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Over the past ten years, the role of the state inZanzibar has changed dramatically. After more thanthree decades of centralized state dominance, the

Government has shifted from being the main engine forgrowth and provider of social services, to being the facilitatorof growth, a standard setter and provider of essential publicservices

This re-orientation has generated very positive results withrespect to economic growth which increased from 4% in2001, to 6.4% in 2004. Despite this poverty remains amajor development challenge and a persistent feature inthe lives of hundreds of thousands of men, women andchildren in the Isles.

The Government of Zanzibar has a strong national policyframework to fight poverty. Human and financial resourceshave been directed towards fighting the root causes of Poverty.Programmes to improve education, health,water, sanitation andeconomic activities have been developed and implemented.

The Government recognizes that fighting poverty requireslong-term vision, good leadership, a determined people andstrong partnerships. The strategic support provided by theUNDP-UK DFID partnership in the Isles of Zanzibar hasbecome a key factor in the implementation and success ofthe current Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP), and willbe critical to the revised ZPRP now under formulation.

As this book demonstrates, the UNDP-UK DFID support isvery timely and imperative to improving the livelihood of thepeople of Zanzibar and to achieving the goals set by theZPRP.

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A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Zanzibar is coming closer everyday toachieving the goals set by ZPRP andturn the Millennium DevelopmentGoals into a reality for the Isles.


The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar hasundertaken various initiatives towards povertyreduction and attainment of social and economic

development.

Vision 2020, which is the Government’s blueprint for long-term socio-economic development, stipulates Zanzibar’svision, mission, goals and targets to be achieved in respect ofeconomic growth and eradication of poverty by the year2020. To realize this Vision the Government formulated theZanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002 - 2005), whichprovides the overall framework for co-coordinating andsupervising the implementation of policies and strategiesneeded to achieve Zanzibar’s development goals and theMDGs more broadly.

Since 2003, the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) and the UK-Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID) have worked in partnership with theGovernment of Zanzibar to provide key strategic supportfor institutional and policy capacity development to bolsterthe development process. The objective has been togenerate higher income growth, poverty reduction and

improve service delivery. The funding for this StrategicPartnership, US $10 million, was allocated to the ZanzibarPoverty Reduction Plan.

As an impartial and trusted partner of the Government, civilsociety and development partners, UNDP is privileged toplay a lead coordinating role in assisting the Government ofZanzibar to push its development agenda forward.

With the Government putting in place the foundations forimplementing its framework for poverty reduction and anew, more outcome-oriented Zanzibar Poverty ReductionPlan under finalization the Strategic Partnership betweenUK-DFID and UNDP marks an important step forward inthe fight against poverty for the Islands of Zanzibar and iscrucial to Zanzibar achieving the Millennium DevelopmentGoals by 2015.

John Hendra UN Resident Coordinator,UNDP Resident Representative Tanzania.Dar es Salaam 2006

IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

undp znz book 22/08/2006 16:36

The launching of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan(ZPRP) in 2002 opened a new chapter in the Islesas the Government set out new plans to eradicate

poverty. The launching came out as the UN System’s 2001Common Country Assessment for Zanzibar indicated thatpoverty affects over half of the population in the Islands ofPemba and Unguja.

To approximately one million inhabitants of Zanzibar, thelaunching of the ZPRP is not simply a plan, but a strong long-term commitment by the Government to its people toimprove health services for the poor, provide bettereducation facilities, improve agricultural productivity and theuse of natural resources, increase access to clean water, andenhance public service delivery so as to ultimately empowercommunities to participate effectively in their owndevelopment. The ZPRP brings hope of a better life to thehundred of thousands of women and men and their families.

Despite the ZPRP putting in place a good foundation tosupport policy reform, the Revolutionary Government ofZanzibar continues to face weak capacity for public servicesdelivery, the lack of a strong institutional framework to moreefficiently plan and implement the National Budget, poorrevenue collection, weak expenditure control measures andinaccurate baseline for monitoring poverty on the Isles.

To help overcome these challenges, the US $10 milliondevelopment grant, provided through the UNDP-DFIDStrategic Partnership, and within the context of the ZPRP,supports Zanzibar’s efforts to better monitor progress onpoverty reduction, enhance development management andaid coordination, facilitate democratic governance andsupport to civil society.These three areas of focus constitutethe pillars of the UNDP-DFID and the Government ofZanzibar strategic partnership.

OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW

ZPRP br ings hope to the hundreds ofthousands of women and men and

their fami l ies of having a bet ter l i fe .


1

Founded on the principles of evidence-based planningto transform Zanzibar’s economic and social policypriorities, the ZPRP points out some of the main

attributes of poverty on the Isles and proposes strategies foraddressing them. Indicators relating to education, literacy,health and access to water and sanitation as components ofpoverty reduction in Zanzibar, are identified in the ZPRP.

With strategies now in place, a key challenge thereforeremains monitoring the progress towards the attainment ofthe ZPRP goals.

Recognizing that poverty reduction requires a strong multi-dimensional response with reliable data and validinformation, the UNDP-DFID Strategic Partnershipsupported the establishment of the Poverty MonitoringSystem (PMS) in the Ministry of Finance and EconomicAffairs (MOFEA) whose responsibility it is to superviseimplementation of poverty reduction activities in Zanzibar.Under the PMS substantive resources and technicalexpertise have been provided to assist the four maintechnical working Groups (TWGs) in order to strengthenthe capacity for conducting surveys, producing diagnostic andanalytic studies and information dissemination on theimplementation of the ZPRP.

In that respect the Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS) has been assisted to build an operational andsustainable capacity for generation and dissemination ofcomprehensive and reliable data and information requiredfor measuring progress towards the achievement of theimplementation of ZPRP.The UNDP-DFID Strategic supporthas also supported OCGS to conduct the Agriculture

Census, analyze the Industrial Census data and coordinateand execute the Household Budget Survey (HBS).

The ZPRP recognizes that no concrete gain in povertyreduction efforts will be made without the full participationof the public and other key stakeholders both at the levels ofplanning and implementation. In collaboration with theAssociation of NGOs (ANGOZA) and the Office of ChiefGovernment Statistician (OCGS) the UNDP-DFID Strategicpartnership has been working to institute the Citizen CardReport system to carry out the Public Services DeliveryAssessment (PSDA) on the effectiveness of public servicesdelivery. This feedback mechanism informs decision makersas to the level of effectiveness of various interventions whilecontributing to policy formulation and related resourceallocation. Some of the main outcomes under thiscomponent include the increased public spending on keypriority sectors: education, health and water, promotion ofcommunity driven projects and promotion of pro-poorpolicies to benefit the poor.

The Government of Zanzibar has now embarked on acomprehensive review of the first generation ZanzibarPoverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002 – 2005) and drafting ofits successor (ZPRP II). The UNDP-DFID StrategicPartnership is providing technical and capacity developmentsupport to the technical working team. The review aims toenhance participation in the ZPRP process, to better reflectnational priorities, to facilitate the integration of the MDGsinto the national policy framework, to enhance policy focuson a growth agenda, and to pursue efforts towardsembracing the harmonization and alignment agenda.

PPOOVVEERRTT YY MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG SSYYSSTTEEMMCHAPTER

1

The UNDP-DFID objective for supporting the PMS is to develop arobust and effective poverty monitoring system that generates enoughevidence on poverty and inequality in order to inform planning anddecision-making in the context of the ZPRP.


32

Economic growth is a necessary condition for povertyreduction. However, the challenge of translating thegrowth into rapid poverty reduction and enhanced

human development remains. To ensure that the growthreaches the poor, UNDP works closely with Government topromote pro-poor policies and social inclusion as a means oftackling poverty.

EFFECTIVE POLICY REFORM

Seaweed farming is one industry which has beenearmarked for increased promotion. The industryhas become a major economic activity in recent yearsbringing much needed cash to the villagers especiallywomen living along the coast.


5

Agriculture contributes over 23% (2004) of GrossDomestic Product (GDP), 75% of the foreignexchange earnings, and provides employment for

about 80% of the labour force in Zanzibar. Traditionalsubsistence farming is still widely practiced and agriculturalimports continue to increase at a faster rate than export.

In collaboration with other partners, UNDP supportsnational efforts to modernize the agriculture sector to makeit more competitive and effective for economic growth andpoverty reduction. Specifically, studies aimed at supportingfarmers, livestock keepers and fishermen in appropriatefarming techniques have been conducted.

IMPROVE AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY

Focusing on agricultural productivityis essential if income for the majorityof the work force is to increase.


EMPOWERING WOMEN

UNDP suppor t a ims to empowerwomen to par t ic ipate more act ive lyin the i r own deve lopment act iv i t ie s .

Poverty has a different face for women and men: withrestricted rights of access to land, limited access toemployment and positions of political authority,

women are the poorest members of society.To address thegender dimension of poverty on the Isles, UNDP through theMinistry of Women and Children Development, supportsWomen empowerment programmes. Some of the activitiesinclude training courses in community development;leadership skills, financial and project management

To complement the ZPRP gender policies, the UNDP-DFIDpartnership highlights the importance of using a gender lensto strengthen community development and help eradicateabject poverty in society at large. As a result of such genderempowerment initiatives, women in Zanzibar areencouraged to make independent choices and to participatemore actively in their development.

6


8

While the ZPRP emphasizes policy reforms as ameans of attaining sustainable development, it alsoacknowledges that direct forms of assistance are

important to achieve accelerated delivery of key ZPRPdevelopment targets.

The UNDP-DFID Strategic Partnership supports communitydemand driven projects which empowers communities toparticipate effectively in their own development at both levelsof planning and implementation stages of a programme

HELPING COMMUNITIES TO HELP THEMSELVES

More and more people are dying eachday s imp ly becau s e they c an no te i ther a f ford to pay for the i r medica lexpenses or they l ive too far f romheal th centre .UNDP-DFID through the CommunityDevelopment Programme supportedthe rehabilitation of Matemwe PublicHealth centre in North Unguja whichserves more than 7,000 families. Thisbrings much relief to people like Salimwho now lives only 400 meters fromthe health center.

Acce s s t o wa t e r and s an i t a t i onprovides great benef i t s to a soc ietyand the economy as a whole . Morethan 30% o f the hous eho ld s inZanz iba r have no acce s s to c l e anwater and sani tat ion. The SEMUSOwater project in Unguja i s one ofover 20 community-based ini t ia t ivesimp l emented unde r the UNDP-DFID Strateg ic par tnership. Between2004 and 2005 a lone approximate lyTsh s 700 mi l l i on wa s d i r e c t edtowards improving community hea l thcentres and increas ing access to c leanwater in both Unguja and Pemba.


11

The main objective of this component of the UNDP-DFID Strategic Partnership has been to establish asound institutional framework for the management

and coordination of the ZPRP and to strengthen mechanismsfor public finance management. With the Government’sinability to meet the growing demand for essential publicservices, development assistance is vital to implement thenational poverty reduction programme. Zanzibar has morethan fifty development programmes operating throughvarious ministries and departments while nearly half of theNational budget is dependent on foreign aid. This calls for anefficient and accountable use of the assistance across all levels

of Government. It also highlights the need to harmonize andalign mechanisms that will strengthen aid effectiveness andreduce transaction costs.

UNDP has played a special role in preparing a NationalStrategic Framework for guiding external aid programmes forZanzibar. In this respect, a sectoral aid CoordinatingCommittee was formed and operationalized to improve aidcoordination and management. Also linkages with MainlandTanzania were strengthened to align, harmonize and ensureparticipation of the Government of Zanzibar in the JointAssistance Strategy processes.

CHAPTER

2DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

AANNDD AAIIDD CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTIIOONN


UNDP supports the production and dissemination of the Zanzibar EconomicBulletin which provides relevant economic data and information for the investors,and other potential users such as academia, development partners, and NGOs.

EFFECTIVE AID MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION

Effective aid coordination means that developmentpartners are able to use a common framework toprovide budget support and harmonize their initiatives

in the areas of health, education and other public services.

The establishment of a Data base system in the Departmentof External Finance is aimed at strengthening the Ministry ofFinance’s ability to oversee the development assistance andaid coordination across all key government units.

Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) canprovide many opportunities to enhance humancapacities, economic growth and eradicate poverty.

UNDP in partnership with the three higher learninginstitutions: - Karume Technical College, Zanzibar Institute ofFinancial Administration and the State University of Zanzibar,

supports institutional and human resource capacity buildingto establish short and long term ICT courses in Zanzibar. Acomprehensive feasibility study of the Information andCommunications technologies courses and capacity needsassessment of the three higher learning institutions has beencompleted and a specific curriculum developed.

PROMOTING INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT

As c lear progress has been made, other deve lopment par tners haveused the f ramework suppor ted by the UNDP programme as a bas i sfor providing suppor t to soc ia l sectors , indicat ing the s ignificantleverage that a wel l -coordinated sys tem can have .


15

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

With the collapse of the price of the clove spice,once a major source of foreign exchangeearnings on the Isles, the Government

acknowledges that there is a need to diversify the economy.UNDP recognizes and acknowledges Government’s strongdetermination, in collaboration with the private sector todevelop tourism as an economic sector that will provideforeign exchange earnings, create employmentopportunities, stimulate local economy and thus diversify the

economy. UNDP supported the development and launchingof a web portal for the Zanzibar Commission of Tourismand provided equipment and training to support the system.With the active web portal in place, international communitycan easily access first-hand information about Zanzibar’snatural attractions and boost domestic resources throughthe increased number of tourists visiting Zanzibar tourismfacilities.

BROADENING THE HORIZONS

The Government of Zanzibar has been implementinga number of economic and political reforms aimed atcreating a stable macroeconomic and political

environment which Government firmly believes are a keyfactor in promoting growth and in reducing poverty.

While this remains true, experience shows that policyreforms by themselves are not sufficient stimulants ofeconomic growth. There is a great need therefore tocomplement policy measures with a strong institutionalframework for public-private partnerships in moving theeconomy forward.

In collaboration with UNIDO and other partners UNDP hasfacilitated studies and training aimed at promoting Small &Medium Enterprises (SME) to participate effectively ineconomic activities. Efforts have also been directed towardsthe establishment of the Zanzibar Business Council tofurther enhance the private sector contribution in the ZPRP.


Democratic Governance comprises mechanisms,processes and institutions through which citizensand groups articulate their interests, mediate their

differences and exercise their legal rights and obligations.Some of the most important pillars or characteristics ofgovernance include effectiveness, efficiency, transparency,accountability, responsiveness and adherence to the rule oflaw.

Recognizing the importance of democratic governance, theGovernment established the Ministry of Good Governanceand Constitutional Affairs and formulated a NationalFramework for Good Governance in the public sector.

The UNDP-DFID Strategic Partnership focuses onstrengthening institutions and processes that enhance therealization of a just and fair society and promoting widerparticipation, including that of civil society organizations, inthe development process. Specifically, technical and financialresources have been provided to enhance capacities of theMinistry of Good Governance and Constitutional Affairs, theOffice of the Director of Public Prosecutions, the Judiciary,the House of Representatives, the Zanzibar ElectoralCommission (ZEC) and civil society organizations, includingthe Association of Non-Governmental Organizations ofZanzibar (ANGOZA), the Zanzibar Chamber of Commerceand Agriculture and the Zanzibar Law Society.

DDEEMMOOCCRRAATTIICC GGOOVVEERRNNAANNCCEE AANNDDSSUUPPPPOORRTT TTOO CCIIVVIILL SSOOCCIIEETT YY

CHAPTER

3

The ZPRP s e ek s t o s t r eng then gove rnancein s t i tu t i on s to p romote b road c i v i l s o c i e t ypar t ic ipat ion; se t s out mechanisms to improveaccountabi l i ty and transparency of inst i tut ionsand g ive s a vo i ce to peop le to ho ld ru l e r saccountable .


Following a review of lessons learnt from the 1995disputed elections and discussion among developmentpartners, UNDP supported the implementation of the

Zanzibar political accord also known as Muafaka under whichelection-related elements fall. Working alongside the JointPresidential Supervisory Committee (JPSC), UNDP providedtechnical support for the Isle’s general elections held on 30thOctober 2005.

Some of the main achievements of the support under whichUNDP was given the responsibility to implement includeestablishment of a Permanent Voter Register for the ZanzibarElectoral Commission (ZEC) responsible for the conduct ofelections in the Isles and civic and voter educationprogrammes to expand democratic participation, especiallyfor women and under-represented members of society.

18

ELECTORAL SYSTEM SUPPORT STRENGTHENING THE HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES

The House of Representatives holds a special role in theimplementation of the ZPRP as one of the main pillarsof Governance. The UNDP-DFID Strategic

Partnership provides support to the House of Representativesto ensure that it has the necessary capacity, resources andindependence to carry out its core functions effectively.

“General elections here are held every fiveyears. Unlike previous elections, 2005was a different one; first we had thepermanent voters register were all eligiblevoters in the Isles were given Identitycards, and you could not vote withoutyou name appearing in the register. Thenthere were seminars and training on ourrights as voters. Politicians had to workvery hard to convince people to vote forthem. This is very good because leadersnow know that if they do not deliverwhat they promised people will not electthem next time”- a resident in ZanzibarStone Town commented.

UUNNDDPP rreeccooggnniizzeess tthhaatt ffrreeee aanndd ffaaiirr eelleeccttiioonnss aarree eesssseennttiiaallffoorr ddeeeeppeenniinngg ddeemmooccrraattiicc ggoovveerrnnaannccee..


UNDP-DFID has played a special role in Zanzibar byestablishing an independent administration ofcriminal justice in the Isles to institutionalize Human

Rights’ training and to improve the overall Justicial System inZanzibar.

The programme of “civilianization” in particular was a majorsuccess in transforming the Prosecution system in the Isles. Injust three years of its establishment, the Directorate of PublicProsecution (DPP) has managed to take over prosecutionfrom police in eight out of then ten Regional magistrate

courts, review criminal justice law, develop prosecutionguidelines and develop rules on community serviceprogrammes.

This is a remarkable achievement considering the challengesthat come with establishing a new institution. After decadesof public prosecution being in the hands of police, theestablishment of the Directorate of Public Prosecution marksa significant step in the Isles to having an independent andeffective administration for criminal justice where all peoplehave in the system.

20

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTSAND ENHANCING THE RULE OF LAW

The newly es tabl i shed l ibrary at the

DPP’s of f ice has been a main source

of law informat ion not only for s ta f f

bu t a l s o l aw s tuden t s f rom the

Univers i ty of Zanzibar

Efficient justice system is undoubtedly vital todevelopment in Zanzibar, bearing in mind that thereis a crucial link between rule of law, povertyeradication, human rights and sustainable humandevelopment.

TThhee pprrootteeccttiioonn aanndd pprroommoottiioonn ooff tthhee uunniivveerrssaall vvaalluueess ooff tthhee rruullee ooff llaaww,, hhuummaann rriigghhttss aanndd ddeemmooccrraaccyy aarreeeennddss iinn tthheemmsseellvveess.. TThheeyy aarree aallssoo eesssseennttiiaall ffoorr aa wwoorrlldd jjuusstt iiccee,, ooppppoorrttuunniittyy aanndd ssttaabbii ll ii ttyy.. NNoo sseeccuurriittyyaaggeennddaa aanndd nnoo ddrriivvee ffoorr ddeevveellooppmmeenntt wwii ll ll bbee ssuucccceessssffuull uunnlleessss tthheeyy aarree bbaasseedd oonn tthhee ssuurree ffoouunnddaattiioonn ooffrreessppeecctt ffoorr hhuummaann ddiiggnniittyy KKooff ii AAnnnnaann ,, UUNN SSeeccrreettaarryy GGeenneerraa ll ,, ““IInn LLaarrggeerr FFrreeeeddoomm”” ..


22

For citizens to be able to hold Governmentsaccountable they need valid, reliable information aboutGovernment policies, plans and achievements.Without

this, citizens’ rights to choose their representatives, orquestion Government actions cannot be fully exercised.

UNDP Support to strengthening access to informationincludes the establishment of the Directorate ofCommunication in the President’s office whose role is toeffectively communicate reforms to the general public in atransparent manner.

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

Support to s t rengthening access to informat ionincludes the es tabl i shment of the Directorate ofCommunica t i on in the Pre s iden t ’s o f f i c e andCommunicat ion Units in a l l Minis t r ies


24

Poverty is embedded in socio-economic relationshipsand structural imbalances.Addressing social inequalitiesrequires building broad coalitions within civil society

organizations that can lead to productive and valuablechange.

To ensure effective participation of Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs) in Governance and developmentactivities, UNDP supports the development of an NGOPolicy. This important initiative guides NGOs to take up ameaningful role in development programmes.

CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION

Making democracy work for human development means notonly strengthening democratic institutions, such as free andfair e lect ions and a representat ive legis lature, but a l sosupporting a vibrant civil society that will ensure widerparticipation of community in the development process.


Zanzibar comprises two main islands, Unguja andPemba and a number of islets that lie about 40kilometers off the coast of Mainland Tanzania.

Zanzibar, is one of the most densely populated countries inAfrica with a population of just about a million inhabitants ofwhom 84% are below forty years old (2002 Census).

In 1964, Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika to form the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania but retains exclusive jurisdiction withinits boundaries over all matters that are not specifically listedas Union Affairs. The Government of Zanzibar has its ownPresident, Cabinet, Legislature, and Judicial system. In thisrespect the Zanzibar Government has autonomy over issuesrelated to its internal administration.

Administratively, Zanzibar has five regions and each regionhas two districts, sub-divided into constituencies that arefurther sub-divided into “shehias.”

Agriculture is the predominant economic activity, accountingfor an average of 23% (2004) of Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and providing about 75% of foreign exchangeearnings. Traditionally, Zanzibar had a typical mono-cropeconomy relying on cloves as its major export, hence thename “Spice Islands”. However, the collapse of the price ofthis major cash crop in the early eighties has severely affectedZanzibar foreign earnings. Currently, trade and tourism arethe two emerging industries set to replace the declining cloveindustry.

26

ABOUT ZANZIBAR

Socio-demographic Indicators of Zanzibar

PopulationPopulation Growth rateGDP growth rate (%)Inflation rate (%)Urban Population (%)Rural population (%)Female male ratioNet primary enrolment rate (%)Literacy rate (%)Infant mortality rate per 1000Under five mortality rate per 100,000Maternal mortality rate per 100,000Life expectancyHouseholds with access to safe water supply (%)

984,6203.1 % per annum6.4 (2004)8.1 (2004)33.466.6105:9581 (2004)73.4 (2004)9011437748 years65 (2004)

* source: 2002 Census, Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, OCGS 2005.


Research,Text and Production: Fina MsellePhotography: Julie PudlowskiEditing: Prof.Ali Salim Hafidh

Coordination: Lena Renju, Sawiche WamunzaGraphic Design: [email protected]

Printing: Unifoto

© UNDP Tanzaniawww.tz.undp.org


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