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Understanding the human factor by making understandablevisualizations
by Gerrit Muller Buskerud University Collegee-mail: [email protected]
www.gaudisite.nl
Abstract
Architecture Frameworks offer many representations to visualize views. Unfortu-nately, many of these representations focus more on being complete and precise,rather than being understandable. Many of the stakeholders do insufficientlyunderstand these representations. The designers at the same time do insuffi-ciently understand the human factors in the system context, since most of thesehave been abstracted away.We show that simple diagrams in, for instance, space and time help to bridgethese two worlds and help both stakeholders and designers. We will illustrate thisby examples from Magnetic Resonance Imaging.This work has been carried out as part of the Darwin project at Philips Healthcare under the responsibility of theEmbedded Systems Institute. This project is partially supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairsunder the BSIK program.
Distribution
This article or presentation is written as part of the Gaudí project. The Gaudí projectphilosophy is to improve by obtaining frequent feedback. Frequent feedback is pursued by anopen creation process. This document is published as intermediate or nearly mature versionto get feedback. Further distribution is allowed as long as the document remains completeand unchanged.
October 20, 2017status: preliminarydraftversion: 0.2
corridor
magnet patient table
technical
room
cabinets
control room
dressing
room rest room waiting room
accessorycabinet
1
2
3
45
6
preparation work flow
1 get patient
2 patient on table
3 get RF coil
4 position RF coil
5 move patient in magnet
6 plan scan
console
1 meter
Figure Of ContentsTM
problem statement solution assertion
MRI introduction
"Meta" Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Scenario "George"
scenario introduction
time space flow
diagrams
requirements design
conclusion
questions?
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations2 Gerrit Muller
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UHFVlogo
Problem Statement
drivers of architecture frameworks and tool
support
+ complete
+ unambiguous
+ precise
+ consistent
+ traceable
causes
focus on
- unified presentation
- formality
- abstraction
- automation support
causes
impact on stakeholders and designers
> distance design - use
> lack of communication
> lack of understanding of design and system use
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UHFVproblemStatement
Today’s Architecture Frameworks
examples from: OMG Document Number: dtc/2007-08-02 <ftp://ftp.omg.org/pub/docs/dtc/07-08-02.pdf>
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UHFVumlExample
Assertion: How can we Solve this Problem?
solution assertion:
use more diagrams and representations
that are close to the human experience
and use concrete examples
examples:
time
space (e.g. maps)
flow
scenario's, stories
diagrams
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UHFVsolutionAssertion
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction
problem statement solution assertion
MRI introduction
"Meta" Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Scenario "George"
scenario introduction
time space flow
diagrams
requirements design
conclusion
questions?
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UHFVlogoMRIintroduction
Case: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations7 Gerrit Muller
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ARMRproducts
Example of Engineering Induced Problem
The engineer creates a technological UI...
Select Virtual Representation Display Mode
Intermitting
Adaptive
Semi-Reflective
0.2 Fuzzle Factor
Patient Jansen has
been removed
OK
"In the meantime the
patient is horrified by the
intimidating system, the
weird cage around his
body and the EKG leads
attached to his breast..."
without imagining the clinical reality
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations8 Gerrit Muller
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MRcardioUseability
MRI Basic Principles
SW HW
magnet, e.g. 3T
static field B0
Hydrogen fresonance
gradient coil,
e.g. 10 mT/m
gradient field Gx, Gy, Gz
to encode spatial information
RF receive coils
RF transmit coil
e.g. 15 kW, 180 MHz
RF field B1
to excite spins
receive RF signal
to get data
determine
region and
contrast of interest
view images
human
use
convert needs in
sequence
generate
B0, Gx, Gy, Gz, B1
receive RF
reconstruct images
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations9 Gerrit Muller
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MRbasicPrinciples
Basic Imaging Sequence
Gz
Gx
Gy
RF
TETR
Gy=0 Gy=127
imaging =
repeating similar pattern
many times
typical TE:
5..50ms
transmit receive
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MRimaging
Scenario
problem statement solution assertion
MRI introduction
"Meta" Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Scenario "George"
scenario introduction
time space flow
diagrams
requirements design
conclusion
questions?
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UHFVlogoScenario
Scenario: Patient George
• Patient George has continuous headache.
• His family doctor has send him to the Neurologist.
• The Neurologist wants to exclude the possibility of a tumor
and requests an MRI examination.
• The Radiologists does not see any indication for a tumor.
• The Radiologist sends his report to the Neurologist.
• The Neurologist discusses his findings with the patient and
sends a report to the family doctor.
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MRneuroScenario
From Complaint to Diagnosis
Family
Doctor
Patient
Referring
Physician
Nurse,
operatorRadiologist
consult
Request
Request
Report
Report
findings
MRI scanner
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MRradiologyPatientAndPhysicians
weeks view: from Complaint to Diagnosis
functional flow
9 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
call family doctor
visit family doctor
call neurology department
visit neurologist
call radiology department
examination itself
diagnosis by radiologist
report from radiologist to
neurologist
visit neurologist
19 2011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25
days
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MRendToEndTimeLine
Room Layout
corridor
magnet patient table
technical
room
cabinets
control room
dressing
room rest room waiting room
accessorycabinet
1 meter
console
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MRroomLayout
half hour view: Examination
15 minute time slot
14:00 14:15 14:30
George
arrivesat radiology
department
Nurse
explainsthe procedure
Position Imaging
George
leavesexam room
Examination of previous patient
George is
waitingin the dressing room
PrepareGeorge for the
examination
(a.o. RF coils)
Viewaway
Viewaway
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MRneuroTypicalTimeline
5 minute view: Patient Preparation (1 operator)
functional procedure
14:1514:20
walk from dressing room to table
position patient on table
move table upwards
position coils and connect
move table and patient into magnet
make plan scan
walkposition
on table
table
upcoils in magnet plan scantalk walk talk
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MRpatientPreparationTimeLine
Patient Preparation Work Flow
corridor
magnet patient table
technical
room
cabinets
control room
dressing
room rest room waiting room
accessorycabinet
1
2
3
45
6
preparation work flow
1 get patient
2 patient on table
3 get RF coil
4 position RF coil
5 move patient in magnet
6 plan scan
console
1 meter
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations18 Gerrit Muller
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MRroomLayoutWorkflow
MRI Requirements and Design
problem statement solution assertion
MRI introduction
"Meta" Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Scenario "George"
scenario introduction
time space flow
diagrams
requirements design
conclusion
questions?
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UHFVlogoMRIreqAndDesign
10..100ms view
Gz
Gx
Gy
RF
TETR
typical TE:
5..50ms
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How to Increase Imaging Performance?
Gz
Gx
Gy
RF
TETR
typical TE:
5..50ms
shorter RF pulse
more power
faster gradient ramp
more voltage
higher gradient
more currentimprove SNR
higher B0
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How to Speed-up Patient Preparation?
functional procedure
14:1514:20
walk from dressing room to table
position patient on table
move table upwards
position coils and connect
move table and patient into magnet
make plan scan
walkposition on
table
table
upcoils in magnet plan scantalk walk talk
table design, layout
coil connector
connector position
weight, size, flexibility
coil integration
room layout
remove/reduce anxiety factors
workflow approach
2nd operator
smarter positioning
faster imaging
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MRfasterPreparation
Relations Needs, Requirements, Design Choices
design
patient throughput
diagnostic quality
patient handling
layout
resolution
contrast
scan speed
space cost of ownership
patient comfort noise
B 0 field
demographics aperture
G x,y,z max
G x,y,z rise time
imaging method
UI location
Grad. I max
Grad V max Grad amp.
B 1 field RF amp. RF power
RF receive coil
coil connection
RF signal quality
RF receive chain
et cetera
et cetera
et cetera
needs drivers
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UHFVkeyDriverGraphSimplified
Conclusion
problem statement solution assertion
MRI introduction
"Meta" Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Scenario "George"
scenario introduction
time space flow
diagrams
requirements design
conclusion
questions?
Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations24 Gerrit Muller
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UHFVlogoConclusion
Diagrams Conclusion
corridor
magnet patient table
technical room
cabinets
control room
consol e
dressing room rest room waiting room
accessory cabinet
1
2
3
4 5
6
preparation workflow
1 get patient
2 patient on table
3 get RF coil
4 position RF coil
5 move patient in magnet
6 plan scan
functional procedure
14:15 14:20
walk from dressing room to table
sit on table and position patient
move table upwards
position coils and connect
move table and patient into magnet
make plan scan
walk sit, position table
up coils in magnet plan scan talk walk talk
2D map
work flow
time line
time , space and flow diagrams are:
complementary
close to human experience
insightful
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UHFVconclusionDiagrams
Scale Conclusion
time, space, and flow diagrams are useful in a broad dynamic range.
nano..giga seconds
nano..giga meters
14:15 14:20
walk sit, position table
up coils in magnet plan scan talk walk talk
functional flow
9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
call family doctor
visit family doctor call neurology department visit neurologist call radiology department examination itself
diagnosis by radiologist
report from radiologist to neurologist
visit neurologist
19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25
days
Gz
Gx
Gy
RF
TE
TR
typical TE: 5..50ms
15 minute time slot
14:00 14:15 14:30
George arrives
at radiology department
Nurse explains
the procedure
Position Imaging
George leaves
exam room
Examination of previous patient
George is waiting
in the dressing room Prepare
George for the examination
(a.o. RF coils)
View away
View away
days
hour
minutes 10..100 ms
G y =0 G y =127
sec..min
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UHFVconclusionScale
Scenario/Story Conclusion
Stories and Scenarios
make discussions concrete
are means to understand
are means to design
• Patient George has continuous headache.
• His family doctor has send him to the Neurologist.
• The Neurologist wants to exclude the possibility of a tumor and requests an MRI examination.
• The Radiologists does not see any indication for a tumor.
• The Radiologist sends his report to the Neurologist.
• The Neurologist discusses his findings with the patient and sends a report to the family doctor.
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UHFVconclusionScenario