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2012-03-05 1
UNECE-Medstat Workshop on Gender Statistics: time use surveys
Presentation by Klas RydenstamGeneva, 15 March 2012
2012-03-05 2
Agenda
•Characteristics of the time use survey and how it differs from many other statistical surveys •Technique: Survey design process, methodological options •A statistical story on gender equality: illustration of properties and content of time use data on basis of a Swedish survey•International harmonisation
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 3
Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 16-64 years, before 1991
Hours
Source: LFS 1991
?
?
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 4
Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years, 1990/91, Sept-May
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work
Personal needs Free time Other
Hours
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 5
Survey objectives• Early days: living conditions, mass media use
• Gender issues, work
• UN women’s conference, Beijing 1995
• Increasing number of tus Data available
• More analysis New applications for new purposes
• E.g. well-being, work-life balance, health, transport, etc. See, e.g. UNECE Policy Relevance of Time Use Surveys, draft 2011-12-20
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 6
Characteristics of the time use survey• What people do, how time is allocated to
various sorts of activities
• Study object: person days• A sample in two dimensions: individuals and days
• The time use is measured by chronological recording of activities
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 7
Household or Individual….
…. but also a time periodconsequently: sample of person-days or household-days
Unit of study
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 8
Population1
234
56
789
101112
.N
Time dimensionDay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D-1 D.
x .x .
.x . x
.x .
x ... x
x ..
. . . . . . . . . . ..
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 9
What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 am! activity. the mode of transport
Indicate if you used a computer or internet Indicate if you used a computer or e.g. at home, Mark "yes" by crossinginternet at friends' home, With other household members
at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish betw een travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you
Time, am the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know
04.00-04.10
04.10-04.20
04.20-04.30
04.30-04.40
04.40-04.50
04.50-05.00
05.00-05.10
05.10-05.20
05.20-05.30
05.30-05.40
05.40-05.50
05.50-06.00
06.00-06.10
06.10-06.20
06.20-06.30
06.30-06.40
06.40-06.50
06.50-07.00
Klas RydenstamSource HETUS
2012-03-05 10
What did you during this day?Household no |__|__|__|__| night morning day evening nightPerson no |__|__|__|
Date |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00
1 Sleeping
2 Eating, drinking, personal care
3 School (also homework)
4 Work as employed |__|
5 Own business work |__|__|
6 Tending rice |__|__|
7 Tending other crops |__|__|
8 Tending animals
9 Fetching water
10 Collecting firewood
11 Hunting
12 Fishing
13 Buying /shopping
14 Construction
15 Weaving, sewing, textile care
16 Handicraft (not textile)
17 Cooking, baking
18 Washing,cleaning,do the dishes
19 Care for children/adults/elderly
20 Travels
21 Leisure time
22 Other, specify…
04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00
night morning day evening night
Klas RydenstamSource: Laotian TUS
2012-03-05 11
Basic design optionsGeneral approach:– Diary vs. Direct questionnaire approachDiary:– Interviewer administered vs. Self administered– Pre-coded activities vs. ”Own words”If interviewer administered:– Phone vs. face-to-face interview– Yesterday vs. tomorrow– Open vs. fixed time intervals– Diary content (recording domains or dimensions)
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 12
Main activitySecondary activity (Tertiary, … activity)With whomFor whom (paid?)Where (location)Means of transport
Subjective indicatorsSatisfaction, feeling, happiness, degree of obligation
Other indicators:The weatherOther circumstances connected to the episode
Diary content
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 13
Survey objectives
All aspects of the survey design depends on survey objectives!
E.g.:- Target population and unit of study- General approach- Time period, selection of diary days- Variable content
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 14
Objective
Testing,Pilot surveys
Evaluation”Final” surveydesign
Data collection
”Ideal” surveydesign (content)
Adjustments?
Adjusted surveydesign
Restrictions imposed by ”reality”
Survey design process
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 15
Field process for one household
Interview:- Household- Householdmembers
Time
Coding, data entry, etc.
Interviewer’spreparations
Randomly designated diary days
X X X
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 16
What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 pm! activity. the mode of transport
Indicate if you used a computer or internet Indicate if you used a computer or e.g. at home, Mark "yes" by crossinginternet at friends' home, With other household members
at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish between travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you
Time, pm the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know
04.00-04.10 Went from work to the day care centre Planned a birthday party for my son Bus
04.10-04.20 --"-- --"-- --"--
04.20-04.30 Talked with the child minder Helped the children dressing Day care center
04.30-04.40 Went to the grocery Talked with my children By foot
04.40-04.50 Bought food for my family and my neighbour Shopping center
04.50-05.00 Went home By foot
05.00-05.10 Delivered food to my neighbour At neigbourgs home
05.10-05.20 Put own food in fridge Home
05.20-05.30 Cooked supper Listened to the radio
05.30-05.40 --"-- --"--
05.40-05.50 Had supper Talked with my family
05.50-06.00 --"-- --"--
06.00-06.10 --"-- --"--
06.10-06.20 Cleared the table
06.20-06.30 Had a rest
06.30-06.40 Watched TV with my family Knitted
06.40-06.50 --"-- --"--
06.50-07.00 --"-- --"--
Klas RydenstamSource HETUS
2012-03-05 17
What did you during this day?Household no |__|__|__|__| night morning day evening nightPerson no |__|__|__|
Date |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00
1 Sleeping
2 Eating, drinking, personal care
3 School (also homework)
4 Work as employed |__|
5 Own business work |__|__|
6 Tending rice |__|__|
7 Tending other crops |__|__|
8 Tending animals
9 Fetching water
10 Collecting firewood
11 Hunting
12 Fishing
13 Buying /shopping
14 Construction
15 Weaving, sewing, textile care
16 Handicraft (not textile)
17 Cooking, baking
18 Washing,cleaning,do the dishes
19 Care for children/adults/elderly
20 Travels
21 Leisure time
22 Other, specify…
04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 18Klas Rydenstam
31 FOOD MANAGEMENT311 Food preparation, baking and preserving312 Dish washing
32 HOUSEHOLD UPKEEP321 Cleaning dwelling322 Cleaning garden323 Heating and water324 Arranging household goods and materials329 Other or unspecified household upkeep
33 MAKING AND CARE FOR TEXTILES331 Laundry332 Ironing333 Handicraft and producing textiles339 Other or unspecified making of and care for textiles
34 GARDENING AND PET CARE341 Gardening342 Tending domestic animals343 Caring for pets344 Walking the dog
3 HOUSEHOLD AND FAMILY CARE
Example, part of an activity code system
Source HETUS
2012-03-05 19Klas Rydenstam
• Comprehensive (cover all activities)
• Mutually exhaustive (not multiple categories for one and the same activity)
• Must not require more information than the respondents are likely to provide
Requirements on activity code systems
2012-03-05 20Klas Rydenstam
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_product_code=KS-RA-08-014
and/or
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/timeuse/icatus/icatus_2.htm
alternatively search in Google for “HETUS Guidelines” resp. “ICATUS” for UNSD activity code system
Examples of activity code systems, diaries and questionnaires:
2012-03-05 21
• The coding process is sensitive and open to measurement errors
• Properly trained coding personnel
• Well organised and monitored
• Independent recoding?
Coding of diaries
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 22
What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 pm! activity. the mode of transport
Indicate if you used a computer or internet Indicate if you used a computer or e.g. at home, Mark "yes" by crossinginternet at friends' home, With other household members
at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish betw een travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you
Time, pm the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know
04.00-04.10 Went from work to the day care centre 910 Planned a birthday party for my son 371 Bus 31
04.10-04.20 --"-- --"-- --"--
04.20-04.30 Talked with the child minder 384 Helped the children dressing 381 Day care center 19
04.30-04.40 Went to the grocery 938 Talked with my children 383 By foot 21
04.40-04.50 Bought food for my family and my neighbou 361 429 Shopping center 1604.50-05.00 Went home 936 By foot 21
05.00-05.10 Delivered food to my neighbour 429 At neigbourgs home 14
05.10-05.20 Put own food in fridge 324 Home 11
05.20-05.30 Cooked supper 311 Listened to the radio 831
05.30-05.40 --"-- 311 --"-- 831
05.40-05.50 Had supper 021 Talked with my family 51105.50-06.00 --"-- --"--
06.00-06.10 --"-- --"--
06.10-06.20 Cleared the table 312
06.20-06.30 Had a rest 531
06.30-06.40 Watched TV with my family 821 Knitted 333
06.40-06.50 --"-- --"--
06.50-07.00 --"-- --"--
Source HETUS Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 23
Principle, fictitious diary content
19 rows = episodes recorded in the diary
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 24Klas Rydenstam
Open episodefile.xls
2012-03-05 25
A life history
Birth
Firstchild
Schoolstart Marriage Death
Secondchild
End ofschool
Firstjob
….Retirement
Time Use data: A micro life history
Midnight Midnight
Atsleep
Wokeup
Lots ofepisodes
Hadcoffee
Went towork
Tobed
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 26
Time use dataDIARY:Characteristics of diary day, e.g. day, date
INTERVIEW:Individual/householdcharacteristics
DIARY:Episode data
TIME USE DATA
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 27OH, basmått
1. Average time: All time – for all persons in the study - spent on the activity / the number of persons in the study
2. Proportion of ”doers”: The number of persons that spent some time doing the activity / the number of persons (Participation rate)
3. Average time for ”doers”: All time – for all persons in the study - spent on the activity / the number of persons that spent some time doing the activity
Three basic measures
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 28
Gainful employment:Average time 5:24 6:38Proportion “doers” 65 72Average for “doers” 8:22 9:21Housework:Average time 3:36 2:43 Proportion “doers” 97 92Average for “doers” 3:42 2:58
Average time for activities, by sex, hours and minutes per weekday. Swedish population 20-64 years, year 2010/11
Women Men
OH, basmått All measures Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 29
Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work
Personal needs Free time Other
Hours
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 30
Hours per week undertaking unpaid work in year 2000/01, by sex. Swedish population, 20–64 years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Household w ork
Maintenance
Care of children
Help to adult household members
Shopping and services
Other housew ork
Travel related to housew ork
WomenMen
Million hours per w eek
Source : SCB, Time Use Survey
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Manufacturing, etc
Construction
Trade and communications
Financial activity and business services
Education and research
Care and w elfare
Personal and cultural services, cleaning
Public sector administration
WomenMen
Million hours per w eekSource : SCB, Labour Force Survey
Hours worked according to industry sector in year 2000, by sex. Swedish population, 20–64 years
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 31
A weekday in SwedenPopulation 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 32
Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work
Personal needs Free time Other
Hours
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 33
Paid work vs. total work. Swedish population 20-64 years
0
3
6
9
12
15
-3 hours 3-7 hours 7-11 hours 11-hours
Men Women
Hours of total work
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
Hours of paid work
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 34
Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work, study
Personal needs Free time Other
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Men
Women
Weekdays
Weekend days
Hours
Hours
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 35
Time use structure, by sex, weekdays, Swedish population 20-64 years
0 2 4 6 8 10
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work, study
Personal needs Free time Other
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0 2 4 6
Men
Women
Weekdays, 7 am – 5 pm
Weekdays, 5 pm – 11 pm
Hours
Hours
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 36
Time use structure, by sex, weekend days, Swedish population 20-64 years
0 2 4 6 8 10
Men
Women
Paid work Study Unpaid work, study
Personal needs Free time Other
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0 2 4 6
Men
Women
Weekend days, 7 am – 5 pm
Weekend days, 5 pm – 11 pm
Hours
Hours
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 37
Length of work day. Total work, cumulative distribution. Swedish population 20-64 years
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Percent
Hours
Weekdays
Weekend days
Men Women
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 38
Hours of free time activities. Cumulative distribution. Swedish population 20-64 years
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Percent
Hours
Weekend days
Weekdays
Men Women
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 39
A weekday in SwedenWomen and men 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Women
Men
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 40
A weekday in Sweden and SpainPopulation, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Sweden
Spain
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 41
A weekday in SpainWomen and men 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Women
Men
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 42
A weekday in Sweden and SpainMen, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Sweden
Spain
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 43
A weekday in Sweden and SpainWomen, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday
Sweden
Spain
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 44
Women
Men
A weekend in Sweden
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 45
Gross vs. net measurement, paid vs. unpaid work
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
10:00 10:30 12:3011:3011:00 12:00 13:00
Phone call Toilette
Coffee breakHousehold work
Private phone call Toilette
Coffee breakPaid work
3 hours of work
2 hours 20 minutes of work
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 46
Transformation of breaks of various lengths to household work, by sex
05
101520253035404550
10 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes
Women Men
Minutes
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
Maximum ”permitted”break duration
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 47
Average duration of free time periods, by sex
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Men
Women
Minutes
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
Weekdays
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Men
Women
MinutesWeekend days
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 48
Average number of free time periods, by sex
0 2 4 6 8
Men
Women
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
Weekdays
0 2 4 6 8
Men
Women
Number of periodsWeekend days
Number of periods
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 49
Distribution of free time periods of various duration, by sex
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Men
Women
10 min. 20 min. 30 min. 40 min. 50 min. 60 min.
Percent
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
Weekdays
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Men
Women
Percent
Weekend days
Period duration:
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 50
Activities which follow free time periods, by sex, weekdays
0 10 20 30 40 50
Paid work
Housework
Personal care
Meals
Other free time activity
Other
Women MenPercent
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 51
Activities which follow free time periods, by sex, weekend days
0 10 20 30 40 50
Paid work
Housework
Personal care
Meals
Other free time activity
Other
Women Men Percent
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 52
Intensities for various activities following free time episodes.Women relative to men.
Weekdaysc
Weekend days d
5-12 pm 4 am-7 pm 7 pm-4 amAll activities a 1,27 1,35 1,21
Personal care a 1,26 1,16 1,10
Paid work/Education b 0,91* 0,71 1,23*
Meals a 0,72 0,81 0,78
Unpaid work a 1,54 1,67 1,66
Household work a 2,22 2,41 2,25
Child care a 1,78 2,02 1,88
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 53
Proportion doing household work after work. Working people, weekdays
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3
Women Men
Percent
Hours after finishingpaid work
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 54
Proportion enjoying free time after work. Working people, weekdays
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3
Women Men
Percent
Hours after finishingpaid work
Free time, total
Of which TV
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 55
Proportion eating a meal after work. Working people, weekdays
Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3
Women Men
Percent
Hours after finishingpaid work
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 56
Conclusions 1
• The work undertaken by women consists of equal proportions of paid and unpaid work, whilst that undertaken by men is strongly dominated by paid work.
• Gainful employment undertaken by women strongly depends on where they are in their lifecycle. Men undertake more or less anequal amount of time for gainful employment throughout their lives up until retirement.
• At a very general level, distinguishing between work, personal care and free time: great similarities between women and men
• However: these general means hide significant differences………
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 57
Conclusions 2
• With equal number of hours in paid work, women’s total work exceeds men’s. Women’s “second shift”.
• Men concentrate their work to weekdays and daytime. Weekends and evenings are relatively free from work. Women’s work is more evenly distributed over the day and the week.
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 58
Conclusions 3
• If breaks are accepted on equal terms in paid and unpaid work, women’s time devoted to work increases more than men’s. That is, if both kind of work are measured as gross (or net)
• At some point women’s work might then exceed men’s.
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 59
Conclusions 4
• Women’s free time consists of more and shorter periods, interwoven with periods of other activities
• A greater proportion of women’s free time consists of short periods.
• Women’s free time periods are more frequently ended and replaced by housework. Men’s more frequently by a meal or another free time activity.
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 60
Conclusions 5
• A greater proportion of working women than men take on housework directly after work
• A greater proportion of men eat a meal or enjoy free time directly after work.
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 61
General conclusions
• It seems apparent that the gender inequality in Sweden is greater than the most general time use structure might indicate.
• Diary based time use data and statistics are well suited to call in question its own results.
• There is much more information and statistics to elicit from the diary based time use data. This is a major issue to focus on in cooperation between users and producers of statistics!
Klas Rydenstam
Ice mountain
Klas Rydenstam2012-03-05
2012-03-05 63
Mean time for various sorts of child care. Married or cohabiting parents with small children, 0-6 years. Sweden. Computed by means of the HETUS table generating tool
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Men
Women
Main activity child care Secondary activity child care
Meals, child present Free time, child present
Housework, child present
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 64
Market Household sectorEconomic statistics Statistics on individuals and households
State: ”what we are” (in a broad sense)
Employment (LFS)
TUS: Action perspective, comprehensive and neutral to sector
”All activities”, exhaustive
Resources: ”what we have” (broad selection)
Action: ”what we do” ( narrow selection)
Consumption (Expenditure surveys)
Study
What, how much, value of produced goods and services.
Exhaustive
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 65
Hours
Time use structure by country. Population 20-74 years. All days
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05
Hours
Time use structure by sex and country. Population 20-74 years. All days
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 67
Hours a day
Hours of unpaid work by country. Population 20-74 years
Klas Rydenstam
2012-03-05 68
Percent
Men’s proportion of the total unpaid work by country. Population 20-74 years
Klas Rydenstam