Phosphorus deficiency symptoms– Dark green foliage– Purplish foliage on stems– Reduced growth– Delayed maturity or reduced
flowering
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POTASSIUM
• Potassium is necessary for the formation of sugars, starches, carbohydrates, protein synthesis and cell division in roots and other parts of the plant.
• Potassium deficiency symptoms– Leaf tips and margins burn– Affects oldest leaves first– Plants have weak stalks– Small fruit
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Sources of NPKConventional Renewable
Nitrogen Synthesized from natural gas: Urea, anhydrous ammonia
Fixed from the air by rhizobacteria associated with legumes, Manure and compost; blood meal
Phosphorus Mined in Florida, CanadaRock phosphate
Manure, compost, bone meal; fish emulsion
Potassium Mined in Canada Green sand
Manure, compost
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IMPROVING SOIL:Cover Cropping
• Mixing vegetable plants with other crops such as grasses and legumes.
• Add nutrients and organic matter to the soil
• Helps hold moisture• Improves soil texture• Prevents erosion
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IMPROVING SOIL:Compost—Nature Recyles!
• Transformation of raw organic materials into biologically stable substances suitable for plants
• Improves soil structure, texture, and aeration.
• Increases water-holding capacity
• Increases nutrients
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IMPROVING SOIL:Crop Rotation
• Planting crops in a prescribed rotation
• Builds soil nutrients• Crops help to fertilize
each other• “Tricks” pests• Adds diversity
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IMPROVING SOIL:Reduced Tillage