unep, lighting 2006

7/31/2019 UNEP, Lighting 2006

1/47

Training Session on EnergyTraining Session on Energy

qu pmentqu pment

Presentation from the

www.energyefficiencyasia.org

1

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


2/47

IntroductionTypes of lighting systems

Ener efficienc o ortunities

2

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


3/47

Background

g t ng energy consumpt on

-

3-10% in industrial plants

Significant energy savings can be

r li wi h minim l i l

investment

3

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


4/47

Basic Theory

g t: e ectromagnet c waves nspace

Light is emitted through:

b) Electric dischargec) Electro luminescence

4

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


5/47

Definitions and Common Terms

1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt

1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a spherewith 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light

source at the centre

1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength

9 Lux

5

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2


6/47


measured in Candela (cd)

9 Luminous flux (lm)

4 x luminous intensity

6

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


7/47


Average maintained illuminance on a working

9 Installed load efficiency ratio

Target load efficacy / Installed load

Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power

7

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Lumens per watt


8/47


9 Room index

Ratio for the plan dimensions of the room

9 Target load efficiency

nsta e oa e cacy cons ere ac eva eunder best efficiency

9 Utilization factor

8

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

A measure of the effectiveness of the lightingscheme


9/47


9 The inverse square law

Defines the relationship between illuminance from

a point source and distance

E = Iluminance=

E1 d12 = E2 d22I = Luminous intensity

d = distance

9

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


10/47


9 Color temperature

Color a earance of a lam and the li ht it

produces

Measured in Kelvin (K)

Incandescent lamps: true value color

temperature

Fluorescent and high intensity discharge(HID) lamps: correlated color temperature

10

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


11/47

9

Color rendering index (CRI)rendering

groups

rendering Index(Ra)

1A R 90 Wherever accurate color rendering isrequired e.g. color printing inspection

1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments arenecessary or good color rendering is

required for reasons of appearance e.g.display lighting

2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering isrequired

3 40 < R < 60 Wherever color renderin is of littlesignificance but marked distortion of coloris unacceptable

4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of noimportance at all and marked distortion of

11

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

colour is acceptable

Table 1. Applications of color rendering groups (Bureau of

Energy Efficiency, 2005)


12/47

IntroductionTypes of lighting systems


12

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


13/47

ncan escen amps

Tun sten Halo en Lam s

Fluorescent lamps

High pressure sodium lamps Low r ur o ium lam

Mercury vapour

amps

Metal halide

13

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006 LED lamps


14/47

the visible region

gas filling

Color rendering index: 1A

Color temperature: 2500 2700 K

14

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Lamp life


15/47

u -

Tungsten filament and a halogen gasfilled bulb

Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot

filament and move to cooler wall of bulb Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt Advantages:

More compact

Color rendering index: 1A

Color tem erature: warm

Longer life

More and whiter light

Lamp life < 4000 hrs Cost more

Increased IR and UV

Handling problems

15

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Tungsten halogen lamps(BEE India, 2005)


16/47

Fluorescent Lamps

mes as e c en as s an ar ncan escenlamps and last 10 20 times longer

ec r c y passes roug a gas or me a c vaporand causes radiation

16

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

n a,


17/47

Features:

Halo-phosphate

Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF

gear increases this by 10%)T10, T8 and T5)differing in diameter

o or en er ng n ex -

Color Temperature Any

Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

-an e c ency

Most efficient at Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A-1B

Color Temperature Any

am en empera ureof 20-30 oC,

Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

lamps (CFL) havemuch smaller

17

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

luminaries Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)(BEE India, 2005)


18/47

g ressure o um amps

Used in outdoor and industrial applications

Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter,ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury

No starting electrodes

Color rendering index: 1 - 2

Color temperature: warm

Lamp life < 24,000 hrs

18

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006BEE India, 2005


19/47

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

ommon y nc u e n e am y

Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt

Poorest quality light: colors appear black, whiteor grey shades

Limited to outdoor applications

Efficac : Color renderin index: 3

Color temperature: yellow

19

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

< ,


20/47

Mercury Vapor Lamps

Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon, ,

phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope

Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/Watt

Color rendering index: 3

Color temperature: intermediate

20

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours


21/47

eta a e amps

Works similar to tun sten halo en lam s

Largest choice of color, size and rating

Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have

BEE India, 2005

Color rendering index: 1A 2

Color temperature:3000 6000 K

21

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Lamp life:6000 20,000 hours


22/47

en e amps

- -

Quartz mercury discharge tube

Tungsten filament

Suitable for flame proof areas

Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures

Efficac : 20 30 lumen/Watt

Lamp life < 8000 hours

22

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

g power ac or: .

Typical rating: 160 W

n a,


23/47

amps

Newest type of energy efficient lamp

Two types: red-blue-green array

phosphor-coated blue lamp Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and

can produce white light

Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and thetechnology is rapidly progressing

Significant energy savings: 82 93%

23

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006 Longest lamp life: 40,000 100,000 hours


24/47

Impact how much light reachesarea and distribution pattern

Diffuse reflectors:

70-80% reflectance but declining in time

in r w r whi fini h

BEE India,2005

Specular reflectors:

- re ec ance an ess ec ne n me

Polished or mirror-like

24

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006 Not suitable for industrial open-type stripfixtures


25/47

Gear

Ballast

Current limitin device

Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights

Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps

25

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


26/47

Comparing lamps

Type of Lamp

Watt

ColorRendering

Index

Typical ApplicationLife

(Hours)Range

Avg.

ncan escen - xce en omes, res auran s, generalighting, emergency lighting

Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t.coating

Offices, shops, hospitals,homes

5000

Com act fluorescent lam s 40-70 60 Ver ood Hotels sho s homes 8000-10000(CFL)

offices

High pressure mercury(HPMV)

44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories,garages, car parking, floodlighting

5000

Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting,stadium exhibition grounds,construction areas

2000-4000

High pressure sodium(HPSV) SON

67-121

90 Fair General lighting in factories,ware houses, street lighting

6000-12000

26

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Low pressure sodium (LPSV)SOX

101-175

150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals,street lighting

6000-12000


27/47

Introduction

Types of lighting systems


27

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


28/47

Designing with Light

Better lighting: increased productivity

Choose correct lighting level

Choose quality of light (color rendering)

28

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


29/47

Designing with Light

Illuminancelevel (lux)

Examples of Area of Activity

General Lighting for rooms 20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas,

,

an areas use e erinfrequently

and/or casual or simplevisual tasks

ou oor s ores , s oc yar s

50 Exterior walkways & platforms.

70 Boiler house.

100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.

150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.

200 Minimum service illuminance on the task

300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and

food industries, casual reading and filing activities.

General lighting forinteriors

450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machineassembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks.

1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precisionmechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging &

29

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

local task lighting)

Additional localized lightingfor visually exacting tasks

3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very smallparts of instruments, watch making, engraving.


30/47

Recommended Illuminance Levels

ca e o um nance

Illuminance for all non-working interiors > 20Lux

Factor 1.5 is the smallest significant differencen e ec o um nance

Therefore the following scale is recommended:

30

203050751001502003005007501000

15002000, Lux UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


31/47

Recommended Illuminance Levels

9 Illuminance ranges recommended for

Middle value (R) for working interiors

Higher value (H) for visual work

ower va ue w ere accuracy s non-important

31

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


32/47

Methodology for Efficiency Study

ep : a e nven ory o g ng sys emelements and transformers

S.No.

PlantLocati

on

LightingDevice &

Ballast Type

Rating inWatts Lamp

& Ballast

PopulationNumbers

Use / Shifts as I /II / III shifts / Day

Table: Device rating, population and use profile

S.No.

PlantLocatio

n

LightingTransformer Rating

(kVA)

NumbersInstalled

Measurement ProvisionsAvailable Volts / Amps /

kW/ Energy

Table: Lighting transformer/rating and population profile

32

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


33/47

Methodology for Efficiency Study

Step 2: Measure and document the Lux levels

power consumption at input points

standard values as reference

,ballasts and the actual life expectancy levels

33

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


34/47


35/47

Introduction

Types of lighting systems


35

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


36/47

Use Natural Day Lighting

North lighting

Glass strips across the roof

Sk li hts with fiber reinforced lastic(FRP)

Natural light from

36

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

windows


37/47

De-lamping to Reduce Excess

Effective method to reduce ener

consumption

de-lamping: illuminance hardly affected

Complicated for series wired ballasts

Less roblematic with arallel wired

37

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006ballast


38/47

Task Lighting

ow wa age amps a as

General illuminance at lower level

Benefits:

Reduce number of lighting fixtures

Reduce lamp wattage

Save considerable energy

Better illuminance

38

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006 Aesthetically pleasing ambience


39/47

High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries

Metal halide lamps to replace mercury /so um vapor amps

HPSV lam s where color renderin isnot critical

filament lamps

39

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

um nar es w m rror op cs ns ea o

conventional painted ones


40/47

Reduction ofnta

ge

Voltage

Perc

Supply voltage percentage3

12

Can save

46

4

6

6

Provided drop1

2

3

is acceptable

1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power,4) Lamp output 5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency

Effect of volta e variation of

40

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

fluorescent tube light parameters

(BEE India, 2005)


41/47

ectron c a asts nstea o

Electromagnetic Ballasts Oscillators that convert supply frequency to

, ,

Available for fluorescent tube lights, LPSV and

Benefits in fluorescent tube lights:

-Watt

Improved efficacy at higher frequencies

41

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Elimination of starter: no flickering


42/47

Low Loss Electromagnetic Ballasts

Loss er tube li hts:

Standard ballasts: 10 15 Watts

ow oss a as s: - a s

42

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


43/47

Timers, Twilight Switches &

Twilight switches: depending on availability of

Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of

eo le

Applicable for general areas, conferencerooms cubicles restrooms exteriors

43

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


44/47

T5 Fluorescent Tube Light

Slimmer tubes than T12 and T8 tubes

,

super-reflective aluminum luminaire by 11-30%

lamp

and not existing luminaries

44

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


45/47

Lighting Maintenance

Light levels decrease >50% due to aginglamps and dirt on fixtures, lamps androom surfaces

Maintenance o tions:

Clean equipment

ep ace enses

Keep spaces bright and clean

45

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Re-lamping



46/47


qu pmentqu pment

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION

46

UNEP GERIAP UNEP GERIAP


47/47

s ower o n ra n ng sess on was prepare as par o

the project Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from

Industr in Asia and the Paci ic GERIAP . Whilereasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the

contents of this publication are factually correct and

,

the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall notbe liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned

directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the

contents of this publication. UNEP, 2006.

The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish

International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)

47

UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is

available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org

unep, lighting 2006

Documents