unesco coffee cultural landcape of colombia nomination file to world heritage list
DESCRIPTION
UNESCO World Heritage List Nomination File, Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia, Government of Colombia. Ministry of Culture, 2011ENGLISHTRANSCRIPT
Luis Genaro MUÑOZ ORTEGA General Manager – Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
Editorial Coordination
Luis Fernando SAMPER GARTNER Intellectual Property Director, Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
Research and Texts
Celina RINCÓN JAIMES
Equipos Técnicos Departamentales de Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda y Valle.
Design and Layout
María Fernanda CONCHA ESCOBAR Silvia Adriana CÁRDENAS CUEVAS Sandra Milena SÁNCHEZ RAMÍREZ
Charts and Graphics
Photograpy and Support
David BONILLA ABREO
Table of Contents Acknowledgments 13
Executive Summary 15
a) Country 25
d) Geographical cordinates to the nearest second 32
e) Maps and plans showing te boundaries of nominated property and Buffer Zone 33 f) Area of nominated property and proposed buffer zone 34
Chapter 2 Description 37
a) Description of Property 41 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 54 II) Coffee Culture for the World 64 III) Strategic Social Capital Built Around its institutions 84 IV) Combining Tradition and Technology to Guarantee Product Quality and Sustainability 93 V) Evidence of a Pre-Colombian Past and Early Domestication of Plants in America 109 VI) Four Departments that Synthesize the Wealth of a Productive Landscape 120 VII) Transport Infrastructure 149
b) History and Development 151
I) Pre-Hispanic Past 152 II) The Antioquian Colonization 154 III) The Expansion of Coffee Production 156
IV) The Technification of Coffee Production 163 V) Sustainable Coffee Production 165 Chapter 3 Justification for the Inscription 179
a) Criteria under which inscription is proposed and justification for inscription under these criteria 183 I) Criteria V 183 II) Criteria VI 194
b) Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 198 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 199 II) Coffee Culture for the World 200 III) Strategic Social Capital Built Around its Institutions 205 IV) Combining Tradition and Technology to Guarantee Product Quality and Sustainability 210
c) Comparative Analysis (including state of conservation of similar properties) 216 I) Regional Development, Culture and Identity Based on Small-Family-Farm Production of a High Quality Coffee 216 II) South American Example of a Living Cultural Landscape 230
d) Integrity and /or Authenticity 236 I) Authenticity 236 II) Integrity 253
Chapter 4 State of conservation and facts affecting the property 257
a) Present State of Conservation 261 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 262 II) Coffee Culture for the World 265 III) Strategic Social Capital built around its Institution 277 IV) Combining tradition and technology to guarantee product quality and sustainability 281 b) Factors Affecting the Property 288 I) Development Pressures 288 II) Environmental Pressures 293 III) Natural disasters and risk preparedness 294 IV) Visitor / Tourism Pressures 295 V) Number of inhabitants within the property and the buffer zone 299
Chapter 5 Protection and Management of the Property 301 a) Ownership 305 b) Protective Designation 309 I) General norms 309 II) Protection of Café de Colombia’s Origin 329
c) Mechanisms through which the protection measures will be implemented 333
d) Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the proposed property is located 340 I) Territorial planning norms at municipal level 340 II) Tourism Plans 342 III) Development Plans 343 IV) Heritage Volunteer Networks Programme 344
e) Property Management Plan 353 I) Instruments for PCC management 354 II) Strategic gudelines 357
f) Sources and levels of funding 372
g) Sources of expertise and training in conservation and management 378
h) Facilities for visitors and statistics 383
i) Policies and programmes related to the presentation and promotion of the property 385 I) Messages 386 II) Media Action 387 III) Presential Action 388 IV) Visual Identity 389
j) Professionals and entities that will support the management of the property 390
Chapter 6 Monitoring 399
a) Key indicators for measuring state of conservation 403 b) Administrative arrangements for monitoring property 409 c) Results of previous reporting exercises 411
Chapter 7 Documentation 415
a) Photographs, slides, image inventory and authorization table and other audiovisual materials 419
b) Texts related to protective designation, copies of property management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans related to the property 419
c) Form and date of most recent records or inventory of the property 420
d) Address where inventories, records and archives are kept 423
e) Bibliography 423
a) Preparer 483
Chapter 9 Signature 489
Coffee Cherries
The Ministry of Culture and the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation would like to express their acknowledgement and gratitude to all the national, departmental and local institutions that have contributed to the elaboration of this document.
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, and particularly the Vice-Minister of Tourism, has been of great help in the process, as have the provincial authorities of Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca, with their respective Culture Departments and Departmental Assemblies. These, together with the municipal councils within the territory, have been a source of permanent support and commitment to the Coffee Cultural Landscape (also known as PCC or Paisaje Cultural Cafetero).
We would also like to note the indispensible contribution of the departmental teams and of the Centre for Regional Development Studies, CRECE, which played an essential role in gathering all the information generated by the different Regional Groups. These regional groups were responsible for undertaking all the preliminary work related to the PCC, with the valuable help of academics from the following universities: Universidad de Caldas, Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda, Universidad La Gran Colombia, Universidad Nacional –Manizales campus-, Universidad del Quindío, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Universidad del Valle and the Alma Mater Network. In addition, this document could not have been completed without the valuable contribution of the Regional Autonomous Corporations of Caldas (CorpoCaldas), Quindío (CRQ), Risaralda (CARDER) and Valle (CVC).
Last but not least, we would like to highlight the support of the personnel linked to the Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda and Valle Departmental and Municipal Coffee Growers Committees; the Extension Service of these Committees; and Cenicafé. In addition, to the aforementioned institutions we would like to highlight the generous support and commitment of dozens of people, who over the past years, have put in their valuable effort. We hope that the list at the end of this document adequately reflects their participation.
Acknowledgments
13
15
State, Province or Region
The Coffee Cultural Landscape (PCC) covers areas of 47 municipalities1 spread over four Colombian departments2:
• Caldas Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Aguadas, Anserma, Aranzazu, Belalcázar, Chinchiná, Filadelfia, La Merced, Manizales, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Riosucio, Risaralda, Salamina, San José, Supía and Villamaría and the urban areas and the urban areas of Belalcazar, Chinchiná, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Risaralda, Salamina and San José.”
• Quindío Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Armenia, Buenavista, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya and Salento and and the urban area of Montenegro.
• Risaralda Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, Guática, La Celia, Marsella, Pereira, Quinchía, Santa Rosa de Cabal and Santuario, and the urban areas of Apía, Belén de Umbría, Marsella and Santuario.
• Valle del Cauca Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Alcalá, Ansermanuevo, Caicedonia, El Águila, El Cairo, Riofrío, Sevilla, Trujillo and Ulloa and the urban area of El Cairo.
1. Second order administrative division of Colombia. 2. First order administrative division of Colombia equivalent, in other countries, to provinces or states.
Name of Property Coffee Cultural Landscape
Geographical coordinates to the nearest second The following table presents the location of the Coffee Cultural Landscape:
Component Part No.
Coordinate of the Central
Map No.
3 C Norte Caldas/Risaralda 75°31’15,83”W,
5°17’21,85”N 47,406 60,024 1C
4 D Risaralda/Quindío/Valle del Cauca Coordillera Central
75°41’47,30”W,
6 F Valle/Risaralda/Caldad- Coordillera Occidental
75°56’29,22”W,
Total Area Hectareas 141,120 207,000
Table 1. Composition of the Cultural Landscape
Textual description of the boundary(ies) of the nominated property
The Coffee Cultural Landscape (PCC) extends through some of the coffee producing areas at the foothills of the western and central mountain ranges of the Cordillera de los Andes. In Colombia, the rural areas of each municipality are divided into “veredas” or rural districts, which are considered the
16
smallest territorial divisions possible in the country. The PCC includes certain veredas of the above mentioned municipalities.
The Property’s principal area defined includes 6 zones located principally between 1,200 and 1,800 meters elevation which are deemed the most characteristic of the Coffee Cultural Landscape, as they contain its most representative attributes. The following is a brief description of the areas belonging to each zone:
Zona A. This corresponds to the municipal areas of Riosucio and Supía in the department of Caldas, including the locality of San Lorenzo.
Zona B. This corresponds to rural areas of the municipality of Quinchía and the locality of Naranjal in the department of Risaralda.
Zona C. This corresponds to rural areas of the Central Cordillera of the municipalities of Marsella, Pereira and Santa Rosa de Cabal in the departament of Risaralda and the municipalities of Aguadas, Chinchiná, Neira, Palestina, Pácora, Salamina y Villamaría in the department of Caldas. It includes the urban ares of the municipalities of Chinchiná, Marsella, Neira, Palestina, Pácora and Salamina.
Zona D. This corresponds to rural areas of the Central Cordillera of the municipalities of Armenia, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya, and Salento, as well as rural areas of the municipality of Pereira in Risaralda and Alcalá, Ulloa, Caicedonia and Sevilla in the department of Valle del Cauca. It also includes the urban area of Montenegro.
Zona E. This zone corresponds to rural areas of the municipalities of Trujillo and Riofrío in the department of Valle del Cauca. Zona F. This zone corresponds to rural areas of the Western Cordillera of the municipalities of Anserma, Belalcázar, Risaralda and San José It also includes the urban areas of Apía, Belalcázar,Belén de Umbría, El Cairo, Risaralda, San José and Santuario, in the departament of Caldas; Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, La Celia and Santuario, in the departament of Risaralda and of the municipalities of Ansermanuevo, El Águila, and El Cairo in the departament of Valle del Cauca. It also includes the urban ares of Apía, Belalcázar, Belén de Umbría, El Cairo, Risaralda and Santuario.
17
CHOCÓ
CHOCÓ
CALDAS
CALDAS
Martínez
Vallecito
La Habana
La Garrucha
Los Cuervos
ANSERMANUEVO
Tumbabarreto
Buenos Aires
Aguita
Purembará
R E S G U A R D O I N D Í G E N A W A N C H U R A D Ó ( E M B E R A )
R E S G U A R D O I N D Í G E N A A N D Á G U E D A ( E M B E R A )
La Pradera (Itaury)
PARQUE NATURAL REGIÓN COCORA
PARQUE NATURAL REGIONAL UCUMARI
Chicoral
Playarrica
Alegrías
Boca de Pepe
El Cedró
!( !H !(
!(!R !(!R!(!( !H!H
!H!H !
! !R!H!R ! !R!R!R
!H!( ! !( !R
!R !H
!( !R!R !R!R !
!(!( !( !!H !( !R!( !( !(! !R !R !!( !R !R
!( !R !! !!( !R!( !R !(!(!( !(
!R !R
!R !R
18
Justification Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
The inscription of the Coffee Cultural Landscape (or PCC) on the World Heritage List is justified due a number of factors. Firstly, it is an outstanding example of human adaptation to difficult geographical conditions, from which came the subsequent establishment of slope and mountain coffee production. Second, the human, family, and generational effort put in by the coffee growers and the permanent support of their institutions are an exceptional example of collective action in overcoming challenging economical circumstances and surviving this rough, isolated landscape. Thirdly, all this helped to constitute an exceptional productive system that has proven to be sustainable in economic, social, and environmental terms, despite the price cycles inherent to coffee agriculture. Fourth, the evolution of the coffee trade combined with traditional production methods has, for over a century, opened the path for the production of a coffee of exceptional quality. Finally, the life and essence of this region pivots around coffee which has generated a wealth of cultural manifestations ranging from the musical to the gastronomical, passed down from generation to generation.
Coffee also affected human settlement and urban architecture here. The property’s cultural heritage is well represented in urban and rural dwellings that adapted to the conditions of the steep territory and provided the functional needs associated with coffee production. The PCC displays a diversity of cultural values, considered exceptional in a global context. They reflect the close relationship between man and nature in the production of a high quality coffee in the midst of the challenges and opportunities engendered by the steeplands of the Colombian Andes. These values, the basis of the proposal for the inscription of the Coffee cultural Landscape on the World Heritage List, can be best described as follows:
I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee. II) Coffee culture for the world. III) Strategic social capital built around its institutions. IV) Combining tradition and technology to guarantee product quality and sustainability.
Criteria under which property is nominated (itemized criteria) (see Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines)
Criterio V: “Be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change”
The Coffee Cultural Landscape is an exceptional example of a sustainable and productive cultural landscape; it is the result of the effort of several generations of campesino families who, for more than 100 years, have accumulated knowledge of how to adapt coffee cultivation to small plots of land and to the difficult conditions of their surroundings. They have created a strong, unparalleled cultural identity, not to mention having produced one of the finest coffees in the world. The rural inhabitants of the zone have also developed exceptional models of collective action forging a social, cultural and productive institutions in the process while, at the same time, they have generated innovative practices in the management of natural resources.
Cultural heritage is directly associated to living arrangements and the activities of coffee production like in no other region. The landscape in the PCC contains settlements which are organized in orthogonal layouts in steep terrain (vertiginous slopes). The natural and tropical conditions present in the climate, altitude as well as the creative methods used to adapt the cultivation of coffee to these conditions has forged a unique landscape in the world. The architecture is the product of a symbiosis between Spanish cultural patterns recreated with the materials and indigenous culture of the region; the highly ornamental construction techniques used in urban and rural domestic buildings are the result of this cultural mixing and have led to many myths and customs which define their symbolic value. For this reason, the architecture is also a fundamental element which contributes to the unity, authenticity and integrality of the landscape. In the PCC, both the natural and cultivated landscape, as well as the architectural elements, create a symbiosis which make up a singular and exceptional territory.
In terms of architecture and urbanism, the PCC exceptional values are perhaps best symbolized by its rural and urban dwellings, where living quarters are combined with work needs to process coffee. The buildings’ relationship with their environmental context: climate, topography and landscape; its architectural characteristics such as construction forms, spatial organization and adaption for activities related to the
19
cultivation of coffee; and other elements of identity which are superimposed on the architecture are an important part of its character (color, plants, furniture, etc) that also represent family or individual values. The materials used and the influence of both Spanish layouts and indigenous materials make this region also unique.
Criterio VI: “Be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.”
The 100 year old coffee tradition makes for an associated culture that is one of a kind and one of the most representative symbols of national culture in Colombia and abroad. The activity determines the lifestyle here. It has led to a rich cultural tradition of tangible and intangible manifestations in the territory, the architecture, and the landscape that are passed down from generation to generation. The PCC stands out for its deeply instilled rural culture of exceptional characteristics, with social, political, religious, and artistic referents that are the result of the interrelation of two phenomena: the historical occupation and land exploitation process known as the Antioquian colonization and the development of coffee production as the region’s main productive activity.
The cultural manifestations, associated directly to the PCC, are not limited to the regional culture, but they relate strongly to national identity, defining the Colombian imaginary nationally and abroad. These elements are typified by the Juan Valdez character, his sombrero aguadeño —a traditional style of hat— and the raw hide shoulder bag still used by the coffee producers. The importance of coffee is such that it has given way to a multitude of artistic expressions ranging from music, to painting, writing, and photography. These are presented in depth in this document.
Name and contact information of official local institution/agency
Organization: Colombian Ministry of Culture Address: Carrera 8 no 8-09, Bogotá, Colombia Tel: + (57-1) 3424100 Fax: + (57-1) 3361304 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Web address: http://www.mincultura.gov.co
21
23
25
The Republic of Colombia, sprawls over the north-western corner of South America, at 4º latitude south, 12º latitude north and between 67º and 79º longitude west. With a total land area of 1’141,748 km2 and a maritime area of 928,660 km2, it is the only country in the Southern subcontinent of the Americas bathed by both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Within its borders lies the Coffee Cultural Landscape (known as the PCC).
Countrya)
View of the ranges of the Andes Mountains, where a large portion of the PCC is located.
26
27
State, Province or Region
The PCC extends through some of the coffee producing areas at the foothills of the western and central mountain ranges of the Cordillera de los Andes – the longest mountain range in the world-, and covers 47 municipalities1 spread over four departments2:
Caldas Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Aguadas, Anserma, Aranzazu, Belalcázar, Chinchiná, Filadelfia, La Merced, Manizales, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Riosucio, Risaralda, Salamina, San José, Supía and Villamaría and the urban areas of the Belálcazar, Chichiná, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Risaralda, Salamina and San José municipalities.
Quindío Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Armenia, Buenavista, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya and Salento and the urban area of Montenegro.
Risaralda Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, Guática, La Celia, Marsella, Pereira, Quinchía, Santa Rosa de Cabal and Santuario and the urban areas of Apía, Belén de Umbría, Marsella and Santuario.
Valle del Cauca Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Alcalá, Ansermanuevo, Caicedonia, El Águila, El Cairo, Riofrío, Sevilla, Trujillo and Ulloa and the urban area of El Cairo.
The PCC’s Buffer Zone also includes areas in the municipalities of Viterbo (in Caldas), Dosquebradas and Mistrató (in Risaralda) and Argelia (in Valle).
1. Second order administrative division of Colombia. 2. First order administrative division of Colombia equivalent, in other countries, to provinces or states.
b)
29
The small coffee dwellings in the mountains maintain their original plants. Ansermanuevo, Valle.
30
The PCC is demarcated according to veredas. In Colombia, the rural areas of each municipality are divided into “veredas”, which are considered the smallest territorial divisions possible…
Editorial Coordination
Luis Fernando SAMPER GARTNER Intellectual Property Director, Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
Research and Texts
Celina RINCÓN JAIMES
Equipos Técnicos Departamentales de Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda y Valle.
Design and Layout
María Fernanda CONCHA ESCOBAR Silvia Adriana CÁRDENAS CUEVAS Sandra Milena SÁNCHEZ RAMÍREZ
Charts and Graphics
Photograpy and Support
David BONILLA ABREO
Table of Contents Acknowledgments 13
Executive Summary 15
a) Country 25
d) Geographical cordinates to the nearest second 32
e) Maps and plans showing te boundaries of nominated property and Buffer Zone 33 f) Area of nominated property and proposed buffer zone 34
Chapter 2 Description 37
a) Description of Property 41 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 54 II) Coffee Culture for the World 64 III) Strategic Social Capital Built Around its institutions 84 IV) Combining Tradition and Technology to Guarantee Product Quality and Sustainability 93 V) Evidence of a Pre-Colombian Past and Early Domestication of Plants in America 109 VI) Four Departments that Synthesize the Wealth of a Productive Landscape 120 VII) Transport Infrastructure 149
b) History and Development 151
I) Pre-Hispanic Past 152 II) The Antioquian Colonization 154 III) The Expansion of Coffee Production 156
IV) The Technification of Coffee Production 163 V) Sustainable Coffee Production 165 Chapter 3 Justification for the Inscription 179
a) Criteria under which inscription is proposed and justification for inscription under these criteria 183 I) Criteria V 183 II) Criteria VI 194
b) Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 198 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 199 II) Coffee Culture for the World 200 III) Strategic Social Capital Built Around its Institutions 205 IV) Combining Tradition and Technology to Guarantee Product Quality and Sustainability 210
c) Comparative Analysis (including state of conservation of similar properties) 216 I) Regional Development, Culture and Identity Based on Small-Family-Farm Production of a High Quality Coffee 216 II) South American Example of a Living Cultural Landscape 230
d) Integrity and /or Authenticity 236 I) Authenticity 236 II) Integrity 253
Chapter 4 State of conservation and facts affecting the property 257
a) Present State of Conservation 261 I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee 262 II) Coffee Culture for the World 265 III) Strategic Social Capital built around its Institution 277 IV) Combining tradition and technology to guarantee product quality and sustainability 281 b) Factors Affecting the Property 288 I) Development Pressures 288 II) Environmental Pressures 293 III) Natural disasters and risk preparedness 294 IV) Visitor / Tourism Pressures 295 V) Number of inhabitants within the property and the buffer zone 299
Chapter 5 Protection and Management of the Property 301 a) Ownership 305 b) Protective Designation 309 I) General norms 309 II) Protection of Café de Colombia’s Origin 329
c) Mechanisms through which the protection measures will be implemented 333
d) Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the proposed property is located 340 I) Territorial planning norms at municipal level 340 II) Tourism Plans 342 III) Development Plans 343 IV) Heritage Volunteer Networks Programme 344
e) Property Management Plan 353 I) Instruments for PCC management 354 II) Strategic gudelines 357
f) Sources and levels of funding 372
g) Sources of expertise and training in conservation and management 378
h) Facilities for visitors and statistics 383
i) Policies and programmes related to the presentation and promotion of the property 385 I) Messages 386 II) Media Action 387 III) Presential Action 388 IV) Visual Identity 389
j) Professionals and entities that will support the management of the property 390
Chapter 6 Monitoring 399
a) Key indicators for measuring state of conservation 403 b) Administrative arrangements for monitoring property 409 c) Results of previous reporting exercises 411
Chapter 7 Documentation 415
a) Photographs, slides, image inventory and authorization table and other audiovisual materials 419
b) Texts related to protective designation, copies of property management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans related to the property 419
c) Form and date of most recent records or inventory of the property 420
d) Address where inventories, records and archives are kept 423
e) Bibliography 423
a) Preparer 483
Chapter 9 Signature 489
Coffee Cherries
The Ministry of Culture and the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation would like to express their acknowledgement and gratitude to all the national, departmental and local institutions that have contributed to the elaboration of this document.
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, and particularly the Vice-Minister of Tourism, has been of great help in the process, as have the provincial authorities of Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca, with their respective Culture Departments and Departmental Assemblies. These, together with the municipal councils within the territory, have been a source of permanent support and commitment to the Coffee Cultural Landscape (also known as PCC or Paisaje Cultural Cafetero).
We would also like to note the indispensible contribution of the departmental teams and of the Centre for Regional Development Studies, CRECE, which played an essential role in gathering all the information generated by the different Regional Groups. These regional groups were responsible for undertaking all the preliminary work related to the PCC, with the valuable help of academics from the following universities: Universidad de Caldas, Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda, Universidad La Gran Colombia, Universidad Nacional –Manizales campus-, Universidad del Quindío, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Universidad del Valle and the Alma Mater Network. In addition, this document could not have been completed without the valuable contribution of the Regional Autonomous Corporations of Caldas (CorpoCaldas), Quindío (CRQ), Risaralda (CARDER) and Valle (CVC).
Last but not least, we would like to highlight the support of the personnel linked to the Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda and Valle Departmental and Municipal Coffee Growers Committees; the Extension Service of these Committees; and Cenicafé. In addition, to the aforementioned institutions we would like to highlight the generous support and commitment of dozens of people, who over the past years, have put in their valuable effort. We hope that the list at the end of this document adequately reflects their participation.
Acknowledgments
13
15
State, Province or Region
The Coffee Cultural Landscape (PCC) covers areas of 47 municipalities1 spread over four Colombian departments2:
• Caldas Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Aguadas, Anserma, Aranzazu, Belalcázar, Chinchiná, Filadelfia, La Merced, Manizales, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Riosucio, Risaralda, Salamina, San José, Supía and Villamaría and the urban areas and the urban areas of Belalcazar, Chinchiná, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Risaralda, Salamina and San José.”
• Quindío Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Armenia, Buenavista, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya and Salento and and the urban area of Montenegro.
• Risaralda Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, Guática, La Celia, Marsella, Pereira, Quinchía, Santa Rosa de Cabal and Santuario, and the urban areas of Apía, Belén de Umbría, Marsella and Santuario.
• Valle del Cauca Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Alcalá, Ansermanuevo, Caicedonia, El Águila, El Cairo, Riofrío, Sevilla, Trujillo and Ulloa and the urban area of El Cairo.
1. Second order administrative division of Colombia. 2. First order administrative division of Colombia equivalent, in other countries, to provinces or states.
Name of Property Coffee Cultural Landscape
Geographical coordinates to the nearest second The following table presents the location of the Coffee Cultural Landscape:
Component Part No.
Coordinate of the Central
Map No.
3 C Norte Caldas/Risaralda 75°31’15,83”W,
5°17’21,85”N 47,406 60,024 1C
4 D Risaralda/Quindío/Valle del Cauca Coordillera Central
75°41’47,30”W,
6 F Valle/Risaralda/Caldad- Coordillera Occidental
75°56’29,22”W,
Total Area Hectareas 141,120 207,000
Table 1. Composition of the Cultural Landscape
Textual description of the boundary(ies) of the nominated property
The Coffee Cultural Landscape (PCC) extends through some of the coffee producing areas at the foothills of the western and central mountain ranges of the Cordillera de los Andes. In Colombia, the rural areas of each municipality are divided into “veredas” or rural districts, which are considered the
16
smallest territorial divisions possible in the country. The PCC includes certain veredas of the above mentioned municipalities.
The Property’s principal area defined includes 6 zones located principally between 1,200 and 1,800 meters elevation which are deemed the most characteristic of the Coffee Cultural Landscape, as they contain its most representative attributes. The following is a brief description of the areas belonging to each zone:
Zona A. This corresponds to the municipal areas of Riosucio and Supía in the department of Caldas, including the locality of San Lorenzo.
Zona B. This corresponds to rural areas of the municipality of Quinchía and the locality of Naranjal in the department of Risaralda.
Zona C. This corresponds to rural areas of the Central Cordillera of the municipalities of Marsella, Pereira and Santa Rosa de Cabal in the departament of Risaralda and the municipalities of Aguadas, Chinchiná, Neira, Palestina, Pácora, Salamina y Villamaría in the department of Caldas. It includes the urban ares of the municipalities of Chinchiná, Marsella, Neira, Palestina, Pácora and Salamina.
Zona D. This corresponds to rural areas of the Central Cordillera of the municipalities of Armenia, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya, and Salento, as well as rural areas of the municipality of Pereira in Risaralda and Alcalá, Ulloa, Caicedonia and Sevilla in the department of Valle del Cauca. It also includes the urban area of Montenegro.
Zona E. This zone corresponds to rural areas of the municipalities of Trujillo and Riofrío in the department of Valle del Cauca. Zona F. This zone corresponds to rural areas of the Western Cordillera of the municipalities of Anserma, Belalcázar, Risaralda and San José It also includes the urban areas of Apía, Belalcázar,Belén de Umbría, El Cairo, Risaralda, San José and Santuario, in the departament of Caldas; Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, La Celia and Santuario, in the departament of Risaralda and of the municipalities of Ansermanuevo, El Águila, and El Cairo in the departament of Valle del Cauca. It also includes the urban ares of Apía, Belalcázar, Belén de Umbría, El Cairo, Risaralda and Santuario.
17
CHOCÓ
CHOCÓ
CALDAS
CALDAS
Martínez
Vallecito
La Habana
La Garrucha
Los Cuervos
ANSERMANUEVO
Tumbabarreto
Buenos Aires
Aguita
Purembará
R E S G U A R D O I N D Í G E N A W A N C H U R A D Ó ( E M B E R A )
R E S G U A R D O I N D Í G E N A A N D Á G U E D A ( E M B E R A )
La Pradera (Itaury)
PARQUE NATURAL REGIÓN COCORA
PARQUE NATURAL REGIONAL UCUMARI
Chicoral
Playarrica
Alegrías
Boca de Pepe
El Cedró
!( !H !(
!(!R !(!R!(!( !H!H
!H!H !
! !R!H!R ! !R!R!R
!H!( ! !( !R
!R !H
!( !R!R !R!R !
!(!( !( !!H !( !R!( !( !(! !R !R !!( !R !R
!( !R !! !!( !R!( !R !(!(!( !(
!R !R
!R !R
18
Justification Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
The inscription of the Coffee Cultural Landscape (or PCC) on the World Heritage List is justified due a number of factors. Firstly, it is an outstanding example of human adaptation to difficult geographical conditions, from which came the subsequent establishment of slope and mountain coffee production. Second, the human, family, and generational effort put in by the coffee growers and the permanent support of their institutions are an exceptional example of collective action in overcoming challenging economical circumstances and surviving this rough, isolated landscape. Thirdly, all this helped to constitute an exceptional productive system that has proven to be sustainable in economic, social, and environmental terms, despite the price cycles inherent to coffee agriculture. Fourth, the evolution of the coffee trade combined with traditional production methods has, for over a century, opened the path for the production of a coffee of exceptional quality. Finally, the life and essence of this region pivots around coffee which has generated a wealth of cultural manifestations ranging from the musical to the gastronomical, passed down from generation to generation.
Coffee also affected human settlement and urban architecture here. The property’s cultural heritage is well represented in urban and rural dwellings that adapted to the conditions of the steep territory and provided the functional needs associated with coffee production. The PCC displays a diversity of cultural values, considered exceptional in a global context. They reflect the close relationship between man and nature in the production of a high quality coffee in the midst of the challenges and opportunities engendered by the steeplands of the Colombian Andes. These values, the basis of the proposal for the inscription of the Coffee cultural Landscape on the World Heritage List, can be best described as follows:
I) Human, Family, Generational, and Historical Effort Put into Sustainable Production of Quality Coffee. II) Coffee culture for the world. III) Strategic social capital built around its institutions. IV) Combining tradition and technology to guarantee product quality and sustainability.
Criteria under which property is nominated (itemized criteria) (see Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines)
Criterio V: “Be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change”
The Coffee Cultural Landscape is an exceptional example of a sustainable and productive cultural landscape; it is the result of the effort of several generations of campesino families who, for more than 100 years, have accumulated knowledge of how to adapt coffee cultivation to small plots of land and to the difficult conditions of their surroundings. They have created a strong, unparalleled cultural identity, not to mention having produced one of the finest coffees in the world. The rural inhabitants of the zone have also developed exceptional models of collective action forging a social, cultural and productive institutions in the process while, at the same time, they have generated innovative practices in the management of natural resources.
Cultural heritage is directly associated to living arrangements and the activities of coffee production like in no other region. The landscape in the PCC contains settlements which are organized in orthogonal layouts in steep terrain (vertiginous slopes). The natural and tropical conditions present in the climate, altitude as well as the creative methods used to adapt the cultivation of coffee to these conditions has forged a unique landscape in the world. The architecture is the product of a symbiosis between Spanish cultural patterns recreated with the materials and indigenous culture of the region; the highly ornamental construction techniques used in urban and rural domestic buildings are the result of this cultural mixing and have led to many myths and customs which define their symbolic value. For this reason, the architecture is also a fundamental element which contributes to the unity, authenticity and integrality of the landscape. In the PCC, both the natural and cultivated landscape, as well as the architectural elements, create a symbiosis which make up a singular and exceptional territory.
In terms of architecture and urbanism, the PCC exceptional values are perhaps best symbolized by its rural and urban dwellings, where living quarters are combined with work needs to process coffee. The buildings’ relationship with their environmental context: climate, topography and landscape; its architectural characteristics such as construction forms, spatial organization and adaption for activities related to the
19
cultivation of coffee; and other elements of identity which are superimposed on the architecture are an important part of its character (color, plants, furniture, etc) that also represent family or individual values. The materials used and the influence of both Spanish layouts and indigenous materials make this region also unique.
Criterio VI: “Be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.”
The 100 year old coffee tradition makes for an associated culture that is one of a kind and one of the most representative symbols of national culture in Colombia and abroad. The activity determines the lifestyle here. It has led to a rich cultural tradition of tangible and intangible manifestations in the territory, the architecture, and the landscape that are passed down from generation to generation. The PCC stands out for its deeply instilled rural culture of exceptional characteristics, with social, political, religious, and artistic referents that are the result of the interrelation of two phenomena: the historical occupation and land exploitation process known as the Antioquian colonization and the development of coffee production as the region’s main productive activity.
The cultural manifestations, associated directly to the PCC, are not limited to the regional culture, but they relate strongly to national identity, defining the Colombian imaginary nationally and abroad. These elements are typified by the Juan Valdez character, his sombrero aguadeño —a traditional style of hat— and the raw hide shoulder bag still used by the coffee producers. The importance of coffee is such that it has given way to a multitude of artistic expressions ranging from music, to painting, writing, and photography. These are presented in depth in this document.
Name and contact information of official local institution/agency
Organization: Colombian Ministry of Culture Address: Carrera 8 no 8-09, Bogotá, Colombia Tel: + (57-1) 3424100 Fax: + (57-1) 3361304 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Web address: http://www.mincultura.gov.co
21
23
25
The Republic of Colombia, sprawls over the north-western corner of South America, at 4º latitude south, 12º latitude north and between 67º and 79º longitude west. With a total land area of 1’141,748 km2 and a maritime area of 928,660 km2, it is the only country in the Southern subcontinent of the Americas bathed by both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Within its borders lies the Coffee Cultural Landscape (known as the PCC).
Countrya)
View of the ranges of the Andes Mountains, where a large portion of the PCC is located.
26
27
State, Province or Region
The PCC extends through some of the coffee producing areas at the foothills of the western and central mountain ranges of the Cordillera de los Andes – the longest mountain range in the world-, and covers 47 municipalities1 spread over four departments2:
Caldas Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Aguadas, Anserma, Aranzazu, Belalcázar, Chinchiná, Filadelfia, La Merced, Manizales, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Riosucio, Risaralda, Salamina, San José, Supía and Villamaría and the urban areas of the Belálcazar, Chichiná, Neira, Pácora, Palestina, Risaralda, Salamina and San José municipalities.
Quindío Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Armenia, Buenavista, Calarcá, Circasia, Córdoba, Filandia, Génova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya and Salento and the urban area of Montenegro.
Risaralda Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Apía, Balboa, Belén de Umbría, Guática, La Celia, Marsella, Pereira, Quinchía, Santa Rosa de Cabal and Santuario and the urban areas of Apía, Belén de Umbría, Marsella and Santuario.
Valle del Cauca Department: includes rural areas housed in the municipalities of Alcalá, Ansermanuevo, Caicedonia, El Águila, El Cairo, Riofrío, Sevilla, Trujillo and Ulloa and the urban area of El Cairo.
The PCC’s Buffer Zone also includes areas in the municipalities of Viterbo (in Caldas), Dosquebradas and Mistrató (in Risaralda) and Argelia (in Valle).
1. Second order administrative division of Colombia. 2. First order administrative division of Colombia equivalent, in other countries, to provinces or states.
b)
29
The small coffee dwellings in the mountains maintain their original plants. Ansermanuevo, Valle.
30
The PCC is demarcated according to veredas. In Colombia, the rural areas of each municipality are divided into “veredas”, which are considered the smallest territorial divisions possible…