understanding the earth system building a planet building a planet 1
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Understanding the Understanding the
Earth SystemEarth System
Building a PlanetBuilding a Planet
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Earth ScienceEarth Science
Encompasses all Encompasses all sciences that seek to sciences that seek to understandunderstandEarthEarth
Processes and forces Processes and forces that change itthat change it
Materials from which it is Materials from which it is mademade
Its historyIts historyEarth’s neighbors in Earth’s neighbors in
spacespace22
Branches of Earth Branches of Earth ScienceScience
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Earth science can be thought of Earth science can be thought of as having separate and distinct as having separate and distinct
branches of study…branches of study…
GeologyGeologyStudy of materials that make up Study of materials that make up
Earth and the processes that form Earth and the processes that form and change these materialsand change these materials
Two divisionsTwo divisionsPhysicalPhysical – examines materials – examines materials
composing Earthcomposing EarthHistoricalHistorical - study of Earth’s origin & - study of Earth’s origin &
developmentdevelopment
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OceanographyOceanography
Study of Earth’s oceansStudy of Earth’s oceansChemistryChemistry
Chemical composition Chemical composition
PhysicsPhysicsPhysical properties and wave actionPhysical properties and wave action
GeologyGeologyProcesses that shape the ocean & coastlineProcesses that shape the ocean & coastline
Biology Biology Creatures that inhabit the ocean Creatures that inhabit the ocean
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Study of the air that surrounds our planet Study of the air that surrounds our planet Forces and processes that change the atmosphere Forces and processes that change the atmosphere
to produce weatherto produce weather66
AstronomyAstronomy Study of objects beyond Earth’s Study of objects beyond Earth’s
atmosphereatmosphere the universe and everything in itthe universe and everything in it
The scientific study of matter in outer space, The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena.evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena.
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Now it is believed the best way to Now it is believed the best way to understand the working of the Earth is understand the working of the Earth is
to approach it as a to approach it as a SYSTEMSYSTEM
Earth is a Earth is a SYSTEMSYSTEM
Earth as a Earth as a SYSTEMSYSTEM
Viewing the following video clip will Viewing the following video clip will provide background into what a system provide background into what a system actually actually isis, as well as, its , as well as, its featuresfeatureshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2KYRo9C
cRc&feature=relmfuSystemSystem
A group of interacting parts that work together A group of interacting parts that work together as a complex wholeas a complex whole
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Features of systemsFeatures of systems
Each part of a system can itself be Each part of a system can itself be described as part of a smaller system described as part of a smaller system (subsystem)(subsystem)
A system can be very different from its A system can be very different from its parts parts
Reminder: viewing the video clip will provide Reminder: viewing the video clip will provide further explanation, as well as, examplesfurther explanation, as well as, examples http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2KYRo9CcRc&fe
ature=relmfu
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““NewNew” approach to Earth Science” approach to Earth Science Earth Earth SystemSystem Science Science
Earth is composed of parts that work together as a complex Earth is composed of parts that work together as a complex wholewhole
Parts Parts interactinteract and are and are dependentdependent on one another on one another Parts of the Earth system are known as Parts of the Earth system are known as spheresspheres
Hydrosphere (contains cryosphere)Hydrosphere (contains cryosphere) AtmosphereAtmosphere LithosphereLithosphere Biosphere Biosphere
EnergyEnergy & & mattermatter are exchanged/transferred between are exchanged/transferred between these spheres these spheres
Changes in one sphere Changes in one sphere affectaffect the other spheresthe other spheres 1111
Earth's “Spheres"Earth's “Spheres"
Hydrosphere Hydrosphere • OceanOcean – the most prominent feature of the
hydrosphere Nearly 71% of Earth's surface Nearly 71% of Earth's surface About 97% of Earth's waterAbout 97% of Earth's water
• Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground
• Cryosphere = all frozen water• Glaciers, icecaps, icebergs
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Earth's “Spheres"Earth's “Spheres"Atmosphere Atmosphere
• Thin, tenuous blanket of air surrounding EarthThin, tenuous blanket of air surrounding Earth• Dry air: Dry air: 78%78% nitrogen; nitrogen; 21%21% oxygen oxygen• Layers based on:Layers based on:
• TemperatureTemperature• Composition Composition
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Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere (Hint: label & know these!!!)
TroposphereTroposphere Where we liveWhere we live Most water vaporMost water vapor Highest pressure at Highest pressure at
sea levelsea level
StratosphereStratosphere Contains ozone Contains ozone
layerlayer (protects from UV (protects from UV rays)rays)
MesosphereMesosphere Meteors burn upMeteors burn up
ThermosphereThermosphere Auroras Auroras 1515
From the Earth Science From the Earth Science Reference TablesReference Tables
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Earth's “Spheres"Earth's “Spheres" Solid Earth (lithosphere or geosphere)
All the rocks, minerals, soils Two perspectives…
• Based on compositional differences
• CrustCrust – silicates (Si & O)• MantleMantle – Mg, Fe, Al, Si, O• CoreCore – Fe & Ni
• Based on physicalphysical properties and mechanical strength
• LithosphereLithosphere – “plates”; crust and upper-most upper mantel (rigid)
• AsthenosphereAsthenosphere – upper mantle• MesosphereMesosphere – lower mantle• Outer coreOuter core - liquid• Inner core Inner core - solid
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Be able to label Be able to label me…me…
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BiosphereBiosphere• Includes all life Includes all life
Earth's “Spheres"Earth's “Spheres"
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Earth system science:Earth system science:needs needs energy energy
Earth as a system Earth as a system • Sources of Sources of energyenergy to drive the system to drive the system
SunSun – – energy from nuclear fusion energy from nuclear fusion drives external processes such as weather, ocean drives external processes such as weather, ocean
circulation and erosional processescirculation and erosional processes
Earth’s interior Earth’s interior – – energy from radioactive decay of isotopesenergy from radioactive decay of isotopes drives internal processes including volcanoes, drives internal processes including volcanoes,
earthquakes and mountain building earthquakes and mountain building
• Humans are part of & Humans are part of & influenceinfluence the Earth the Earth system system
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People and the People and the EnvironmentEnvironment
Human ImpactHuman Impact
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People and the environment People and the environment Environment Environment
• Surrounds and Surrounds and influences organisms influences organisms
• AbioticAbiotic• Nonliving physical Nonliving physical
factorsfactors• Light, water, air, Light, water, air,
soil, rock soil, rock
• BioticBiotic• Living factors Living factors
(population dynamics)(population dynamics)• Population size, Population size,
density & density & competitioncompetition
Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization
Population:Population:
–Same species living in the same area
Highland Lakes: Fish PopulationsHighland Lakes: Fish Populations BassBass
Largemouth & small Largemouth & small mouthmouth
Rock bassRock bass PerchPerch PikePike
WalleyeWalleye
Tiger MuskieTiger Muskie CatfishCatfish Blue Gills (sunnies)Blue Gills (sunnies)
CommunityCommunityAll the populations of different organisms All the populations of different organisms
within a given areawithin a given area
Highland Lakes Community Highland Lakes Community Contains…Contains…
FishFish FrogsFrogs Aquatic Aquatic
PlantsPlants MosquitoesMosquitoes ProtistsProtists GeeseGeese BacteriaBacteria AlgaeAlgae BeaverBeaver
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic Factors
Ecosystem Ecosystem
A community (A community (bioticbiotic) and the physical ) and the physical environment (environment (abioticabiotic) in which they live) in which they live
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrub land
Desert
Temperate grassland
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
Mountains andice caps
Tundra
BiomeBiome
Ecosystem within a geographical regionEcosystem within a geographical region Distinct community within a biogeographical regionDistinct community within a biogeographical region
People and the environment People and the environment
HumanHuman Population Population • Population of the planet Population of the planet
is growing rapidly is growing rapidly • Rate of mineral and Rate of mineral and
energy usage has energy usage has climbed more rapidly climbed more rapidly than the overall growth than the overall growth of populationof population
Agriculturebegins
Plowingand irrigation
Bubonicplague
IndustrialRevolutionbegins
Human Population Growth
Population DynamicsPopulation Dynamics
People and the environment People and the environment Resources Resources
• An important focus of the An important focus of the Earth sciences Earth sciences
• Includes water, soil, Includes water, soil, minerals, and energyminerals, and energy
• Two broad categories Two broad categories RenewableRenewable – can be – can be
replenished (examples replenished (examples include plants and energy include plants and energy from water and wind)from water and wind)
NonrenewableNonrenewable – metals – metals (examples include metals and (examples include metals and fuels)fuels)
People and the environment People and the environment
Environmental problemsEnvironmental problems• Human-inducedHuman-induced and accentuated and accentuated
Urban air pollutionUrban air pollutionAcid rainAcid rainOzone depletionOzone depletionGlobal warmingGlobal warming
Review the following website Review the following website http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/impact.html
People and the environment People and the environment
Environmental problemsEnvironmental problems• Natural hazards Natural hazards
Earthquakes Earthquakes LandslidesLandslidesFloodsFloodsHurricanesHurricanes
Review the following website Review the following website http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/natures.html
Methods of ScientistsMethods of Scientists
Scientific MethodScientific Method
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Nature of Scientific InquiryNature of Scientific InquiryScience assumes that Science assumes that
the natural world isthe natural world isConsistentConsistentPredictablePredictable
Goal of scienceGoal of scienceDiscover patterns in the Discover patterns in the
universeuniverseUse knowledge to Use knowledge to
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Gaining Scientific KnowledgeGaining Scientific KnowledgeScientific Method – Scientific Method –
ObservationObservation Identify a problem (ask a question)Identify a problem (ask a question)Formulate a hypothesis (if, then)Formulate a hypothesis (if, then)Test: Conduct valid experimentsTest: Conduct valid experiments
Gather & record dataGather & record dataControls Controls
Analyze & interpret dataAnalyze & interpret dataReexamine the hypothesisReexamine the hypothesis
Draw conclusionsDraw conclusionsRepeat if necessaryRepeat if necessaryCommunicate resultsCommunicate results 3838
Scientific Scientific MethodMethod
1. Observations1. ObservationsQualitativeQualitative
Descriptive (a Descriptive (a qualityquality))Red, heavy, fast, roundRed, heavy, fast, round
QuantitativeQuantitativeUses measurements (a Uses measurements (a quantityquantity))
5 ft, 10 grams, 4.2 mL5 ft, 10 grams, 4.2 mL
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ObservationObservation vs. vs. InferenceInference InferenceInference
Derived as a conclusion from observable factsDerived as a conclusion from observable facts Not directly observedNot directly observed Opinion or assumption Opinion or assumption
Major difference between fact & inferenceMajor difference between fact & inference FactFact
limited to description limited to description made only after observationmade only after observation limited in the number that can be madelimited in the number that can be made
there are only so many facts that can be stated there are only so many facts that can be stated Inferences Inferences
go beyond what was directly observedgo beyond what was directly observed can be made at any time without observation can be made at any time without observation unlimited in number unlimited in number
it is almost unlimited in the number of assumptions that can be madeit is almost unlimited in the number of assumptions that can be made
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List 3 statements of fact & 3 statements of inferenceList 3 statements of fact & 3 statements of inference
There are two buttons on the There are two buttons on the duck's jacket duck's jacket
The duck has a hammer. The duck has a hammer. There is a computer on the There is a computer on the
table. table. The jacket is blue. The jacket is blue. The duck is wearing glasses. The duck is wearing glasses. The duck is holding a hammer The duck is holding a hammer
The duck is mad at the The duck is mad at the computer. (he might only be computer. (he might only be acting) acting)
The duck is going to smash The duck is going to smash the computer with the hammer. the computer with the hammer. (he might only be posing) (he might only be posing)
The duck thinks the computer The duck thinks the computer is bad. (we have no idea what is bad. (we have no idea what he thinks) he thinks)
FACT INFERENCE
2. Identify a Problem2. Identify a Problem Ask a “Ask a “testabletestable” question” question
Show relationship between factorsShow relationship between factors VariablesVariables ““affect” affect”
Variables (factors involved)Variables (factors involved) IndependentIndependent
Manipulated factorManipulated factor X axisX axis
DependentDependent Influenced by independent factorInfluenced by independent factor Y axisY axis
How does aspirin affect the growth of How does aspirin affect the growth of pea plants? pea plants?
How does light affect pea plant How does light affect pea plant growth?growth?
3. Formulate a Hypothesis3. Formulate a Hypothesis
Tentative statement that proposes possible Tentative statement that proposes possible explanation to some phenomenon or eventexplanation to some phenomenon or event
TestableTestableMeasureable, observable Measureable, observable
Relationship between variablesRelationship between variablesHOW they are relatedHOW they are related If…then…If…then…
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4. Test4. Test
Valid Valid experimentexperimentVariables Variables ControlControl
used in an experiment to show that the results of used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being an experiment are a result of the condition being testedtested
An An investigationinvestigation…… involves observation and collecting data but involves observation and collecting data but
does not include a controldoes not include a control
5. Analyze & Interpret5. Analyze & InterpretChartChartGraphGraph
Look for RelationshipsLook for Relationships DirectDirect
Both variables increase; Both variables increase; both variable decreaseboth variable decrease
Indirect Indirect As on variable As on variable
increases, the other increases, the other decreasesdecreases
6. Draw Conclusions6. Draw Conclusions
Did your results support or reject your Did your results support or reject your hypothesis?hypothesis?
7. Repeat/Revise7. Repeat/Revise
8. Communicate Results8. Communicate Results
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Formation of IdeasFormation of Ideas An idea can becomeAn idea can become
HypothesisHypothesis Tentative statement that proposes possible explanation to some Tentative statement that proposes possible explanation to some
phenomenon or eventphenomenon or event In scientific inquiry, when competing hypothesis have been eliminated, a hypothesis In scientific inquiry, when competing hypothesis have been eliminated, a hypothesis
may be evaluated to the status of a scientific …may be evaluated to the status of a scientific … Theory Theory
a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomenaor phenomena repeatedly tested repeatedly tested oror is widely accepted is widely accepted
3 Conditions to be valid3 Conditions to be valid Consistent with observationsConsistent with observations Makes testable predictionsMakes testable predictions Simplest explanation of observations Simplest explanation of observations
LawLaw a a scientific generalization (usually a mathematical formula) based generalization (usually a mathematical formula) based
on on observations AND confirmed by AND confirmed by scientific experiments Basic factBasic fact
ModelModel Idea, system, or mathematical expression Idea, system, or mathematical expression
that is similar to an idea being explainedthat is similar to an idea being explained
Geocentric model
Heliocentric model
TheoryTheory vs. vs. LawLaw
TheoryTheory of Plate Tectonics of Plate Tectonics The Earth's surface is covered The Earth's surface is covered
by a series of crustal plates. by a series of crustal plates. The ocean floors are The ocean floors are
continually, moving, spreading continually, moving, spreading from the center, sinking at the from the center, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated. edges, and being regenerated.
Convection currents beneath Convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal the plates move the crustal plates in different directions. plates in different directions.
The source of heat driving the The source of heat driving the convection currents is convection currents is radioactivity deep in the radioactivity deep in the Earths mantle. Earths mantle.
LawLaw of Universal Gravitation of Universal Gravitation
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Earth’s Shape:Earth’s Shape:
Oblate spheroidOblate spheroid
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Earth’s ShapeEarth’s ShapeOblate Oblate spheroidspheroid
Bulges at the equatorBulges at the equatorFlattened at the polesFlattened at the poles
Why? Why? due to rotationdue to rotation
How do we know???How do we know??? See mast of ship growing or sinking over the horizonSee mast of ship growing or sinking over the horizon Changes in night sky based on location of observer = Changes in night sky based on location of observer =
different constellations seen in different hemispheres different constellations seen in different hemispheres (can’t “see” around the curve of the Earth)(can’t “see” around the curve of the Earth)
Eclipse shadow (of Earth on Moon) is roundEclipse shadow (of Earth on Moon) is round Pictures from spacePictures from space 6161
Mast of ship over the horizonMast of ship over the horizon
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Changes in night sky based on location of observer – different constellations seen in different hemispheres
Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere 40 degrees north 40 degrees north
latitudelatitude Can’t see these from Can’t see these from
S. hemisphereS. hemisphere
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Southern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere 35 degrees south 35 degrees south
latitudelatitude Can’t see these from Can’t see these from
N. hemisphereN. hemisphere
Changes in night sky based on location of observer – different constellations seen in different hemispheres
Eclipse shadow is roundEclipse shadow is round
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Pictures from spacePictures from space
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Scientific MeasurementScientific Measurement& Problem Solving& Problem Solving
Metric (SI)Metric (SI)
Metric SystemMetric SystemDeveloped by FrenchDeveloped by FrenchCalled SICalled SI
System International d’UnitesSystem International d’Unites Based on units of tenBased on units of ten
Units of 10Units of 10
Table 1: Basic Units of Measurement Used in Earth Science
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Physical Quantity
Metric Basic Unit Metric Symbol
U.S. Customary Measure
Length Meter m Inch, foot, mile
Mass Gram g Ounce, pound, ton
Time Second s Same as metric
Temperature Kelvindegree Celsius
K°C
°F°F
Volume Liters L Gallon
Metric Conversion: Step or LadderMetric Conversion: Step or Ladder
Try these steps each and every time you want to use the metric ladder.Try these steps each and every time you want to use the metric ladder. Find the spot (unit) on the ladder that has the same prefix as the measurement Find the spot (unit) on the ladder that has the same prefix as the measurement
you are starting with you are starting with Locate the spot on the ladder that you want to convert your number to Locate the spot on the ladder that you want to convert your number to Count the number of steps you must move on the ladder to make your Count the number of steps you must move on the ladder to make your
conversion conversion Move the decimal in your original number this same number of steps and in the Move the decimal in your original number this same number of steps and in the
same direction (don't forget the Base step) same direction (don't forget the Base step)
Metric Prefixes Metric Prefixes
KKidsids hhaven’t aven’t ddied ied bby y ddoing oing ccrazy razy mmetricetrickilo kilo hecto deka basic deci centi millihecto deka basic deci centi milli unit unit((kk) () (hh) () (dada) () (m,L,gm,L,g) () (dd) () (cc) () (mm) ) 1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .0011000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001
To convert:To convert:•Find starting unit on chartFind starting unit on chart•Count spaces to get to new unitCount spaces to get to new unit•Move decimal same # of spaces and same direction.Move decimal same # of spaces and same direction.
Ex. 23.659 hm = __________dmEx. 23.659 hm = __________dm Ans. 23,659.0 dm.Ans. 23,659.0 dm.
Ex. 172,408.0 mL = __________ daLEx. 172,408.0 mL = __________ daL Ans. .01724080 daLAns. .01724080 daL
KKidsids hhaven’t aven’t ddied ied bby y ddoing oing ccrazy razy mmetricetrickilo kilo hecto deka basic deci centi millihecto deka basic deci centi milli unit unit((kk) () (hh) () (dada) () (m,L,gm,L,g) () (dd) () (cc) () (mm) ) 1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .0011000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
To express numbers that are very large or small, To express numbers that are very large or small, scientists use a type of shorthand called scientists use a type of shorthand called scientific notationscientific notation to express the number as a to express the number as a multiplier and a power of 10.multiplier and a power of 10.
In scientific notation, a number is expressed as In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. of 10. 9 X 1010
5.9742 X 1024
1 X 10-10
The power of 10 is the number of places the The power of 10 is the number of places the decimal point must be shifted so that only a decimal point must be shifted so that only a single digit remains either to the left or right of single digit remains either to the left or right of the decimal point.the decimal point.
– If the decimal point must be shifted to the left, If the decimal point must be shifted to the left, the exponent of 10 is positive.the exponent of 10 is positive.
8 X 1098 000 000 000 =8 000 000 000 =Positive 9
– If the decimal point in a number must be shifted If the decimal point in a number must be shifted to the right, then the exponent of 10 is negative.to the right, then the exponent of 10 is negative.
0.000000001 =0.000000001 = 1 X 101 X 10-9 -9
Negaive 9
Which is bigger???
5.069 x 105.069 x 1055
8 x 108 x 1033
5 x 105 x 1055
3 x 103 x 1088
= 506 900= 506 900
= 8 000= 8 000
= 500 000= 500 000
= 300 000 000= 300 000 000
Which is the smallest???
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
96,000,000,000 96,000,000,000 __________________________
0.000037 0.000037 __________________________
7,234,000 7,234,000 __________________________
0.0010.001__________________________
5,284,200,000,0005,284,200,000,000 __________________________
9.6 X 1010
3.7 X 10-5
7.234 X 106
1 X 10-3
5.2842 X 1012
Problem SolvingProblem Solving
You must You must ALWAYSALWAYS use these 4 use these 4 steps to receive credit!!!steps to receive credit!!!
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When solving a problem using a When solving a problem using a formula…formula…
ALWAYSALWAYS complete 4 basic steps complete 4 basic steps
Step 1: Write the formula firstStep 1: Write the formula firstStep 2: Substitute into the formulaStep 2: Substitute into the formulaStep 3: complete calculationsStep 3: complete calculationsStep 4: check unitsStep 4: check units
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Commonly used formulas in Commonly used formulas in Earth ScienceEarth Science
Percent Deviation – Percent Deviation – Accesses accuracy of data collectedAccesses accuracy of data collected
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Example:Example:
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Line GraphsLine Graphs
When interpreting a graph, When interpreting a graph, readread the bottom variable the bottom variable firstfirst
Independent variable Independent variable
readread the side variable the side variable secondsecond Dependent variableDependent variable
4 types4 types CyclicCyclic StaticStatic IndirectIndirect Direct Direct
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Commonly used formulas in Commonly used formulas in Earth ScienceEarth Science
Rate of changeRate of changeShows how fast something changesShows how fast something changesLine graphs illustrate relationships very Line graphs illustrate relationships very
quicklyquickly
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Example:Example:
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Gradient:Gradient: Illustrates change over a given distanceIllustrates change over a given distance (slope)(slope)
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Commonly used formulas in Commonly used formulas in Earth ScienceEarth Science
Example:Example:
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Commonly used formulas in Commonly used formulas in Earth ScienceEarth Science
DensityDensityDescribes the amount of volume in a specific amount of volumeDescribes the amount of volume in a specific amount of volumeDensity is the same for the same substance at a Density is the same for the same substance at a constantconstant
temperaturetemperature and and pressurepressureDensity triangleDensity triangle
D = M/V; M = DV; V = M/VD = M/V; M = DV; V = M/V
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A note on temperature & density…A note on temperature & density…
Most materials have their greatest densityMost materials have their greatest densitySolidSolid, then , then liquidliquid, then , then gasgas
Exception: Exception: WATER WATER EXPANDSEXPANDS when freezes when freezesWater has its greatest density @ 4˚CWater has its greatest density @ 4˚CDensity of liquid water is 1.0 g/mlDensity of liquid water is 1.0 g/mlGreatest density of water:Greatest density of water:
LiquidLiquid, then , then solidsolid, then , then gasgas
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Regular Solid Regular Solid (use geometric formula)(use geometric formula)
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Irregular Solid: Irregular Solid: water displacementwater displacement
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Subtract volumes:Final volume – initial volume = volume of irregular mass
Examples:Examples:
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