unep green cities presentation(1)

8/2/2019 UNEP Green Cities Presentation(1)

1/54

TOWARDS A GREENECONOMY BY UNEPCITIES

pp. 453476


2/54

Investing in energy and resource efficiency

CITIES


3/54

Overview

Report describes steps needed to green theglobal economy

States the poverty and environmental issues willbe addressed by such measures

Cities have great role to play in creatingsustainable human development paths/modes

This presentation presents solutions, providesunderstanding of why they are needed and why

they can work Public transport, greenspaces, urban food supplies,

technology, building design, water solutions, energysolutions, etc.


4/54

Main Points

Approaches to city-building must change tofacilitate transition to green economy

50% of population, but 60-80% of Earths energy

use Pressure on water, sewage, living environs, public

health (urban poor most impacted)

Sprawl: resource intensive, socially divisive


5/54

Main Points

Cities can lead global green economymovement

Compact, dense

Mixed-use urbanism Integration of services and amenities

Innovative technologies

Improve transport Construction of buildings

Improve waste systems

Will reduce energy use, carbon emissions, enhanceecosystems


6/54

Main Points

Green cities result in:

Greater productivity/innovation

Reduced costs, reduced environmental impact

High density: proximity to others, efficient

Sewers, transport, streets, etc cost less w/morepeople

Congestions, economic costs can be offsetw/public transport, road charges


7/54

Main Points

Cities will be important to emergence of green

economy discussed in report

Proximity, density, variety = productivity benefits,

innovationGreen industries are service industries, which are

urban

Public transport, energy provision, installation, repair

High-tech green manufacturing clusters will be closeto cities, will need skilled labor found in cities


8/54

Main Points

Green city planning can increase social equity,quality of life Public transport improves access to public services,

relieves congestion in poor areas

Reduction of pollution = better health equality More pedestrians, cyclists foster community More green space for kids = Fewer behavioral disorders Less anxiety Less depression Greater self-worth More social interaction


9/54

1. INTRODUCTION


10/54

1.2 Green cities

What is a green city?

Has sustainable management systems for:

Carbon emission

Energy + water consumptionWater quality

Mixed energy resources

Recycling, waste

Preservation of green space, agricultural lands


11/54

1.2 Green cities

Other indicators

Apartment living

Motorization rate

Transport options

Equitable for residents


12/54

1.2 Green cities

Some cities are deemed green based oncertain projects & ambitions

Freiburg, Germany reduced CO2 by 12%

Curitiba, Brazil: innovative bus-rapid transportsystem (BRT)

Singapore: road fees, waste, water systems.Forefront.


13/54

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combino_Freiburg.jpg

Freiburg


14/54

2. CHALLENGES ANDOPPORTUNITIES


15/54

2.1 Challenges (what we are nowfacing)

Fast growth rate of cities

Went from 13% to 50% of world pop. in 100 yrs

Cities expanding, rural areas becoming urban

Natural + migrant growthOverwhelms cities

Struggle to mobilize resources strains environment


16/54

Challenges

India

Urbanites: 340 million, 2008

590 mil by 2030

China 636 million, 2010

905 million in 2030

Requires new infrastructure: subways, newroads, etc

How they do it will impact whether they can be

green


17/54

Urbanization and theEnvironment

Poor impacts locally, rich impacts globally

Basically, urbanization = more resourceconsumption

Energy-intensive food supply

More goods and people flowing

But: story is more complex

Some cities grow with no C02 increases Some cities dont grow, but increase C02

emission

Its about patterns of consumption in cities, not

cities themselves per se


18/54

Social implications of traditionalurban development

Today, horizontal expansion is common.Rewarded.

Sprawl.

Dependency on car

Urban poor peripheralized, decreased access tocity (work, services, infrastructure)

Socially divisive neighborhoodsGated communities, shopping centers/districts

More slums/informal economies

Amenities + water compromised


19/54

2.2 OPPORTUNITIES


20/54

Structural Capacity

Green cities have certain forms, sizes,densities, configurations

Short distances w/green transport modes

Denser neighborhoods cool/heat betterCan harvest rainwater, combined heat and power

and microgeneration of energy (small-scaleproduction of own energy needs by small

businesses and individuals)


21/54

Structural Capacity

Evidence shows that dense places with publictransport, walking, cycling have a reducedenergy footprint.

Toronto Dense areas: 3.1 tons per capita annually

Sprawl-like areas: 13.1 tons

Medium-sized cities are better than very largeor very small for concentrating transportationsystems


22/54

Structural Capacity

World cities leading the way:

Copenhagen, Oslo, Amsterdam, Madrid,Stockholm, Curitiba, Vancouver, Portland

All have committed to compact development,walkability, public transport-based

Already there

New York City, Mumbai, Hong Kong

Mumbai=overcrowded and poor

Hong Kong, NYC = rich


23/54

Technological potential

Closer people = more interaction, more

frequent breakthroughs, more ideas Best when research institutions, firms, service

providers can develop new technologies in analready networked environment

73% renewable energy patents are from urban areas


24/54

Urban synergy and integrationpotential

Water-sensitive urban design allows parks tocontribute to city water supply (rainwaterharvesting)

Can be done by homeowners as well Creation of industrial ecologies become possible

in high density cities

Outputs of one sector become input of another

Creation of a circular economy

Sao Paulos Baneirantes landfill

Collects trash

Produces biogas: electricity for entire city district


25/54

Urban synergy and integrationpotential

Cross-sectorial strategies Vauban: car-free green neighborhood in Freiburg,

Germany Trams, walking, biking integrated into city design Solar Settlement community produces/sells solar energy to

City Beddington Zero Energy Development

Homes use onsite solar, cogeneration. Only renewable Cars discouraged New homes: 85% smaller footprint, 36% smaller transport

footprint Green city districts exist in

Amsterdam-Ijburg Copenhagen-Orestad Hammerby Sjostad, Stockholm

Korea China


26/54

3. THE CASE FORGREENING CITIES


27/54

3.1 Economic Benefits


28/54

3.1 Agglomeration Economies

Cities in general are good because

Overcome info gaps

Bring people/things closer together

Enable flow of ideasHigh productivity gains

High wages

Knowledge is shared locally, distance hinders


29/54

Lower infrastructure and operatingcosts

Density increases productivity, lowerstransport costs, widens trade networks

Smart growth areas can save between

$5,000 and $75,000 for road/utility costs perhousehold unit

Tianjin, China showed 55% infrastructure savingson dense vs. dispersed cities

NYC estimates $19bil savings yearly on fuel


30/54

Lower infrastructure and operatingcosts

Public transport, walking cycling approaches

hold significant cost savings Bus rapid transit (BRT) cheaper than

metro/regional rail

Has own right of way http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JakartaTransjakartaBusspurInDerJalanSudirman.jpg

Some busways make a profit (Bogota)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JakartaTransjakartaBusspurInDerJalanSudirman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JakartaTransjakartaBusspurInDerJalanSudirman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JakartaTransjakartaBusspurInDerJalanSudirman.jpg


31/54

Busway in Jakarta(Wikipedia)


32/54

3.2 Social Benefits


33/54

Job creation

Primarily Service jobsUrban green agriculture jobsWastewater/solid waste

Public transportRenewable energy Net losses, but urban gains (servicing, installation)

Waste management/recycling

Big in developing countriesGreen construction Retrofits, implementing new standards

Can make buildings producers rather than consumers Water, energy, food, materials, green space


34/54

http://seedstock.com/2011/08/24/startup-profile-rooftop-farming-company-couples-science-with-sustainability/

Lufa Farms, Montreal. One office building rooffeeds 1400.


35/54


36/54

Job Creation

Labor gains are a complicated picture. Gainsin one area mean shortages in another. So:

Rises in green employment, +

Drops in other sectors


37/54

Poverty reduction, social equity

Now, urban poor are a problem. No access to

livelihood. Vulnerable. Disease. Need moreinclusion. Degrade environments. Public transport can help include poor people in

the economy and relieve congestion as well

Green cooking fuels can be cheapReduction in transport costs of food could reduce

food costs


38/54

Improvement in quality of Life

Community Cohesion. More social is needed.

Green spaces used more than vacant space.Better for kids and adults.

Removal of barriers to interaction are needed: Physical (road traffic)

Psychological (perceptions: traffic, suburbs)

Long-term social (commuting takes away fromcommunity time)


39/54


Road safety important to QOL.

High rates of death due to traffic.

Green transport modes adopted when

Car speeds limited

Dedicated lanes for bikes exist


40/54


Attributes of green cities contribute to QOL

Walkability

Access to green spaces

Cycling infrastructureRecreation facilities

May have economic advantages.

Some firms look at QOL when determininglocation


41/54

3.3 Environmental and HealthBenefits

Red cing poll tion and impro ing


42/54

Reducing pollution and improvingpublic health

Air pollution = problem in Asia, Latin Americamegacities esp.

800,000 deaths/year globally

Greenspace increase, reduced emissions needed

Human inactivity a problem

Transport improvements can help


43/54

4. GREENING URBANSECTORSSpecific steps to take in each area of urban

development


44/54

4.1 Transport

In sustainable urban development practice,reducing car usage is main focus

Central London: congestion charge cut 65,000

trips, 20% CO2 emissions Singapore: Electronic Road Pricing, Vehicle

Quota System

Bogotas BRT: 14% reduction in emissions per

passenger Being replicated in Istanbul, Lagos, Ahmadabad,

Guangzhou, Johannesburg


45/54

4.1 Transport

Europe: investment in tram systems (Zurich)

Railway systems that use city streets

Pro-cycling schemes

London, NYC, Copenhagen, Amsterdam Copenhagen: separate cycle paths, super bikeways

(city-to-city)


46/54


47/54

4.3 Energy

Cities use lots of energy they must import

Need to reduce consumption

Need green energy sources

CHP (Cogeneration): produces heat andelectricity from one source

Solar (PV, passive, thermal)

Wind

HydroGeothermal

Tidal


48/54

4.4 Vegetation and landscape

Keep or increase parks/wetlands/greenspace

Manages heavy rainfall better

Keep/increase trees (regulates indoor

temperatures) Green rooftops a solution. Adds greenspace.

Itabashi City in Tokyo

Climbing plants on exteriors keep buildings cool,reduces AC

www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/.../wallgreeningguideline.pdf


49/54

4.5 Water

Rural to urban transport can waste water.

Upgrade pipes

Rainwater harvesting helps citizens make up for

water shortages Providing tax incentives helps this


50/54

4.6 Food

Reduce long, expensive travel of foodproducts when possible

Urban gardening: backyards, unused spaces

Already popular in Africa Reduce water usage, chemical dependencies,

weather mishaps by growing food indoorsaquaponically

Create jobs


51/54

4.7 Waste

Continue/increase recycling

Copenhagen: only 3% of garbage goes tolandfills!

Curitiba: exchange w/City: recyclables for excessproduce

Composting programs


52/54

Sustainable Cities Projects

Stockholm http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-

architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/

Watters Creek http://www.trademarkproperty.com/portfolio/watters-creek

Walk Softly LLC http://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-

community/conceptual-plan.aspx

Tiny Houses http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-

Foot-Home-Video http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/bizarre&id=

8569520
http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.trademarkproperty.com/portfolio/watters-creekhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/bizarre&id=8569520http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/bizarre&id=8569520http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/bizarre&id=8569520http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/bizarre&id=8569520http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Inside-a-96-Square-Foot-Home-Videohttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.walksoftlyontheearth.com/living-well-community/conceptual-plan.aspxhttp://www.trademarkproperty.com/portfolio/watters-creekhttp://www.trademarkproperty.com/portfolio/watters-creekhttp://www.trademarkproperty.com/portfolio/watters-creekhttp://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/http://www.livegreenblog.com/sustainable-architecture/forward-thinking-sustainable-townhouses-for-stockholm-6448/


53/54

Assignment

Urban Farm Identify your products

Apartments Parking Lot

Retail

Grocer

Transport system within and toother cities

Office buildings

Restaurants

Waste disposal

Tiny houses

Plan your ownhigh-densityurbanenvironment

Create 2

drawings: 1aerial, 1 photo-like

1-page

description of

Choose 5: Assignment:


54/54

Features you can include

Composting toilets Outdoor compost

systems for kitchenscraps/gardens

Rainwaterharvesting/filtration

Onsite solar power Geothermal power

Water permeable

concrete Passive solar designs

Bus rapid transit Trams Bike lanes

Promote work from

home Urban

gardening/farmingtechniques

Small spaces (more

energy efficient) Wall greening Promote walking Reduce driving

unep green cities presentation(1)

Documents