unesco-ihe phd week...mustapha h.: phytoremediation of heavy metals from secondary treated refinery...

UNESCO-IHE PhD week

Theme: Urban Sustainability

PhD Symposium Abstract Booklet

Delft, 29th - 30th September, 2014

TIMETABLE: 29th September, 2014

Date Start End Room

8:30 AM 9:00 AM Foyer (1st

Floor)

9:00 AM 9:30 AM A1B

9:30 AM 10:30 AM A1B

10:30 AM 10:45 AM Foyer (1st

Floor)

B1 A2b A3a A3b

Theme: Safe Drinking water and sanitation (A)

M oderator: Veronica Minaya

Theme: Water and Ecosystem quality

M oderator: Adeboye Omotayo

Theme: Water M anagement and Governance

M oderator: Pedi Obani

Theme: Water , Food and Energy Security

Moderator: Patricia Trambauer

10:45 AM 11:10 AM

Bhattarai S .: Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane and

Sulphate Reduction by Ginsburg Mud Volcano Sediments

in Bioreactors

Cassarini C. : Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane using Different

Sulphur Compounds as Electron Acceptors in a Bioreactor

Barros E.C. : Development Trajectory of River Basin:

Strategies to Assess Water in São Francisco River, Brazil

Andreev N. : Terra preta-like soil improvers can enhance

the growth and yield of corn

11:10 AM 11:35 AMDhakal N .: New generation of pre-treatments to control

fouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination system

Etiegni C. : Challenges for co-management: Illegal fishing as a

''wicked'' problem in Lake Victoria (Kenya).

Digna R. : The implications of new dam construction on

the Eastern Nile water availability for hydropower and

irrigation

Bashir E. : Risk Management for a productive and

profitable Spate Irrigated Agriculture

11:35 AM 11:45 AM

11:45 AM 12:10 PMEkowati Y .: Safe recreational water in swimming pool

and similar environment

Janyasuthiwong S. : Hydrobiometallurgical processes for Metal

Recovery from Desktop Computer Printed Circuit Boards

Hayat S. : Transboundary water governance & the multi-

layered hydro-hegemony

Elsheikh E. : Crop Water Productivity for Sunflower

under different Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing, on

Gezira Condition, Sudan

12:10 PM 12:35 PMMal J. : Microbial synthesis of metal selenide

nanoparticles using selenium oxyanion reducing bacteriaLin Y. : Unstructured Cellular Automata in Ecohydraulics Modelling

Mersha A. : Integrated Water Resources Management:

Contrasting Principles, Policy and Practice, Upper Awash

Basin, Ethiopia

Kaune A. : Value of information on drought indicators in

support of water allocation decisions

12:35 PM 1:45 PM ---


M oderator: Joyabrata Mal


M oderator: Fiona Zakaria

Theme: Water M anagement and Governance

M oderator: Raquel dos Santos

Theme: Water , Food and Energy Security

Moderator: Alexander Kaune

1:45 PM 2:05 PMMawioo P. : Evaluation of a microwave based reactor for

faecal sludge treatment in emergency situations

Mananchie D. : Irrigation Development for Productive and

Sustainable Ecosystem Management: The Case of Ethiopia, Upper

Awash Basin

Muanda C. : Insights into slum dwellers sanitation

practices

Okello A. : Using tracers to develop a holistic

understanding of runoff generation in a large semi-arid

basin in Southern Africa

2:05 PM 2:30 PM

Mustapha H. : Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from

Secondary treated Refinery Waste Water using Typha

latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius.

Minaya V. : A data-driven technique for modeling the gross primary

production of the páramo vegetation from climate time-series data;

Ecuadorian Andean Region

Mvulirwenande S. : A learning Model for Knowledge and

Capacity Development in Public Organisations

Omotayo A. : Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and

water productivity of Soybean in Ile- Ife, Nigeria

2:30 PM 2:40 PM

2:40 PM 3:05 PM

Rada-Ariza A.: Comparison of carbon, nitrogen and

phosphorus removal in a microalgae-bacteria consortia,

algae system, and activated sludge system.

Onyango J. : Does Combined Nutrients and Pesticide Contamination

Enhance Toxicity in Aquatic Ecosystems?

Theol S. : Effects of cohesive sedimentation in the

irrigation systems

Osman I. : Simulation of fine sediment transport in

irrigation canals of the Gezira Scheme with the numerical

model FSEDT

3:05 PM 3:30 PMSalcedo-Borda J. : Effects of Reservoirs on nutrient stoichiometry

and phytoplankton production

Wanvoeke J. : Accepting versus adopting technology:

Farmers and drip irrigation in Burkina FasoWorku F. : Dilemma of water resources development and

environmental impact in developing countries

3:30 PM 3:45 PM Foyer (1st

Floor)

3:45 PM 5:00 PM B1

5:00 PM 6:00 PM IHE Restaurant

Activity

Registration

Mo

nd

ay

29

Se

pt

20

14

Opening remarks (Vice Rector Academic and student Affairs, PHD Coordinator)

Plenary Talk: "Smart City" approach to the Issues of Urban Sustainability

Prof. Francesco Archetti

Coffee and discussion

10:45 AM 12:35 PM

1:45 PM 3:30 PM

Session

B1,A2b, A3a,A3b

10 minute break

Room

Session

B1, A2b, A3a,A3b

10 minute break

Lunch

break

PhD Association Board: meeting and elections

PhD Association Board: Interaction and Drinks

TIMETABLE: 30th September, 2014

Date Start End Room

8:30 AM 9:00 AM

B1 A2b A3a A3b

Theme: Safe Drinking water and sanitation (B)

Moderator: Nirajan Dhakal

Theme: Water Related Hazard and Climate Change

Moderator: Kun Yan

Special Session Themes:

Moderator: Maurizio Mazzoleni

Theme: Information and Knowledge systems

Moderator: Silas Mvulirwenande

9:00 AM 9:25 AMReyes M.F. : Water Supply and Demand in Santa Cruz

Island-Galápagos Islands

Chacon-Hurtado J. : A new approach for use of hydrological models

and machine learning error corrector schemes

Ahmed F. : Resilient Adaptation to Flood Risks under

Urban Growth and Climate Change Dynamics: Application

of Adaptation Tipping Point Method to the case studies of

Dhaka and Dordrecht

Castro Gama M. : Progressive increase of energy

effic iency for a pumped Water Distribution Network

(WDN)

9:25 AM 9:50 AM

Reyes-Alvarado L. : Organic polymers as slow release

electron donors for sulphate removal during wastewater

treatment

Duong T. : Morphodynamic Response of Small Tidal Inlets to Climate

Change

Basco Carrera L. : Partic ipatory and informed decision

making using a Collaborative Modelling approach

Coelho B. : An approach for the pumping costs

minimisation in water distribution systems

9:50 AM 10:00 AM

10:00 AM 10:25 AM

Riungu J. : Using Bio-methane Potential Tests to Measure

Methane Production from Digestion and Co-digestion of

Faecal Matter and Organic Substrates

Mukolwe M. : Testing a new data source for flood modelling under

structural, parameter and observation uncertainty

Linqin Z. : Advance in numerical simulation for sediment

transport under co-action of waves and currents

Achete F. : 2D Process-Based Model for Assessment of

Suspended Sediment Budget

10:25 AM 10:50 AMJain R. : Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Production,

Characterization Applications, Scale- Up

Musa Z. : Uncertainty in hydrodynamic modelling of flooding in the

Lower Niger River with downstream Sea Level Rise

Ouikotan B. : Flood modeling in Cotonou: Hydrological

and hydraulics aspects

Akter J. : Decade to century-scale geo-morphological

development of the Bangladesh delta

11:00 AM 12:00 PM Foyer (1st Floor)

12:00 PM 12:45 PM A3a

12:45 PM 1:30 PM ---


Moderator: Shakeel Hayat


Moderator: Aline Okello

Special Session

Moderator: Zahrah Musa

Theme: information and Knowledge systems

Moderator: Fernanda Achete

1:45 PM 2:05 PMRubio-Rincón F.J. : Seawater for phosphorus recovery

from urine

Rogelis M. : Regional flash flood susceptibility analysis in peri-urban

areas through morphometric and land use indicators

Obani P. : Sanitation transition, drivers, and the human

rights approach

Badr M. : Delineating the seawater/freshwater interface

in Nile Delta using 3D modeling

2:05 PM 2:30 PMSkoullos I. : Model-based assessment of water-borne

diseases caused by flooding in urban environments

Trambauer P. : Towards a drought early warning system for the

Limpopo river basin, southern Africa

Radhakrishnan M. : Real in Adaptation of urban

drainage systems to climate change

Mazzoleni M. : Assimilation of soil moisture observations

from remote sensing in operational flood forecasting

2:30 PM 2:40 PM

2:40 PM 3:05 PMZakaria F. : Decision Support System for Selecting

Sanitation Technical Options in Emergencies

Yan K. : Exploring the Potential of SRTM Topography and Radar

Altimetry to Support Flood Propagation Modeling: The Danube Case

Study

Victor P. : Large scale hydrological assessment,

variability and prediction under data scarcity - case

application: the Amazon River

Pan Q. : Heavy modeling based multi object optimization

under cloud computing environment

3:05 PM 3:30 PMdos Santos: Instruments for Water Supply and Sanitation

Services Provision to the Urban Poor

Salinas Rodriguez: An interpretation of 'water sensitivity' and

'resilience' bringing together flood and drought risk managementIsildar A: Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste

Yalew S. : Land cover change analysis on the Upper Blue

Nile basin using the GEE platform

3:30 PM 4:00 PM Foyer (1st

Floor)

4:00 PM 5:00 PM Auditorium A1B

5:00 PM 5:30 PM Infront of UNESCO-IHE building

6:25 PM 6:30 PM UNESCO-IHE reception

7:00 PM

B1,A2b, A3a,A3b

10 minute break

Coffee

UNESCO - IHE Graduate School Launch

PhD fellows Group Photo

Gather at the UNESCO-IHE reception and proceed to the dinner location

B1,A2b, A3a,A3b

Session

10 minute break

Poster Session

UNESCO-IHE Management + PhD fellows meeting

Lunch

Tu

esd

ay

30

Se

pt

20

14

Arrival

9:00 AM 11:00 AM

Room

1:45 PM 3:30 PM

Session

PhD symposium Dinner

Activity

i

Table of Contents

ORAL PRESENTATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

Theme: Safe Drinking water and sanitation (A)........................................................................................................................... 1 Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane and Sulphate Reduction by Ginsburg Mud Volcano Sediments in Bioreactors ................. 2 New generation of pre-treatments to control fouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination system .................................. 3 Safe recreational water in swimming pool and similar environment ....................................................................................... 4 Microbial synthesis of metal selenide nanoparticles using selenium oxyanion reducing bacteria........................................... 5 Evaluation of a microwave based reactor for faecal sludge treatment in emergency situations .............................................. 6 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Secondary treated Refinery Waste Water using Typha latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Comparison of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a microalgae-bacteria consortia, algae system, and activated sludge system. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Theme: Water and Ecosystem quality .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane using Different Sulphur Compounds as Electron Acceptors in a Bioreactor ................... 10 Challenges for co-management: Illegal fishing as a ''wicked'' problem in Lake Victoria (Kenya). ....................................... 11 Hydrobiometallurgical processes for Metal Recovery from Desktop Computer Printed Circuit Boards .............................. 12 Unstructured Cellular Automata in Ecohydraulics Modelling .............................................................................................. 12 Irrigation Development for Productive and Sustainable Ecosystem Management: The Case of Ethiopia, Upper Awash Basin ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 A data-driven technique for modeling the gross primary production of the páramo vegetation from climate time-series data; Ecuadorian Andean Region .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Does Combined Nutrients and Pesticide Contamination Enhance Toxicity in Aquatic Ecosystems? ................................... 15 Effects of Reservoirs on nutrient stoichiometry and phytoplankton production.................................................................... 16

Theme: Water Management and Governance ............................................................................................................................ 17 Development Trajectory of River Basin: Strategies to Assess Water in São Francisco River, Brazil ................................... 18 The implications of new dam construction on the Eastern Nile water availability for hydropower and irrigation ................ 18 Transboundary water governance & the multi-layered hydro-hegemony ............................................................................. 19 Integrated Water Resources Management: Contrasting Principles, Policy and Practice, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia ...... 20 Insights into slum dwellers sanitation practices .................................................................................................................... 21 A learning Model for Knowledge and Capacity Development in Public Organisations ....................................................... 22 Effects of cohesive sedimentation in the irrigation systems .................................................................................................. 22 Accepting versus adopting technology: Farmers and drip irrigation in Burkina Faso ........................................................... 23

Theme: Water, Food and Energy Security ................................................................................................................................. 25 Terra preta-like soil improvers can enhance the growth and yield of corn ............................................................................ 26 Risk Management for a productive and profitable Spate Irrigated Agriculture ..................................................................... 27 Crop Water Productivity for Sunflower under different Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing, on Gezira Condition, Sudan .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Value of information on drought indicators in support of water allocation decisions ........................................................... 29 Using tracers to develop a holistic understanding of runoff generation in a large semi-arid basin in Southern Africa ......... 30 Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of Soybean in Ile-Ife, Nigeria .................................................. 31 Simulation of fine sediment transport in irrigation canals of the Gezira Scheme with the numerical model FSEDT ........... 32 Dilemma of water resources development and environmental impact in developing countries ............................................ 33

Theme: Safe Drinking water and sanitation (B)......................................................................................................................... 35 Water Supply and Demand in Santa Cruz Island-Galápagos Islands .................................................................................... 36 Organic polymers as slow release electron donors for sulphate removal during wastewater treatment ................................ 36 Using Bio-methane Potential Tests to Measure Methane Production from Digestion and Co-digestion of Faecal Matter and Organic Substrates ................................................................................................................................................................ 37 Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization Applications, Scale-Up .................................................... 38 Seawater for phosphorus recovery from urine....................................................................................................................... 39 Model-based assessment of water-borne diseases caused by flooding in urban environments ............................................. 39

ii

Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Technical Options in Emergencies ........................................................ 40 Instruments for Water Supply and Sanitation Services Provision to the Urban Poor ............................................................ 41

Theme: Water Related Hazard and Climate Change ................................................................................................................. 43 A new approach for use of hydrological models and machine learning error corrector schemes .......................................... 44 Morphodynamic Response of Small Tidal Inlets to Climate Change .................................................................................... 44 Testing a new data source for flood modelling under structural, parameter and observation uncertainty ............................. 45 Uncertainty in hydrodynamic modelling of flooding in the Lower Niger River with downstream Sea Level Rise .............. 46 Regional flash flood susceptibility analysis in peri-urban areas through morphometric and land use indicators .................. 47 Towards a drought early warning system for the Limpopo river basin, southern Africa ...................................................... 48 Exploring the Potential of SRTM Topography and Radar Altimetry to Support Flood Propagation Modeling: The Danube Case Study ............................................................................................................................................................................ 49 An interpretation of 'water sensitivity' and 'resilience' bringing together flood and drought risk management ..................... 50

Special Session Themes; ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 Resilient Adaptation to Flood Risks under Urban Growth and Climate Change Dynamics: Application of Adaptation Tipping Point Method to the case studies of Dhaka and Dordrecht ...................................................................................... 52 Participatory and informed decision making using a Collaborative Modelling approach ..................................................... 52 Advance in numerical simulation for sediment transport under co-action of waves and currents ......................................... 53 Flood modeling in Cotonou: Hydrological and hydraulics aspects ....................................................................................... 53 Sanitation transition, drivers, and the human rights approach ............................................................................................... 54 Real in Adaptation of urban drainage systems to climate change ......................................................................................... 55 Large scale hydrological assessment, variability and prediction under data scarcity - case application: the Amazon River 55 Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste ................................................................................................................................ 56

Theme: Information and Knowledge systems ............................................................................................................................. 59 Progressive increase of energy efficiency for a pumped Water Distribution Network (WDN) ............................................. 60 An approach for the pumping costs minimisation in water distribution systems .................................................................. 60 2D Process-Based Model for Assessment of Suspended Sediment Budget .......................................................................... 61 Decade to century-scale geo-morphological development of the Bangladesh delta .............................................................. 62 Delineating the seawater/freshwater interface in Nile Delta using 3D modeling .................................................................. 63 Assimilation of soil moisture observations from remote sensing in operational flood forecasting ....................................... 63 Heavy modeling based multi object optimization under cloud computing environment ....................................................... 64 Land cover change analysis on the Upper Blue Nile basin using the GEE platform ............................................................. 65

POSTERS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

Poster: 1 Yared Abebe Poster: 2 Farhana Ahmed Poster: 3 Jakia Akter Poster: 4 Laura Basco Carrera Poster: 5 Nirajan Dhakal Poster: 6 Reem Digna Poster: 7 Raques dos Santos Poster: 8 Yuli Ekowati Poster: 9 Alexander Kaune Poster: 10 Clara Lines

Poster: 11 Daniel Mananchie Poster: 12 Maurizio Mazzoleni Poster: 13 Neiler Medina Pena Poster: 14 Polpat Nilubon Poster: 15 Joel Onyango Poster: 16 Saowanit Prabnakorn Poster: 17 Francisco Rubio Rincon Poster: 18 Jessica Salcedo Borda Poster: 19 Shaimaa Theol Poster: 20 Liqin Zuo

1

ORAL PRESENTATIONS


Moderators: Veronica Minaya (morning) & Joyabrata Mal (afternoon)

Speaker Biography

1 Ms. Susma Bhattarai is from Nepal and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands under ETeCOS3 Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in the Presence of Sulphate as an Electron Acceptor".

2 Mr. Nirajan Dhakal is from Nepal and is a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. His research focus on investigating the new generation of technologies to eliminate or delay organic/biological fouling in seawater reverse osmosis systems.

3 Ms. Yuli Ekowati is from Indonesia and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2014, she has been conducting research on the topic "Demonstrating and promoting innovative technologies, for an optimal and safe closed water cycle in Euro-Mediterranean tourist facilities ".

4 Mr. Joyabrata Mal is from India and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow (Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme) in The Environmental Engineering and Water Technology department of UNESCO-IHE. As of October, 2013, He has been working on “Microbial synthesis of metal selenide nanoparticles production.

5 Mr. Peter Mawioo comes from Kenya and is a PhD fellow registered in the EEWT Department. He is working on the topic "Novel Concepts and Technologies for Excreta and Wastewater Management in Emergency Conditions" under the broad theme of Emergency Sanitation in the BMGF funded project.

6 Ms. Hassana Mustapha is from Nigeria and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2011, she has been conducting research on the topic "Treatment of refinery effluent using constructed wetlands".

7 Angélica Rada is from Colombia and currently registered as a full-time PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering & Water Technology department at UNESCO - IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. She started with her research in May of 2013, investigating the biotreatment biological treatment of wastewater using a micro-algae bacteria consortium. She is civil engineer with an MSc in Sanitary Engineering and worked in the water and environmental sector in Colombia for 3 years.

2

Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane and Sulphate Reduction by Ginsburg Mud Volcano Sediments in Bioreactors

Bhattarai S.a, Gonzalez-Gil G.a, Rene E. R.a and Lens P. N. L.a

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to the reduction of sulphate (SO4

2-) is a microbial process that largely prevents CH4 emissions to the atmosphere. In-depth knowledge of this process is still hampered by insufficient amounts of highly enriched cultures. An applied aspect of AOM relates to using CH4, instead of expensive electron donors, to treat sulfate laden wastewaters. The objective of this research is to enrich microbial communities performing AOM in bioreactors, study

the activity and mechanisms of the AOM process and apply this natural phenomenon to solve environmental problems. To this end, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and packed bed (PBR) trickling filter type bioreactors are being operated to enrich anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME) in marine medium with 10 mM sulphate and continuous supply of 100% CH4. The membrane and packing materials aids to retain the slow-growing ANME biomass. The reactors were inoculated with sediment from the Ginsburg mud volcano in the Gulf of Cadiz, which is known to be AOM active site. The MBR was operated in sequential batch mode. During the batch period, the concentration of dissolved sulphide reached about 1 mM. At this sulphide concentration, the operation was switched to continuous mode to avoid possible sulphide toxicity. The production of sulphide may indicate the activity of ANME, which are expected to be enriched in the bioreactor. Simultaneously, the PBR is being operated in batch mode for liquid and continuous supply of CH4. The chemical profiles for this reactor show sulphate consumption coupled to sulphide production at approximately equimolar ratios, which is consistent to the stoichiometry of sulphate bioreduction, which under the methane-rich environment of the reactor is likely coupled to the AOM reaction. This suggests that ANME microorganisms are being enriched. The next step is to link the reactors activity to the identity of the microbial community being enriched.

3

New generation of pre-treatments to control fouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination system

Dhakal N.,b , Villacorte L. a, Salinas Rodriguez S.a, Schippers J. C. a, Kennedy M. D.a,c

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b Wetsus Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, Netherlands

cDelft University of Technology, Stevinweg, 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands

Abstract Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants have been increasingly affected by operational problems due to organic and biological fouling during algal blooms. One example is the catastrophic “red tide” algal bloom in the Middle East Gulf region in 2008-2009. During the algal bloom, various seawater RO desalination plants were shut down due to unacceptable effluent quality (high membrane fouling potential) of the pre-treatment system (mainly granular media filters), triggering concerns of

irreversible organic/biological fouling in RO membranes downstream. Therefore, the need for a more reliable pre-treatment technology is of current necessities in desalination industry. The goal of this research is to investigate the alternative pre-treatment options that can effectively minimize the bacterial growth potential of SWRO feed water especially during severe algal blooms.

UF flat sheet membranes with different pore sizes (e.g., 0.1µm, 100 kDa, 30 kDa and 10 kDa) as well as Pentair hollow fiber UF membranes (150kDa and 10kDa) alone or in combination with BiAQUA phosphate removal technology (PRT) were investigated. The feed solution used was spiked with algal organic matter produced by a batch culture of common bloom-forming algae in seawater (Chaetoceros

affinis). The solution was filtered at constant flux of 60 L/m2/h and the permeate water was collected for further analysis. For PRT, 10g of BiAQUA adsorbent was used to filter permeate of hollow fiber. Bacterial growth potential test and biopolymer concentration were two surrogate parameters used to determine the organic/biological fouling potential. For the growth test, natural consortium bacteria from North Sea were inoculated to the samples to promote biological growth. The growth of bacteria over time was monitored using flow cytometry until the stationary phase was reached and the net growth was determined.

The preliminary results indicate that the net bacterial growth potential was relatively much higher (>2 times) for the filtrate of 100 kDa UF than that of 10 kDa UF membrane. On other hand, Pentair hollow fiber 10kDa in combination with BiAQUA PRT showed substantially lower bacterial growth potential. It might be because of C, P limitation which is being rejected in the process. Thus, the preliminary finding suggested that low MWCO UF with BiAQUA PRT is the potential pre-treatment option to delay organic/biological fouling in SWRO systems.

4

Safe recreational water in swimming pool and similar environment

Ekowati Y.a , Ferrero G.a, van de Vossenberg J. a, Kennedy M.D. a,b

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, the Netherlands b Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands

Abstract In swimming pools, disinfection is a crucial step to reduce the risk of infections caused by pathogens. Since microbial pollution is introduced continuously by bathers and/or animals (in outdoor pools), the use of chlorine to prevent outbreaks most likely cannot be avoided and it is also required by regulations in many world countries. Although adding enough residual disinfectant might help in preventing outbreaks, some pathogens are resistant to standard disinfectants, e.g. chlorine;

therefore alternative treatment systems or the combination of two different disinfectants appears to be the way forward.

Efficient and rapid monitoring of microbial quality is important to guarantee the safety of swimming pools. Till date, the monitoring approach relied on monitoring indicator microorganisms, but the detection methods commonly used are time consuming culture-based methods; consequently, bathers are at risk while samples are being analysed. Recently, some cultivation-independent methods have shown the potential to reduce the measurement period: they will be assessed and further developed during this PhD research.

Additionally to microbial threats, chemical contaminants present in swimming pools have become a major health concern for the bathers and public authorities. Specifically, exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) can have health effects. DBPs are formed by the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, bromide/iodide and human inputs, and personal care products are suspected to contribute in enhancing DBP formation in recreational waters.

The goal of this research is double fold: on one hand, to develop a method for rapid detection of target microorganisms and, on the other hand, to assess micropollutants (DBPs and PPCPs) occurrence and removal in swimming pool water. The common denominator will be the testing alternative technologies for swimming pool water disinfection, e.g. UVOX, ozone, UV and combinations thereof, with and without very low chlorine doses.

5

Microbial synthesis of metal selenide nanoparticles using selenium oxyanion reducing bacteria

Mal J.a, Yarlagadda V.N.a, van Hullesbusch E.D.b, Lens P.N.L.a

a UNESCO-IHE, Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery Chair Group, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands

b Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Boulevard Descartes – Champs sur Marne 77454 Marne La Vallée, Cedex 2 – France

Abstract

Selenium oxyanion containing wastewaters are generated in various industries such as acid mine drainage, acid seeps, agriculture drainage. Among the available treatment options, microbial reduction appears to be promising for removal of selenate and selenite from wastewaters. In this PhD research, it is proposed to investigate microbial metabolism for the removal and recovery of selenium oxyanions as economically valuable elemental

selenium and metal selenide nanoparticles.

Development of semiconductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots (QDs) has been of great interest for fundamental research and industrial development. Due to unique semiconducting properties, the QDs of different sizes, shapes and composition have been used in solar cells and optoelectronic sensors as well as fluorescent biolabelling, including their use in cancer diagnosis. The chemical synthesis of metal selenide nanoparticles involves the use of highly toxic solvents and high temperatures. Recent reports have shown that microbial synthesis provides increased controllability of the formation and growth of the QDs. Moreover, the use of microorganisms for production nanoparticles provides a low cost, environmental friendly method because the synthesis occurs at ambient condition, without the use of toxic reducing agents.

In this PhD research, we propose a new methodology and technology for selenium oxyanion reduction and metal selenide nanoparticles production. Anaerobic granular sludge will be used as the source of microbial metabolism for the production of metal selenide nanoparticles. The effect of different temperature and different electron donor on metal selenide nanoparticles production and physical, chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles will be explored. UV–vis, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis will be done to confirm metal selenide synthesis. The production of metal selenide nanoparticles will be studied on both batch and lab-scale bioreactor. Previously, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) was used for biological removal of selenate and selenite. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been carried out on the use of anaerobic granular sludge for production of metal selenide nanoparticles. So, the reduction of selenium oxyanions for the production of metal selenide nanoparticles will be investigated in a UASB bioreactor. Optimization and development of product recovery methods will also be investigated.

6

Evaluation of a microwave based reactor for faecal sludge treatment in emergency situations

Mawioo P.M. a,*, Rweyemamu A. a, Hooijmans C.M. a, Garcia H.A. a, Brdjanovic D. a, b

aDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water

Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. bDepartment of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The

Netherlands.

Abstract

A novel lab-scale system using microwave (MW) irradiation technology was applied to treat faecal sludge (FS) obtained by centrifuging a concentrated black water stream. Two sets of test were conducted; in the first test the FS was derived from autoclaved black water while in the second test the FS was derived from raw (non-autoclaved) black water. Temperature variation and volume reduction were observed during the MW treatment process.

Furthermore, the ability of the MW system to inactivate pathogenic organisms was examined by spiking harmless E. coli bacteria in the autoclaved sludge and the naturally occurring total coliforms in the non-autoclaved sludge. The vapour escaping from the heated samples was condensed and tested for the presence of the E. coli and total coliforms bacteria. The results obtained under the test conditions demonstrated that the MW irradiation technology is rapid and efficient in reducing volume and the bacterial pathogenic indicators to over 80% in the (black water) FS. The results also demonstrated that the MW operational conditions including the input power and contact time can be varied to achieve various levels of volume and pathogens reduction as desired. Based on the results obtained from the current lab-scale study, MW technology presents an opportunity that can be further explored for possible scale up to provide a rapid option for emergency FS treatment.

Keywords: Emergency sanitation; Faecal sludge; Microwave irradiation; Pathogen inactivation Email address: [email protected]

7

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Secondary treated Refinery Waste Water using Typha latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius.

Mustapha H.I. a,b , Bruggen J.J.A. a, Lens P.N.L. a. a UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology,

Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery Core, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands b Federal University of Technology Minna, Department of Agricultural and Bio-resources Engineering, P. M. B 65, Gidan

Kwano. Nigeria

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a cost effective technology that can remediate heavy metals from refinery effluent. Six microcosm constructed wetlands with dimensions 0.24 m in radius and 0.55 m in height, filled with gravel media of porosity 0.35 where planted with locally available macrophytes (Typha latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius) were used for this study. This study examined the performance of Typha latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius in the removal of heavy metals from

treated refinery wastewater, accumulation of Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb in their plants tissues. The plants showed growth of linear regression, Typha latifolia showed the most rapid growth (y = 36.9x - 4.25 (R2 = 0.9892)), Cyperus alternifolius had the highest number of shoots (y = 61x-17.5 (R2 = 0.9818)). The secondary treated refinery effluent had average initial concentrations higher than the discharge limit, these concentrations ranged from 0.93±0.00 mg/l to 68.85±0.00 mg/l. The heavy metal removal efficiencies of the planted macrophytes were compared to each other. The result showed that Typha latifolia had better performance than Cyperus alternifolius. Cd was the most removed (> 90%), followed by Cu (>75%), Zn (> 72%), Cr (> 70%), Fe (> 63%) and Pb (> 60%). The root had the highest heavy metal uptake by both plants followed by the leaves and then the stem. Fe was the most accumulated in the root (ranging from 10,437mg/kg to 11,430 mg/kg) but it was the least removed (65 to 74 %) from the wastewater stream. Fe uptake rate from the root to the shoot and leaves were low when compared with the five other heavy metals measured. This study showed that Typha latifolia and Cyperus alternifolius show wide range of tolerance to Cd, Zn, Fe and Pb and they can be used for large scale removal of these heavy metals in refinery wastewater.

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Comparison of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a microalgae-bacteria consortia, algae system, and activated sludge system.

Rada-Ariza, A.M.a, Lopez-Vazquez C.M.a , Van der Steen N.P.a, Lens P.N.L. a

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Microalgae-bacteria consortia, present themselves as novel options for wastewater biotreatment. Microalgae, through the photosynthetic process, is capable of assimilating CO2, and release oxygen, which can be used by heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria to oxidize organic matter and remove nutrients, and produce CO2, creating a symbiotic relationship. In order to elucidate and compare the

key kinetics parameters of the microalgae-bacteria consortia with solely cultures of algae and bacteria, four reactors are being currently operated in the laboratory of UNESCO-IHE, each of the reactors were inoculated with a different microbial or algae population. Reactor 1 was inoculated with the consortia of algae and bacteria, reactor 2 with a mixture of 5 algae strains, reactor 3 with solely Chlorella Vulgaris strain, and reactor 4 with activated sludge bacteria. The reactors were designed as flat panel reactors, to avoid light limitation in the algae cultures, the working volume is 5 L, and the applied light intensity is approximately 1200µmol/m2/s supplied by LED lights. The reactors are operated under light-dark regimes, 12 hours light followed of 12 hours dark, in order to reproduce daytime conditions. The reactors are feeding with artificial wastewater with concentrations of COD of 260 mg/L, NH4-N=75 mg/L, and TP=25 mg/L. Ammonium, phosphorus and carbon removal will be compared among the four reactors. It is expected than in reactors 1 and 4 the main removal mechanism of ammonium is through nitrification, whereas in the reactors 2 and 3, the main removal mechanism is algae uptake. The main mechanisms of carbon removal are supposed to be carbon oxidation (reactors 1 and 4), carbon as an electron donor for denitrification (reactor 1) and carbon uptake (reactors 2 and 3). In the case of phosphorus the main mechanism of removal is likely to be uptake by the algae and bacteria.

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Moderators: Adeboye Omotayo (morning) & Fiona Zakaria (afternoon) Speaker Biography

1 Ms. Chiara Cassarini is from Italy and is a PhD researcher in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since October 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane with different sulphur compounds as electron acceptors in a bioreactor".

2 Ms. Etiegni Christine is from Kenya and is registered as a part-time PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands. Since June 2012, she has been conducting research on ''Participatory Fisheries Governance in Lake Victoria (Kenya)'' with focus on illegal fishing activities.

3 Mr. Suthee Janyasuthiwong, from Thailand, is a PhD fellow in Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery core of UNESCO-IHE, the Netherlands since 2011. His research mainly focus on the metal recovery from the waste stream, especially e-waste using hydrometallurgical methods.

4 Ms. Yuqing LIN is from China and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Hydraulics Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2008, she has been conducting research on the topic "Unstructured Cellular Automata in Ecohydraulics Modelling”

5 Mr. Daniel Mananchie is from Ethiopia and is registered as a Sandwich PhD program fellow in the Department of Land and Water Development UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2014.

6 Veronica Minaya is enrolled in a PhD research in the alpine grasslands in Ecuador since February 2012. Her main focus is looking at the interaction between water and nutrient cycles (C&N) of the main growth forms of vegetation through the coupling of a biogeochemical (BIOME-BGC) and a hydrological model (TOPMODEL). This eco-hydrological model will quantify and assess the ecological services mainly the carbon storage in the different plant components (how this contributes to global carbon fluxes) and the hydrological regulation.

7 Joel Onyango is from Kenya and is registered as a PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands since April 2014. His research focus is on the topic "Combined nutrients contamination and pesticide residues toxicity in aquatic ecosystems".

8 Ms. Salcedo - Borda is from Peru and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since August 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Effects of Reservoirs on nutrient stoichiometry and phytoplankton production and community structure".

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Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane using Different Sulphur Compounds as Electron Acceptors in a Bioreactor

Cassarini C.a , Rene E.R. a, Gonzalez-Gil G. a, Lens P.N. a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulphate reduction (AOM-SR) is a known natural process occurring in anaerobic environments, but the mechanism has not yet been fully understood. AOM investigation have another research direction; the desulfurization of industrial wastewater using methane as the sole electron donor. However, the slow growing nature of anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) remains a major challenge for AOM-SR practical applications. This research focuses on the

development of a bioprocess for AOM using alternative sulphur compounds as electron acceptors, on the characterization of the biomass, on the identification of the factors controlling the growth of the microorganisms involved and on the optimization of the design for biotechnological application.

The microorganisms will be enriched in a bioreactor that has high biomass retention capability, using marine sediments as inoculum to facilitate microbial growth. Screening tests were performed in small sized fixed bed reactors (0.4 L) in order to select the most suitable sulphur compounds as electron acceptor for methane oxidation. The different electron acceptors that were screened are sulphate, elemental sulphur and thiosulphate, respectively. In the different reactors, sulphide, sulphate, thiosulphate, methane and carbon dioxide were monitored. As a preliminary conclusion, thiosulphate appears to be the best electron acceptor yielding, after ~20 days, ~7 times more sulphide than the test with sulphate, 4 mM and 0.6 mM, respectively. The selected electron acceptor will then be tested in the 5 L biotrickling filter (BTF) reactor, by varying different process parameters, for the enrichment of the microbial community mediating AOM. The microbial consortia in the enriched biomass will be characterized, together with the investigation of the metabolic activity of the microorganisms involved using FISH-NanoSIMS technique. A mathematical model for the BTF, sensitivity analysis and cost-benefit analysis will also be applied to investigate the bioreactors performance and the possible application of this bioprocess.

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Challenges for co-management: Illegal fishing as a ''wicked'' problem in Lake Victoria (Kenya).

Etiegni C.A.a , Irvine K.b and Kooy M.c

a,b UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands c UNESCO-IHE, Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The

Netherlands

Abstract

Fisheries management in Lake Victoria (Kenya) is now deemed participatory through establishing beach management units (BMUs) with a remit that includes reducing illegal fishing practices and promoting sustainable fishing. However, the continuation of illegal fishing is likely rooted in its social complexity and difficulty in delineating both the extent of practice and the perceptions of what is illegal and what is acceptable. This paper discusses illegal fishing as a ''wicked'' problem by focusing on stakeholders'

understanding of prescribed and proscribed fishing activities; drivers of illegal fishing; fisher folks' contribution to eradication or persistence of illegal fishing and effectiveness of sanctions. A case study approach was used in this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, document review and focused group discussions from four beaches on the Kenyan side of Lake Victoria between 22nd May 2013 to 20th June 2014. Both stratified and expert sampling methods were used. Atlas.ti and EXCEL software were used to analyse data. Results indicate that 85% of respondents (n=34) were males. Stakeholders' understanding of fisheries regulations varied. The most commonly used proscribed fishing gears and methods are monofilament gill nets, beach seining and Amuok. Ineffective sanctions, BMU ineffectiveness, poverty, big catch from illegal gears, ready market for illegal fish and lack of enforcement are among factors that are promoting illegal fishing. Fisher folk take action against illegal fishers when poison fishing is detected but would be less bothered with other illegal activities.

Keywords: Co-management, illegal fishing, beach management units, wicked problem, sanctions,

management, Lake Victoria.

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Hydrobiometallurgical processes for Metal Recovery from Desktop Computer Printed Circuit Boards

Janyasuthiwong S.a, Rene E.R.a, Esposito G.b, Lens P.N.L.a

a Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education , Westvest 7, 2611 AX , Delft,

The Netherlands b Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and the Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio, 43,

03043 Cassino (FR), Italy

Abstract

Metal contamination in the environment is still one of the persisting problems. Bulky material from electronic waste (e-waste) causes solid waste disposal problems while release of toxic heavy metals to the environment raises serious issues. E-waste may pose good possibility for metals resource since the production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) use substantial amount of the metals, especially Cu. As a consequence, the use of e-waste to recover

based metals like Cu, Ni and Zn was gained interests in many recent studies.

In this study, desktop computer PCBs were used as a source of metal to recover Cu, Ni and Zn using hydrometallurgical method. The PCBs were crushed and sieved into 4 particle sizes (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-5.0 and 5.0-9.5 mm). Batch and continuous experiments were conducted to ascertain the suitable conditions for metal leaching. The leaching conditions in batch were: particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm, at temperature 30 °C at 200 RPM shaking speed with 1 M HNO3 as the leaching agent with liquid-solid ratio of 20. Continuous leaching experiments were performed with 1 M HNO3 at L/S ratio of 20 at a HRT of 6 h. The most abundant metal in the leachate was Cu while the first metal to reach the maximum concentration was Ni (18 h) followed by Cu (36 h). The total Cu leaching yields were 20.4 and 9.7 mg/g PCBs for the particle size of 0.5 - 1.0 mm and mix particle size, respectively. Furthermore, the chemical sulfide precipitation for metal recovery was quite effective with more than 90.0% removal of Cu while Ni and Zn were 40 and 60%, respectively.

Unstructured Cellular Automata in Ecohydraulics Modelling

Lin Y.a , Mynett A.E.a, Chen Q.b

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, China

Abstract

The field of ecohydraulics addresses the interactions between hydro-dynamic and eco-dynamic processes. While hydrodynamic processes are usually well described by mathematical equations based on physical principles, ecosystem dynamics often involve specific local interactions between species. Cellular Automata (CA) are known to be a viable paradigm for ecosystem modelling due to its ease of accounting

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for local differences in individual species properties, while at the same time enabling complex space-time dynamics to emerge globally. CA constitutes a mathematical system in which each cell updates their states synchronously at discrete steps according to simple local rules. The classical configuration of cellular automata consists of uniformly distributed cells in a structured grid. But in the field of hydrodynamics, the use of unstructured grids has become more and more popular due to its capability to deal with arbitrary geometries and its flexibility to adapt to changing boundaries.

In this research, the concept of Unstructured Cellular Automata (UCA) is explored for unstructured computational meshes. The main objective of the research is to identify whether the CA modelling paradigm can be applied to unstructured computational grid as well. Various options of UCA configurations are explored and their performance is investigated by numerical experiments, the influence of cell size was analysed using the Finite Volume Method. A characteristic parameter —min distance of UCA– was put forward and tested. Meanwhile the special attention was paid to exploring the differences and analogies between CA and Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The practical applicability of UCA in eco-hydraulics modelling is explored through a number of case studies: including water quality modelling case study of spiked pollution loading for Hong Kong Bay. Besides, UCA was used to quantify the spatial distribution of macro invertebrates in China, simulating the spatial evolution of benthonic macro invertebrates under different flow regulation scenarios. Furthermore UCA is applied to an aquatic pond system and compared with Individual-based modelling together with field measurements.

Irrigation Development for Productive and Sustainable Ecosystem Management: The Case of Ethiopia, Upper Awash Basin

Mananchie D. G. ab, de Fraiture C.a, Karimi P. a, Alamirew T.b

aDepartment of Water Engineering (Land and Water Development), UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands;

bDepartment of Water and Land Resource Center, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Abstract

Intensification of irrigation for the maximization of crop production (i.e. more crop per drop) has been posing enormous challenges on production and provision of ecosystem services. This signify the conflict between excess food production and maximum benefits from range of ecosystem services; which necessitate a thorough understanding of synergies and trade-offs among irrigation intensification, socio-economic and environmental interactions. Due to intensification of irrigation many ecosystem

services provided by marsh land, grassland and other LU/LC being traded-off affecting sustainable production. Since recently, valuation of the trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services flow to and from irrigated agriculture is becoming critical for optimal level of interventions. Hence, more information is being required on quantitative valuation of ecosystem services provided and traded-off among irrigation, wetlands, biodiversity, floodplain to redesign policies, incentives or payment schemes to sustain synergies. Therefore, scenario analysis approach to explore the synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services provided by irrigation expansion and other sources of ecosystem services; such as (i) irrigation expansion and wetland/floodplain conservation; (ii) irrigation and biodiversity and (iii) effect of

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irrigation expansion on recession farming related ecosystem services, will be used. Various methods such as SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tools) model, InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-off) and Multi-criteria decision support system will be used with the following questions and objectives;

A data-driven technique for modeling the gross primary production of the páramo vegetation from climate

time-series data; Ecuadorian Andean Region

Minaya V.a,b , Corzo G.a, Solomatine D.a, Mynett A.a


b Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador

Abstract

This paper presents a new methodology for modeling the relations between hydrometeorological variables and the gross primary production (GPP) generated in climate change scenarios. The high complexity of the hydrometeorological information augmented by the anthropogenic and biological responses makes models between these variables an important source for scenario development and analysis of critical environmental extreme events. For this a number of data-driven models were used in

this research. Mainly model trees, neural networks and a hybrid modular tree were compared in order to look at their applicability in estimating the non-linear relationships between GPP and the hydrometeorological variables. The artificial neural network (ANN) and the model tree (MT) were used to predict the GPP from a 10-year time series (2000-2009). Monthly observations on a set of climatic variables at three different altitudes in the Ecuadorian Andean Region were used. The variables included were: short wave radiation, vapor pressure deficit, precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature. The results of overall models were compared with the performance of a modular (hybrid) model (ANN+MT) to check the ability to fit the predicted and observed GPP values. The MT provided a better understanding on the implications of changes in SWR and VPD in relation to the total amount of CO2 that is fixed by the plant during photosynthesis. The uncertainty between observed and predicted GPP values on the validation set shows a complex situation where the model is not able to represent the phenomena accurately. The modular ensemble of MT and ANN does not perform best due to the clear linear representation of the MT leafs.

Keywords: model tree, neural network, GPP, climate variables, Andes

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Does Combined Nutrients and Pesticide Contamination Enhance Toxicity in Aquatic Ecosystems?

Onyango J.O.a, Irvine K.a, van Bruggen H.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Water Science and Engineering, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract There have been experiments to determine the endpoints and effect concentrations of different chemical mixtures in the aquatic environment. However, limited studies and experiments have focused on the effect of chemical mixtures that include nutrients and pesticides residues. Moreover, legal limits of exposure to nutrients and pesticides have been set independent of potential combined exposure of the nutrients and pesticides within the same system. Independently, the effects

of nutrients or pesticide residues on ecological processes are widely documented. However, in combination, the dose-response relationship for the nutrients-pesticide mixture is needed to understand the toxic effects, which has been given limited attention in ecotoxicological studies. Gathering the information on the effects of the combination on aquatic ecological processes and structure is necessary to evaluate the stability of the aquatic ecosystems to pollution from nutrients-pesticide applications. Making the combined toxicity information useful requires a monitoring regime with appropriate indicators. This can be used in management of agricultural intensification programs, especially fertilizer applications and pest control approaches, in farms utilizing both nutrients and pesticides.

The proposed study seeks to determine the response of aquatic ecosystems as recipients of a combination of nutrients contamination and pesticides toxicity focusing on identifying appropriate indicator(s) for monitoring combined nutrients-pesticides toxicity in aquatic systems; documenting the exposure status of a nutrient-pesticide combination in an agricultural catchment; identifying potential effects of the nutrients and pesticides combination aquatic ecosystem and studying the implication of combined nutrients contamination and pesticides toxicity in waste water treatment facilities. The study will apply trait based indicator assessment tools, field observations and sample analysis as well as lab and insitu experiments.

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Effects of Reservoirs on nutrient stoichiometry and phytoplankton production

Salcedo-Borda J.S.a,*, Gettel G.a and Irvine K.a.

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Water Science & Engineering P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract Reservoirs are increasing in number worldwide, especially in developing countries. The implementation of these infrastructures into the rivers is known to reduce water flow and increase the retention time which give the conditions to allow primary production and nutrients sedimentation in the reservoirs. As a consequence the nutrient concentrations of N, P, and Si are altered to downstream ecosystems.

The alteration of nutrients ratio is important to understand because it affects eutrophication processes by changing both the amount of nutrients delivered (by retaining or creating opportunity for fixation or internal nutrient loading) and by changing the limiting nutrient in downstream ecosystems. Hence, nutrients concentration and ratios are considered to be strong selective forces shaping phytoplankton communities.

Therefore, in order to study the effects of the implementation of reservoirs into a river, the Danube River Basin has been selected as a case study for this research. The Danube River Basin is the most international basin in the world and it contributes around 70% of the river inputs to the Black Sea. Reservoirs are located along the longitudinal gradient of the Danube River. The density of the dams on the upper Danube River Basin (the first 1000 km) reaches an average of one dam every 17 km.

The specific objectives for this research are: i) To determine the influence of changing vegetation type (land use) and seasonal conditions on N:P:Si stoichiometry along the longitudinal gradient in the Danube River. ii) To determine the effect of reservoirs on N:P:Si stoichiometry and iii) To assess the effect of N:P:Si stoichiometry changes on primary production and phytoplankton community structure.

*Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected]

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Theme: Water Management and Governance

Moderators: Pedi Obani (morning) & Raquel dos Santos (afternoon)

Speaker biography

1 Ms. Eva Costa de Barros is from Brazil and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Integrated Water Management".

2 Ms. Reem Digna is from Sudan and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2012, she has been conducting research on the topic "On optimizing the operation of the multi-reservoir system in the Eastern Nile basin considering water and sediment fluxes ".

3 Mr. Shakeel Hayat belongs to the KP province of Pakistan and is registered in NUFFIC-sandwich construction PhD program since May 2014 at the IWSG Department of UNESCO-IHE. Shakeel has been working on his research proposal entitled "transboundary water governance and the multi-layered hydro-hegemony".

4 Ms. Adey Mersha is from Ethiopia and is a registered fulltime PhD participant in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since December 2014, she has been conducting research on the topic "Integrated Water Resource Management for Sustainable Irrigation Development, Upper Awash Basin Ethiopia".

5 Christophe Muanda is from South Africa and registered as a PhD candidate at Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, He has been conducting PhD research on the topic “Organisation of Sanitation Services in Informal Settlements of South Africa”. He works as a researcher and part time lecturer at Civil Engineering Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Cape Town, South Africa.

6 Mr. Silas Mvulirwenande is from Rwanda and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2011, he has been conducting research on Knowledge and Capacity Development in African water utilities. A sociologist by background, Silas holds a MSc in Urban Environmental Management from Wageningen University.

7 Shaimaa Abd Al-Amear Theol: is from Iraq and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since August 2013. She has been conducting research on the topic "Effects of cohesive sedimentation in the irrigation systems ''

8 Mr. Jonas Wanvoeke is from Benin and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in Water and Resources Management at Wageningen University with the collaboration of UNESCO-IHE. Since 2011, he has been conducting research on smallholder drip irrigation in Burkina Faso.

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Development Trajectory of River Basin: Strategies to Assess Water in São Francisco River, Brazil

Barros E.C.a and van der Zaag P. a,b

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

b Water resources section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Abstract

Worldwide, water scarcity affects around 1.2 billion people and underprivileged societies are usually the ones suffering most from the negative impacts. Persistent degradation is causing undisputed detrimental effects to millions of people in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The current research aims to analyse the Development Trajectory of River Basins Theory (Molle, 2003) and, how institutions at different levels shape strategies to cope with water scarcity by means

of a case study in the context of the São Francisco River. This research will particularly analyse how the access to water is negotiated between actors in local, state, basin and global arenas, and how these negotiations affect the link between access to water and the flow of water resources at specific locations in the basin. This exploratory research uses an interdisciplinary framework connecting natural and social sciences in order to critically apply the concept of the Development Trajectory of River Basins in the São Francisco River Basin, combining spatial-temporal relations and governance. The main expected result of this research is to increase our understanding of adopted solutions in the process of water management, taking account of the formal and informal institutional arrangements in semi-arid regions.

The implications of new dam construction on the Eastern Nile water availability for hydropower and irrigation

Digna R.F.M.O.a , van der Krogt W.b, Mohamed Y.A.a, van der Zaag P.a, Uhlenbrook S.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Water Science and Engineering Department, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b Deltares, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 HD, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Eastern Nile basin is promised by vast reservoir projects to contribute to the needs for energy and food in the region. These projects will affect the entire basin leading to positive and/or negative externalities. Although many studies have been conducted to assess the most important impacts of these projects, significant scientific debate (i.e. the timing and the amount of water released and the abstractions for irrigation, the socio-economic and political impacts) is still on-going regarding the implications of those

development projects.

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This study aims to assess the hydrological and economic consequences of new dams in the Eastern Nile Basin. Particular attention is given to the hydropower generation and water availability for irrigation, but not all impacts can be investigated in a fully integrated manner (e.g. ecology, societal and political impacts). In addition to the water flows, the sediment transport and deposition and their implications on the operation of reservoirs will be investigated.

The methodology proposed here is to use combined simulation and optimization techniques to model the Eastern Nile Basin system. While the guidelines for the optimal operation policies can be determined by the optimization model, the simulation model can be used to evaluate the impacts of these policies, particularly the loss of reservoir storage capacity due to the sediment problem. RIBASIM river basin simulation software is used for system simulation. Genetic Algorithms (GA) is proposed to derive the operation rules. Reservoir trap efficiency model will be developed to simulate the sedimentation processes. This method contributes to the general use of combined simulation and optimization method particularly when incorporating reservoir sedimentation impacts on storage to optimally derive operation rules for multi-objectives reservoirs system.

Transboundary water governance & the multi-layered hydro-hegemony

Hayat S.a


Abstract

The mainstream literature on transboundary water governance focusing significantly on the interplay of power and hegemony while discussing less about resisting the power and hegemony. Earlier studies adopted Robert Putnam's two-level game perspective and Jeroen Warner's layered hydro-hegemony approach to conceptualize the mechanisms linking domestic policy processes to the progress of transboundary negotiations. In addition, conventional studies tend to view riparian states as unitary rational actors

pursuing specific 'national interests'. Such a 'systemic' perspective contrasts with the observation that, in many shared river basins, the course of transboundary conflict and cooperation is significantly influenced by multiple domestic constraints. The proposed thesis, therefore aims to bridge these gaps through a conceptual framework for resisting the hydro-hegemony at multilevel (e.g. global, regional, national and sub-national levels) of transboundary water governance. For this purpose a multilevel institutional analysis will be carried out by using a modified version of Young's Analytical Framework to examine policies, actors and organization. An in-depth literature review will support this study to build the research rationale derived from theory. Two comparative case studies will also be conducted in two transboundary river basins (i.e. Kabul and Indus). The key rationale of the case studies will be two-fold: (1) to identify the key actors, drivers and institutions of water governance system; and (2) to assess the outcomes of water governance at global, regional, national and sub-national levels for the elements of hegemony / counter-hegemony. The thesis will add to knowledge concerning transboundary water governance at various geographical levels. The thesis would (1) frame the Implications (both existing and

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potential) of changing geo-political and environmental conditions in shaping the transboundary hydro-relations; (2) estimate the critical role of different actors, drivers and institutions at multiple levels; and (3) propose win-sets for effective transboundary water governance at multi levels.

Integrated Water Resources Management: Contrasting Principles, Policy and Practice, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia

Mersha A. a

a Water Science & Engineering Department UNESCO-IHE, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Ethiopia is one of many countries that have adopted IWRM approach for managing water resources sustainably. Following the introduction of the concept in 2000, the country has already put in place a water policy, legislation and strategy based on the principles and approaches of IWRM. Despite the fact that the policy stipulation is highly supportive of IWRM, there have been considerable constraints in its implementation. The aim of this study is to conceptually analyze and present a general overview of the

existing situation in terms of disparity between IWRM theory and practice in the Upper Awash Basin. Moreover, the study intends to analyze stakeholders' understanding and interpretation of the operational function/management instruments of IWRM in terms of possible demand management and supply enhancement options to the conditions of Awash basin. The methodological approach is mainly based on literature review, policy and strategy analysis as well as assessment of stakeholders' views. Accordingly, thorough literature review on the principles and application of IWRM, content analysis and understanding of the prevailing national water policy of Ethiopia, legislations, strategies as well as development plans has been done based on recent literatures and important policy related documents. IWRM in practice is then assessed based on the perspectives of the different stakeholders as well as researcher's own observation and views. Finally, an overall analysis is to be done to integrate, compare and contrast information obtained from stakeholders, representing the actual situation on the ground with the general IWRM Principles as well as the current Ethiopian IWRM policy. At the present stage, this paper discusses how IWRM is perceived by the diverse stakeholders, challenges faced by the concerned authorities in its implementation process, proposed actions to be taken and management options needed to be considered in order to successfully implement the approach based primarily on stakeholders' viewpoint.

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Insights into slum dwellers sanitation practices

Muanda C.a*, Rusca M.a, Haldenwang R.b and Van Der Zaag P.a

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

b Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa

Abstract Rapid urban population growth has outpaced the ability of many governments to provide for housing and environmental and health infrastructure. The lack of infrastructure including water and sanitation are amongst several characteristics that define slums. The lack of or inadequacy of sanitation services has forced many slum residents to adopt certain sanitation practices ranging from open defecation to the use of unimproved sanitation technologies which may cause several problems to

both human and the general environment.

The aim of this study is to capture slum dwellers sanitation practices in order to better understand the extent to which they inform or influence the provision of sanitation services and vice-versa and, impact of the sustainability. Case study approach was applied and data required was collected through observation, open-ended and focus group interviews at selected case studies.

Preliminary results suggest that only 55% of slum dwellers use the sanitation facilities available and 45% use alternative or unimproved sanitation. Use of buckets (44%) and open defecation (24%) were identified as the main practices for managing human excreta. These practices are being attributed to many factors including the conditions of the facility (cleanness) (40%), safety and security of users (30%), lack of privacy (10%) and other minor issues (20%). Further investigation will be carried out to establish whether these practices inform or influence the provision of sanitation or vice versa. The main outcome of study is to establish the link between sanitation practices and service provision. The intention is to inform or aid the development of an approach to decision-making for the selection and deployment of sanitation services in slums.

Key words: slum, slum dwellers, sanitation, sanitation practices *Corresponding Author:: [email protected]

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A learning Model for Knowledge and Capacity Development in Public Organisations

Mvulirwenande S. a , Wehn, U. a and Alaerts, G.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Integrated Water Resources and Governance P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Conventional wisdom suggests that beneficiaries of knowledge and capacity development (KCD) interventions (such as training and education) automatically use the newly acquired knowledge and improve performance. However, experience has shown that this assumption is incomplete, because things are not as simple and straightforward as pretended. Building on behavioral science theories and empirical evidence, this study proposes a learning-based model to understand the mechanics

of KCD. The model starts from the assumption that the degree of an organisation's absorption capacity determines, in the final analysis, whether the learning processes involved in KCD lead to change or not. The model delineates two interrelated major stages in KCD processes, namely knowledge transfer and knowledge absorption, whose combined effects shape the impact of interventions. The two learning stages (and their impact) are influenced by a variety of conditions relating to (a) the nature of learning processes themselves, (b) the characteristics of knowledge recipient organisations and (c) the external operating environment. The model brings to the surface the need to distinguish between two intimately related and complementary categories of KCD impact: immediate or learning impact (relating to changes in capacity) and ultimate impact (referring to changes in performance). The proposed model provides a comprehensive and practical method for those who design, implement and assess KCD interventions in public sector organisations.

Effects of cohesive sedimentation in the irrigation systems

Shaimaa T. a , de Fraiture C.a, Suryadi,F.a


Abstract

Irrigation systems are fed by high loaded sediments rivers, so sedimentation occurs. When sedimentation occurs it will cause many operational problems such as: raising bed level which leads to lifting water level upstream of the canal, then water distribution is affected. Upstream part will get more water than quota. While downstream part will get less water due to decreasing water level downstream of canal. All these cause problems of undersupply, inequity, and an inevitable decline in the area that can be irrigated, at the end it will affect on production.

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There are many reasons cause sedimentation such as lack of regular maintenance, absence of the optimal operation of channel, decreasing of flow discharge, and other factors. Many researchers studied non-cohesive sedimentation in irrigation canals, but there are almost no studies about cohesive sediments in irrigation canals. Main objective is to know the impact of canal operation on cohesive sedimentation, and to find optimal canal operation which can reduce the negative results of sedimentation to get best hydraulic efficiency, convincingly water provision and less cost for maintenance and to meet the water requirements of crops. Other specific objectives are: analyzing the existing canal operation in order to find the relationship between cohesive sediment transport and water management in the canal. Also using suitable mathematical model for irrigation canals, and evaluating various canal operation schemes to recommend possible improvements in canal operation plan for better water and sediment management, finding the relationship between water distribution and sediment deposition In order to achieve these objectives, we have to study the previous researches dealt with this problem, also use Delft3D model which is fully integrated software, but Delft3D model is used for rivers and not for irrigation canals, so this model will be adapted to be used for simulating cohesive sediment transport in irrigation canals, next step is collecting data. After these adjustments and data collection; different operation scenarios for better results to control sediment transport will be used. A link between irrigation system operation and its performance related to sediment transport will be created. Then interpreting the results related to operation and maintenance of the irrigation system.

Keywords: Loaded Rivers, Cohesive Sediments, Sediment Transport, Maintenance, Operation,

Mathematical Modelling, Delft 3D

Accepting versus adopting technology: Farmers and drip irrigation in Burkina Faso

Wanvoeke J.a , De Fraiture C.a,b, Zwarteveen M.a,c.

a Wageningen University, Water Resources Management Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands b UNESCO-IHE , Water Science and Engineering Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands c UNESCO-IHE , Integrated Water Systems and Governance P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

In Burkina Faso, smallholder drip irrigation is being promoted by development agencies as a water and labour saving irrigation technology, suitable for smallholder farmers and in particular women. Multiple development projects are launched and aim at disseminating drip irrigation in Burkina Faso. However, despite considerable promotion efforts, increasingly evidence from the field shows that drip kits are abandoned directly after the project ends. Only very few farmers or groups of

farmers are using drip and appear to cooperate, on a pilot or experimental basis, with developments agencies during the lifetime of projects. In many countries were drip was promoted, it was also revealed that farmers used smallholder drip when the projects were running and stopped using it when the projects ended.

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Thus, there is a little evidence of sustained used of the technology by farmers. Most of the studies on smallholders drip have focused on analysing the adoption and non-adoption factors of the technology. There are no studies explaining why farmers accept to engage and to use drip only during projects? In this paper, we postulate there are other reasons for farmers to involve and use drip during project implementation. Drawing from the actor-oriented approach and the social logics perspective, this paper analyzes farmers’ motivations in engaging with drip promotion projects. Results reveal that farmers’ objectives to temporarily engage with drip technology do not relate to water or labour saving. Rather farmers’ motivations concern the side-benefits that come with the technology such as obtaining a motorized pump, the promise of credit and extension, or other free agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizer. Drip is not just an irrigation tool; it also served as gateway for receiving other services and benefits.

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Theme: Water, Food and Energy Security

Moderators: Patricia Trambauer (morning) & Alexander Kaune (afternoon) Speaker biography

1 Nadejda Andreev is from Moldova and is a sandwich PhD fellow at UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. Nadejda has completed her MSc degree in 1998 at Central European University in Environmental Sciences and Policy and also has gained a second MSc degree in Biodiversity at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in 2004. Her current PhD research topic deals with terra preta sanitation and its applications in sustainable management of human excreta from separately collecting toilets and the effects of terra preta-like soil improvers on corn production and soil quality.

2 Ms. Eiman Bashir is from The Sudan and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Risk Management for a productive and profitable Spate Irrigated Agriculture ".

3 Eman Elsheik: I am working in Agricultural Research Corporation, Land and Water Research Center WadMedani-Sudan Iam registered as a sandwich program PhD fellow in Department of land and Water Development Since 2011 I am conducted research on the topic "Crop water productivity for Sunflower under different irrigation Regimes on Gezira conditions, Sudan.

4 Alexander Kaune is from Costa Rica and is registered as a PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since June 2014, he has been conducting research on the topic "Value of information on drought indicators in support of water allocation decisions" part of the EartH2Observe project (Global Earth Observation for Integrated Water Resource Assessment) funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) of the European Union.

5 Ms. Aline Saraiva Okello is from Mozambique and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2010, she has been conducting research on the RISKOMAN project (Risk-based operational water management on the Incomati River Basin). Her research topic is “Bridging the gaps between Hydrology, Land use and Water Management using Tracers and Water resources Modelling in the Incomati Basin”. The research aims at improving the understanding of hydrological processes of the transboundary Incomati river basin to enable better water management.

6 Mr. Omotayo Adeboye is from Nigeria and is registered as a Sandwich PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2010, he has been conducting research on "Sustainable Use of Land and Water under Rainfed and Deficit Irrigation Conditions in Ogun-Osun River Basin, Nigeria".

7 Ms. Ishraga Osman is from Sudan and registered as a part-time PhD fellow in Water Science and Engineering Department at UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since May 2010, she has been conducting PhD research on the topic “Sediment and Water Management of Large Irrigation Systems, case Study: Gezira Scheme, Sudan”. The other half of her time, she works as lecturer at Civil Engineering Department, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

8 Worku Fikadu

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Terra preta-like soil improvers can enhance the growth and yield of corn

Andreev N.a, Ronteltap, M. a, Boincean B. b, Lens, P. a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology

P.O.Box 3015, 2611 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b Research Institute of Field Crops “Selectia”, Baltsy, Moldova

Abstract

Ecological sanitation systems can offer valuable solutions for the management of human excreta in rural and peri-urban communities which lack access to conventional sanitation systems. These systems minimize the consumption and pollution of water resources and add to an improvement of soil fertility and crop production. An important consideration during the last years is combining the treatment of human excreta from ecological sanitation facilities with bio-waste (f.e. from

livestock production, food stuff, green waste) for the production of high quality soil improvers, an approach which is called terra preta sanitation (TPS). In a TPS process, excreta are treated by integrated lactic acid fermentation and vermi or thermal composting, to which biochar is also applied. The technology was inspired from ancient knowledge of Amazonian population on the management of organic waste and maintaining the long lasting fertility of the soils. Field experiments carried out in Moldova during a period of 2 years on a humus poor soil, showed beneficial effects of terra preta-like soil improvers on crop performance. Terra preta soil improvers were obtained by lactofermenting and vermicomposting of human excreta together with cattle manure, fruit residues, sugar mollases and microbial innoculum (sauerkraut brine). During the first year, a significantly higher growth rate (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter) and yield was observed as compared to the control and other types of treatments (f.e. stored manure, stored human faeces and mineral fertilizers). During the second year the corn treated with TP-like soil improvers showed significantly higher germination, higher growth rate than the control, however most of the growth parameters were not significantly higher than those treated with mineral fertilizers. The present results offer promising perspectives as regarding sustainable excreta treatment and reuse in rural and peri-urban agriculture.

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Risk Management for a productive and profitable Spate Irrigated Agriculture

Bashir E.a de Fraiture C.a , Haile A.M.a


Abstract

Spate irrigation is a unique form of water resource management in support of agricultural production and rural livelihoods that has been practiced in arid and semi-arid regions. Spate based agriculture mainly depends on short duration floods that are diverted from river beds and spread over land to cultivate crops, fill drinking water ponds, or irrigate forest and pasture areas. Farmers in the study area, the spate flow irrigated Gash Agricultural Scheme (GAS), mainly practice subsistence farming to

adapt to extremely harsh conditions involving risk and uncertainty. GAS is located in Kassala city in Eastern Sudan with an area of 100,800 hectare. Farmers have developed local knowledge and experience over the years to manage the risks and uncertainty and use spate floods. Focusing at field level, this paper addresses three central questions: 1) what are the main risks that have direct impact on the agricultural production and livelihood of the GAS rural poor farmers? 2) How effective have the farmers' strategies and practices been in addressing these risks? 3) What alternative risk management measures, if any, could be recommended. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative methodology based on available primary and secondary data obtained through field observation and measurements, and interviews. SWOT analysis was used to assess the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in farmers' risk management strategies and practices. While stochastic simulation was used to determine probability distributions of consequences for alternative decisions to enable farmers to make a good and a well-informed choice. This paper has two major scientific and development-oriented contributions; first, scientific research and approaches for flood risk management in urban system has been the focus of decision making, nevertheless low cost rural community system has been neglected in the literature and reflects a regional imbalance. Secondly Spate irrigation has been considered as low economic return systems, however, we argue that spate irrigation could be productive and profitable system when proper set of risk management strategies are in place.

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Crop Water Productivity for Sunflower under differe nt Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing, on Gezira Condition, Sudan

Eman E.a, Bart S.a , Haile A.M.a and Hussein S.b

a UNESCO-IHE, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

bWadMedani, Sudan

Abstract

A two field experiments were conducted at Gezira Research Station Farm during the two executive winter seasons in the third week of November and in the first week of December for season 2012 and 2013 respectively, in WadMedani, Sudan (Lat 14.23 N, Long 33.39 E and altitude 405 m (above sea level), in deep cracking soil with heavy clay (Vertisols). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different irrigation intervals 10 days (W1), 15 days (W2) and 20 days (W3) and two inter-row plant spacing 30 cm (S1) and 40 cm (S2) on yield and yield

components of Sunflower. The experimental design was split plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Sunflower hybrid Hysun 33 was the variety test. The seasonal water applied during the study periods was 7772, 7742, 5163, 5167, 5125 and 5184 m3/ha for the first season and corresponding values 9744, 9653, 6525, 6464, 5490, 5318 m3/ha for the second season for W1S1, W1S2, W2S1, W2S2, W3S1 and W3S2. The seed yield obtained from the above treatments in that sequence was 3313, 3443, 3122, 2905, 1890, and 1887 and 3314, 3486, 2855, 2990, 1828, and 1594 kg/ ha from the first and second seasons respectively . The corresponding computed average water productivity was 0.38, 0.39, 0.52, 0.48, 0.35, 0.33 kg/m3. The study clearly indicated that seed yield increased significantly with increase in plant spacing from 30 to 40 cm when the plants was irrigated every 10 days. The study concluded that Sunflower can be cultivated in two plant spacing to obtain optimum yield.

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Value of information on drought indicators in support of water allocation decisions

Kaune A.a, Werner M.a, de Fraiture C.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department of Water Science and Engineering P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Decision makers in the water sector (e.g. irrigation agency) are responsible to take actions in order to satisfy the users water demand (e.g. farmers) under variable hydrological conditions. The authorities rely on selected drought indicators for water allocation decisions such as curtailments, following policies and regulations for satisfactory operation of the supply system. However, key indicators for water allocation decisions have not been rationally prioritized and implemented, generating unexpected losses mainly in agricultural production schemes. The objective of this PhD

research is to assess the value of information on drought indicators in support of water allocation decisions in selected irrigation districts in different climatic regions. Water management decisions are often taken based on incomplete or uncertain data on the current situation and/or forecast. These uncertainties may lead to less optimal decisions being taken. Constraining these uncertainties through additional information can improve decision making and thus constitute an added value. This added value can be interpreted as the marginal benefit of the information. The marginal benefit on drought indicators will be calculated following a rational economical method that is applied in making decisions in a probabilistic setting. Different water allocation actions will be evaluated through a decision framework that considers a discrete set of options, each generating different agricultural production scenarios under given hydrological conditions. Through this framework the value of information on drought indicators will be prioritized to support water allocation decisions. It is expected to find improved agricultural production scenarios by constraining uncertainties in water allocation decisions.

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Using tracers to develop a holistic understanding of runoff generation in a large semi-arid basin in Southern Africa

Saraiva Okello A.M.L.a,b, Uhlenbrook S. a,c, Jewitt G.P.W.b, Riddell E.S. b, Masih Ia, Van der Zaag P.a,c

a Department of Water Engineering, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands b Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

c Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Understanding hydrological processes, particularly runoff generation is very important, as they influence water quality and water quantity as well as their spatial and temporal dynamics. This becomes especially important for the prediction of floods, erosion, and solute and contaminant transport. Detailed understanding of the runoff generation process is needed in order that the effects global changes can be better modelled, ultimately, leading to more responsible management of natural resources as well as risks.

In this study, hydrochemical tracers are used in conjunction with hydrometric analysis to identify the contributions of different runoff components to the hydrograph in the 1640 km2 semi-arid catchment of the Kaap river in South Africa. Long term river flow data and water quality data were analysed at weekly, monthly and annual time-scales to infer relationships between them. Hydrograph separation at a seasonal scale was performed using analysis of Electrical Conductivity, Chloride, Silica, Calcium and Magnesium for the Kaap outlet and 3 nested catchments within the Kaap catchment, to identify and quantify the main runoff components. Electrical conductivity was found to be most useful, because of consistency in the data available. Results of a classical two component hydrograph separation indicate the dominance of the groundwater component in the low flow regime, with a contribution of 90% of the total flow; however, during wet seasons deep groundwater accounts for 50% of total flow, and a third component, soil water (or shallow groundwater) appears to play an important role, particularly after a sequence of wet years. The inter-annual temporal variability of runoff components is larger than intra-annual. The findings contribute to a better conceptual model of dominant runoff generation mechanisms in the Kaap catchment and other similar basins and will contribute to improved representation of hydrological processes in water resources models in use in the region.

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Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of Soybean in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Adeboye O.B.1, Schultz B.2, Adekalu K.O.3, Prasad K.4

1,3Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2,4Chairgroup, Land and Water Development, UNESCO-IHE Institute For Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands

Abstract

This abstract presents the outcome of the effects of selected deficit irrigation scheduling practices on Soybeans in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Field experiments in which Soybeans was irrigated were conducted in the dry seasons of 2013 and 2013/2014. Treatments are (a) full irrigation (T1111), weekly skipping of irrigation during (b) flowering (T0111), (c) pod initiation (T1011), (d) seed filling (T1101) and (e) commencement of maturity (T1110). The crop was planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and in-line drip irrigation was used to

apply water to the crop. Moisture contents of the soil, leave area index, dry above ground biomass, seed yields were measured in the two seasons and seasonal crop water use was determined using soil water balance method. Seasonal transpiration ranged from 28.0 mm for T1101 to 409 for T1111mm. Seasonal crop water use in the two seasons ranged from 364 mm for T1101 to 523 mm for T1111. The dry above ground biomass ranged from 108 to 578 g m-2 while the seed yield obtained ranged from 0.70 for T1101 to 3.11 t ha-1 for T1111. Harvest index ranged from 43 to 66%. Deficit irrigation at any growth stage of the crop led to reduction in the leaf area index, dry above ground biomass and seasonal crop water use and seed yield. Deficit irrigation had significant effects on both the dry matter and seed yields. Effect of deficit irrigation was more pronounced on seed yields than dry matter. Severity of the effects of deficit irrigation depends on the stage of growth and its duration. Stage of growth and its duration affected the seasonal water use and influenced Water productivity (WP) and Irrigation water productivity (IWP). Seasonal crop response factor Ky is 2.24. Although, maximum WP was achieved under full irrigation, maximum IWP was obtained when deficit irrigation was applied during flowering. This indicates that IWP of Soybean can be improved upon by skipping irrigation during flowering and pod initiation.

Corresponding author: [email protected] and [email protected]

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Simulation of fine sediment transport in irrigation canals of the Gezira Scheme with the numerical model FSEDT

Ishraga O.a,b, Bart S. a, Osman A.b, Suryadi F.a

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands b University of Khartoum, Civil Engineering Department, Po. Box 231, Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract

The one dimensional numerical model Fine Sediment Transport (FSEDT) was developed to simulate the fine sediment transport in irrigation canals of the Gezira Scheme in Sudan. The model was used to understand the sedimentation processes in this canals, as well as for possible wider application. The approach applied to estimate the transport and deposition rates of fine sediment suspensions, for sediments in the cohesive size range has been presented. The model was calibrated and validated using field measurement data at selected canals in the Gezira

Scheme during 2011 and 2012 flood seasons. The simulated bed profile of the Zananda Major Canal shows good agreement with the bathymetric survey. The hydro-dynamic part of the model was checked by comparing the water surface profile of the model with that obtained by the DUFLOW model. The results of the two models show good agreement. The sensitivity of different parameters such as bed roughness coefficient, critical shear stress for deposition, settling velocity and gate settings was analysed using the model to increase the understanding of the relationships between input and output variables in the model. The analysis demonstrates that the model is sensitive to bed roughness as well as to critical shear stress for deposition.

Keywords: Irrigation; cohesive sediment; model; deposition and erosion.

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Dilemma of water resources development and environmental impact in developing countries

Worku F.F.1,4,5, Werner M.1,2, Wright N. 1,3,5, van der Zaag P.1,5.

1 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands

2 Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands 3 University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering, Leeds, UK 4 Arba Minch University, P.O.Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

5Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, P.O.Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

The 21 century of developing countries big dilemma is the high need of development and environmental degradation. The high increase of population, urbanization, depletion of productivity of land, water scarcity, climate change and a push for green economy are mainly challenging for the societies in these area. To cope with such challenges, water storage was taken as solution so far, but currently environmental degradation is one of argument to be taken in to consideration and another is equitable water allocation for all demands. Hence, optimal water allocation and decision support system are necessary to carryon such anxiety for better outcome of water resources developments. There are many methods and models in integrated water resources management for optimal water allocation in the basin. But in most of the cases, environmental water demand is indecisive and unmet and it leads to environmental degradation and declining of ecosystem services which normally have great use for societies. In this research, we combine optimal water allocation and environmental water flow to meet all demands and preserve existing ecosystem services. These scenarios of optimal water allocation will help for decision support system for current and forecast demands and hence give an advantage to decision makers to work on alternative solution from water supply and demand aspects.

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Moderators: Nirajan Dhakal (morning) & Shakeel Hayat (afternoon)

Speaker biography

1 Maria Fernanda Reyes: Ms. Reyes is from Ecuador and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2012, she has been conducting research on the topic "Water Demand Management Strategies for Tropical Islands: a case study of the Volcanic Galápagos Islands". She holds a BSc. on Environmental Engineering from the University San Francisco of Quito and and MSc. on Environmental and Energy Management from the University of Twente.

2 Luis Carlos Reyes Alvarado Carlos Reyes (Mexico) is a PhD student at the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department at UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands under the ETeCoS3 Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program. Since January 2013, he has been conducting his PhD research on the topic “Optimization of Electron Donor Dosing for Sulphate Reducing Bacteria”. He collaborates with University of Cassino, Italy, and INRA Narbonne, France for his PhD research.

Ms Joy Riungu is from Kenya and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the EEWT Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2012, she has been conducting research on the topic " Towards an environmentally sound high density slum sanitation solution: A Probabilistic Evaluation Tool for Slum Sanitation Selection-PETSSAS"

Mr. Rohan Jain is from India and is a PhD fellow from Erasmus Mundus ETeCoS3 program. His host institute is UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands and his promoter is Prof. Lens from EEWT department. He has been conducting research on biogenic selenium nanoparticles production and their applications.

Mr Francisco Rubio is from Mexico and since 2013 is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft The Netherlands. He finished his master in sanitary engineering at UNESCO-IHE in 2013 with Cum laude and was honour with the price André Kuipers' given to outstanding students. His main topic of interest is the effects of salts in wastewater treatment; oriented to the recovery of nutrients (e.g. struvite and hydroxyapatite) and the symbiosis of different treatments such as sulphate reduction and biological phosphate removal.

Joseph Skoullos Mr. Skoullos is from Greece and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, he has been conducting research on the topic "Model-based assessment of urban wastewater infrastructure development on aquatic environment".

Fiona Zakaria is from Indonesia and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2012, she has been conducting research on the topic "Emergency Sanitation Following Natural and Anthropological Disasters".

Mrs. Raquel dos Santos is Brazilian/Dutch and since March/2013 she is registered as a part-time PhD researcher affiliated to the Governance & Inclusive Development group at the AISSR-Uva (University of Amsterdam), in partnership with UNESCO-IHE, conducting research on the topic "Pro-poor Water and Sanitation Services Provision in Urban Areas - Institutional Arrangements".

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Water Supply and Demand in Santa Cruz Island-Galápagos Islands

Reyes M.F.a , Trifunovic N.a


Abstract

Water demand has dramatically increased within the island of Santa Cruz, the most populated of the Galápagos Islands. Due to a significant increase in tourist and local population in the last decades, this island is experiencing extreme pressure on their water resources. The two main settlements have separate supply networks: (i) Puerto Ayora, which has a fixed-water tariff and lack of metering per premise, and (ii) Bellavista, which has a consumption-based tariff and a metered system. Consequently, this difference in tariff structure has caused a significant variation in

consumption among the settlements, as well as challenges in the quantification of demand. This paper aims to present the current situation in terms of water supply versus demand on this island by analyzing and assessing the total demand based on a survey developed for four categories: (i) domestic, (ii) touristic, (iii) commercial and (iv) laundries. The paper also summarizes the supply and demand according to the three different water sources, portraying the differences on demand among each source and the two settlements. Conclusions include variation of Non Revenue Water (NRW) according to different scenarios and demand per capita per source of water. Finally, a water balance can be developed for the island. Furthermore, verification of data is necessary in order to confirm the total demand per source and per category.

Organic polymers as slow release electron donors for sulphate removal during wastewater treatment

Reyes-Alvarado L.C.a, Rene E.R.a, Esposito G.b, Lens P.N.L.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Chair group Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The

Netherlands b Department of Mechanic, Structure, Environment and Territory, University of Cassino, Biasio 43 03043 Cassino (FR),

Italy

Abstract

In industrial situations, sulfate rich wastewaters are usually deficient in electron donors and expensive electron donors such as formate and lactate are added externally to reach high sulphate removal efficiencies. The use of electron donors increases the biological activity of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), leading to the formation of hydrogen sulfide. In this research, starch from potato (2 and 5 mm3), cellulose from filter paper (2 and 5 mm2) and chitin from crab shell (2 and 4 mm Ø) were evaluated as

potential low-cost electron donors for biological sulfate reduction. Experiments were carried out using

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two particle sizes at 30oC and initial pH of 7.0. In the case of potato, in the absence of sludge, the release of soluble COD was found to be 405 and 492 mg. L-1, for particle size of 2 mm3 and 5 mm3, respectively. This available COD could be due to the presence of glucose in the potato, as well as proteins, which are soluble and can easily diffuse to the anaerobic mineral media. Filter paper released soluble COD of 214 and 231 mg. L-1 for areas of 2 mm2 and 5 mm2, respectively. Anaerobic sludge could also incorporate more soluble COD available for other syntrophic bacteria. In the case of potato it was 600 and 811 mg. L-

1 for both particle sizes, while from filter paper it was 1178 and 1348 mg. L-1 for both areas used. Under similar experimental conditions, chitin gave 181 and 364 mg. L-1 of COD for 2 mm and 4 mm diameter size, respectively. When sulphate was used as the electron acceptor, hydrolysis-fermentation occurred and the soluble COD released was used by the SRB. The electron donors used in this study showed different volumetric sulphate removal rates varying from 13 to 129 mg SO4

2-. L-1. d-1.

Using Bio-methane Potential Tests to Measure Methane Production from Digestion and Co-digestion of Faecal Matter and Organic Substrates

Riungu J.a, Ronteltap M.a, van Lier J.B.a,b


b Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1,2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Slum sanitation remains a complex issue. One way to provide suitable sanitation is to install urine diverting toilets in a franchising approach as is being done by the company Sanergy. However, excreta need to be treated properly, preferably into a marketable product. Co-digestion of faeces and organic waste is a promising technology as it stabilises the material, produces biogas and reduces the total waste volume. To date however, the total energy potential of co-digested UDDT faeces (with sawdust added) and organic slum waste was not evaluated and quantified. In order to get a better grip on these data, Bio-methane Potential (BMP) Tests are essential. This abstract shows the laboratory scale BMP of UDDT faeces, whey, vegetable waste and food waste collected from Mukuru Kwa Reuben, an informal slum settlements in Kenya. The BMP experiments also tests the hypothesis that co-digestion of faeces with organic waste exceeds the individual cumulative methane production, as well as supports additional pathogen removal.

This study contributes to enhancing proper management of faecal sludge within the informal slum settlements in developing countries thus improving on sanitation provision. It also considers that slum dwellers spend a lot of their earnings on providing for their energy needs thus energy produced as methane supplements. In addition, effluent from the study will be pathogen free thus can be used as a soil fertilizer.

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Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization Applications, Scale-Up

Jain R.a,b, Hullebusch E.D.b, Farges F.c, Lens P.N.L.a


b Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France cMuséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, USM 201, 61, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles have applications in xerography, superconductivity, anti-fungal medication and heavy metal removal. However, chemical selenium nanoparticles production methods entail high production cost and are not environment friendly. On the other hand, biogenic selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs) can be produced by reduction of selenite and selenate containing wastewaters at ambient temperature and pressure, thus providing an environmental

friendly and potential cost-effective process, however, the BioSeNPs production technologies are still not well known.

In this PhD research, production, characterization, applications and scale-up of BioSeNPs were studied. The extracted and purified BioSeNPs had a coating of extra-cellular polymeric substances on their surface leading to negative ζ-potential and colloidal stability. This coating provides control the surface charge, shape and size of BioSeNPs. Maldi-TOF analysis confirmed the presence of proteins on the surface of BioSeNPs leading a way to understand selenium biomineralization process in nature. This would also have implications in the self-assembly of functional selenium nanomaterial. . BioSeNPs were also found to be a very good adsorbent for zinc, copper and cadmium ions. The adsorption process followed two stages for zinc adsorption but single step for cadmium and copper adsorption. The adsorption of heavy metals was fast and effective at even at low pH. This provides for a new technology for simultaneous removal of BioSeNPs present in the effluent of UASB reactor treating selenium oxyanions containing wastewaters and heavy metals. X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Zn K-edge on BioSeNPs loaded with zinc suggested the important role of extra-polymeric substances on interaction of BioSeNPs and zinc ions. BioSeNPs can also be produced by aerobic reduction of selenite to elemental selenium by activated sludge. However, this led to the entrapment of BioSeNPs in the sludge flocs. The effect of this entrapment led to better settling but poor dewaterability of the sludge.

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Seawater for phosphorus recovery from urine

Rubio-Rincón F.J.a,*, Lopez-Vazquez C.M.a, Ronteltap M.a, Brdjanovic D.a, b

a Sanitary Engineering Chair Group. Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, The Netherlands.

b. Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.

Abstract

The direct use of seawater as secondary quality water for toilet flushing can function as a free unlimited magnesium source for phosphorus recovery from urine through chemical precipitation. This research assessed the precipitation of phosphorus present in urine in form of struvite as a result of mixing with seawater. Taking into account the different feces and urine collection systems available, seawater was mixed with (a) non-hydrolyzed urine to mimic water-

flush urinals (b) hydrolyzed urine to mimic water-free urinals. Different seawater-to-urine mixing ratios were analyzed taking into account the water volume commonly used by conventional toilets, urinals and urine-diverting toilets. Up to 99% phosphorus removal was observed at seawater-to-urine ratios below 3.3:1.0 (as the ones reached by water-less and water-saving urinals). Above this ratio the hydrolysis process in non-hydrolyzed urine is inhibited. Phosphorus removal occurred through the formation and precipitation of struvite; less struvite crystals were observed at Ca/PO4-P ratios higher than 0.8. Seawater can be used as a source of ions for phosphorus recovery from urine; water-free urinals, diverting toilets and water-flush urinals operating with seawater-to-urine ratio lower than 3.3:1.0 (like water-saving systems) can provide better conditions for phosphate precipitation using seawater as magnesium source.

Model-based assessment of water-borne diseases caused by flooding in urban environments

Skoullos I.M.a , Lopez Vazquez C.M.a , Vojinovic Z. a , Brdjanovic D.a,b

a UNESCO-IHE, Environmental Engineering & Water Technology Department, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The

Netherlands. b Department of Biotechnology. Delft University of Technology. Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.

Abstract

In the last decade, flooding has caused the death of around 63,000 people. One of the main causes of this mortality, except from drowning and injuries, is infection due to the release of water-borne pathogenic microorganisms from flooded sewers or municipal and livestock operations.

Although the adverse public health effects of water-borne pathogens are known, there is not much understanding yet on the potential relationships between the flood events

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and the spread of water-borne diseases in an integrated way.

The aim of this project is to get a better understanding of water-borne pathogens' dispersal by flooding in urban areas and to explore the environmental factors that influence the viability of these pathogens, during and after the duration of the flood.

In order to investigate these factors, the viability of the indicator organisms will be studied on: (i) different soil surfaces (e.g. asphalt, sand and grass), (ii) exposed to different operational conditions (e.g. pH and temperature) and (iii) climate conditions (i.e. solar radiation). The results will be used to formulate a mathematical model, aim to be incorporated in existing flood models and used as a tool for mapping the public health risks during extreme events and inform and warn the key stake holders.

Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Technical Options in Emergencies

Zakaria F.a , Garcia H.a, Hooijmans C. M. a, Brdjanovic D. a, b

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC

Delft, The Netherlands) Abstract

A study on the cause of death in Darfur, Sudan (2012), highlighted the importance of improving sanitation in displacement camps. It was found that majority of death occurred not due to the violence but due to diseases that were contracted as a result of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in the displacement camps. As part of the efforts to provide effective and prompt emergency response, it is helpful beneficial to have a decision support tool for sanitation relief providers to select an appropriate technical option for emergency sanitation. This research developed a computerized decision

support tool for emergency sanitation that incorporates the complexity of an emergency situation. The decision support system (DSS) mapped all feasible sanitation technologies categorically in corresponding sanitation chain. Each sanitation technology was then analysed for its compatibility to other technology in the list. The selection process goes through two major steps namely screening and evaluation. Trying to be as user-friendly as possible for everyone to be able to use it, it aims to contribute to better sanitation responses in emergency situations around the world.

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Instruments for Water Supply and Sanitation Services Provision to the Urban Poor

dos Santos R.a,b, Gupta J.a,b, Schwartz K.a, Pouw N. b

a UNESCO-IHE , IWSG Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b UvA University of Amsterdam, GID/AISSR Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

Although the 2010 United Nations Resolution on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation represents an important advance in acknowledging this right, the provision of water supply and sanitation services (WSS) in the context of poverty and rapid urbanization remains a challenge for integrated urban water management and governance in many cities worldwide. Where WSS are inadequate, the poor are the most affected, resulting in negative impacts to society: waterborne diseases, environmental pollution, social exclusion etc.

The scientific literature indicates that pro-poor policy instruments are not well defined and usually fail to reach the poor. Against this background, the current part of this PhD research aims to identify and analyse the pro-poor policy instruments in place at multiple levels, facilitating/motivating WSS provision (for the urban poor). The main method used was literature review of scientific articles and discussion of key policy documents, using the keywords: instruments definition; pro-poor instruments (or incentives or tools) - in general or specifying one of the 5 selected types of policy instruments: regulatory, economic, technical, suasive and management (at the community level); WSS pro-poor initiatives (or water or sanitation). The discussion and results follow the adapted version of Oran's Framework for Institutional Analysis (Young et al., 2005) at multi-level. Even though the research focused on the identification and analysis of instruments motivating WSS 'provision' for the urban poor, research findings indicate that aspects concerning the potential beneficiaries of these services also play a role in actual access, such as willingness to pay and affordability. Therefore, the provision of WSS not always results in actual access by the urban poor. Findings provide insights to a wider body of scientific and practical knowledge on institutional arrangements for WSS provision pro-poor which may improve integrated urban water management and governance in the cities of the future.

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Moderators: Kun Yan (morning) & Aline Saraiva Okello (afternoon)

Speaker biography

1 Juan Carlos Chacon-Hurtado Was born in Cali, Colombia. He graduated as Civil Engineer in 2009 from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, by submitting his thesis about probabilistic slope stability analysis. Later in 2010, he moved to Delft, NL, to pursuit his MSc diploma in water science and engineering, under the specialisation of Hydroinformatics (WSE-HI), where he graduated with distinction in 2011 by submitting a thesis on data assimilation for operative flow forecasting systems, as a research assistant in Deltares. Does anyone read this? Immediately after that, he started his PhD in design of hydrometric sensor networks with varying topology, which is actually taking place. His professional background consists mostly in Geotechnical engineering applied to slope stability analysis, extensive experience in water loss control in urban distribution systems and modelling. Currently he is one of the main contributors and developers of the ongoing HIPy (HydroInformatics Python toolbox, http://bit.ly/195GhTr) initiative, an open source Hydroinformatics tools repository.

2 Ms. Trang Duong is from Viet Nam and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2011, she has been conducting research on the topic "Climate Change Impacts on The Stability of Small Tidal Inlets (CC-STI’s)" at UNESCO-IHE and Deltares, in collaboration with CSIRO (Australia), Univ. of Moratuwa (Sri Lanka) and Lund University (Sweden). This PhD study is funded via the UPARF scheme.

3 Micah Mukolwe is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department. He is from Kenya and since mid 2011 he has been conducting research on the topic 'Flood inundation modelling under uncertainty'

4 Mrs. Zahrah Musa is from Nigeria and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Living with sea level rise on a subsiding delta: using satellite data and information as tools to develop adaptation and mitigation measures for the Niger delta".

5 Ms. María Carolina Rogelis is from Colombia and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2009, she has been conducting research on the topic "Operational Flood Forecasting, Warning and Response for Multi-Scale Flood Risks in Developing Cities".

6 Ms. Patricia Trambauer is from Uruguay and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2011 she has been conducting research on the topic "Hydrological Drought Forecasting in Africa at Different Spatial and Temporal Scales ".

7 Mr. Kun Yan is from China and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the IWSG Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2011, he has been conducting research on the topic "Low-cost space-borne data for inundation modelling: topography, flood extent and water level".

8 Mr. Salinas Rodriguez is a Bolivian civil engineer with specialisation and experience in water and soil related topics. In 2010 he graduated from the Water Science and Engineering master program at UNESCO-IHE, Delft-The Netherlands. He has experience in research in Bolivia, South Korea, and now is registered as PhD fellow at the Flood Resilience Group at UNESCO-IHE. His PhD research topic is “Adaptation Tipping Points and Opportunities for Flood Resilience and Water Sensitivity”

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A new approach for use of hydrological models and machine learning error corrector schemes

Chacon-Hurtado J.C. , Xu Y., Alfonso L., Solomatine D.

UNESCO-IHE , Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

The use of machine learning error corrector schemes have been proved useful in hydrological modelling during the latter years, due to the simplicity of its concept, and the increasingly power of machine learning algorithms to cope with regression problems. The use of these schemes intend to describe the error of a hydrological model, which is aimed to be as unpredictable as possible (in the ideal case, white noise), limiting its applicability taking into account the equifinality principle.

Considering this, it is proposed that the model parameterisation to be used altogether with an error corrector scheme, should not aim to directly minimise an error metric, but to maximise the predictability of the error for a target lead time, and from this point the error corrector will increase the performance of the likelihood metric. This will lead the hydrological models to fit the most random part of the series, disregarding most of the systematic errors, which are going to be addressed by the error corrector. Following this, the synergy between models and error corrector will boost, leaving models to explain the unpredictable part of the error, while post-processors will take care of the most predictable part of it.

Morphodynamic Response of Small Tidal Inlets to Climate Change

Duong T.a, Ranasinghe R.b, Luijendijk A.c, Walstra D.J.d, Roelvink D.e

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Engineering, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands b UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Engineering/Deltares, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

c Deltares/Technical Uni. of Delft, P.O.Box 177, 2600 MH , Delft, The Netherlands d Deltares/Technical Uni. of Delft, P.O.Box 177, 2600 MH , Delft, The Netherlands

e UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Engineering/Deltares, P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Tidal inlet behaviour is governed by the delicate balance of oceanic processes such as tides, waves and mean sea level (MSL), and fluvial/estuarine processes such as riverflow and heat fluxes. Alarmingly, all of these processes can be significantly affected by climate change (CC) processes, which may result in severe negative physical impacts. A sophisticated process based coastal morphodynamic model (Delft3D) is applied to strategically selected schematised inlet morphologies and forcing conditions, representing real inlet/lagoon systems to investigate potential range of CC impacts on the stability (closed/open state and locational stability) at small tidal inlets (STI’s). These series of schematised conditions were developed such that the following main inlet morphodynamic characteristics were represented:

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• Type 1: Permanently open, locationally stable

• Type 2: Permanently open, alongshore migrating

• Type 3: Seasonally/Intermittently open, locationally stable

Results show that CC driven variations in system forcing are likely having varying levels of impact on inlet stability depending on forcing and inlet type:

- Under some extreme CC scenarios, inlet stability can be affected significantly leading to the change of inlet type. For example: when CC driven variations in wave angle, a Type 2 inlet can change into a more stable Type 1 inlet.

- Type 1 and Type 3 inlets do not change type even under the most extreme CC scenarios. However depending on the CC scenario, the stability of these inlets may vary to become more/less stable compared to the present.

- Under certain CC scenarios, Type 2 inlets may migrate up to 4 times more/less, while Type 3 inlets may close up to 50% faster/200% slower compared to present.

- Mostly CC driven variations in littoral drift appear to lead to changes in inlet stability condition. Not SLR as is commonly believed.

Results demonstrate that a process based coastal morphodynamic model (Delft3D) can be strategically used to gain qualitative insights into the potential CC impacts at STI’s. Snapshot simulations (1-2 year long) of idealised inlet systems undertaken with a process based model can provide very useful information on how CC may affect the stability of STI’s.

Testing a new data source for flood modelling under structural, parameter and observation uncertainty

Mukolwe M.M. a,c , Yan K.a,c, Di Baldassarre G.b , Solomatine D.P.a,c


bDepartment of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villav. 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden c Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, Netherlands

Abstract

In this study we assessed the utility of EUDEM, a recently released digital elevation model, to support flood inundation modelling. To this end, a comparison with other topographic data sources was performed (i.e. LIDAR, Light detection and ranging; SRTM, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) on a 98-km reach of River Po, between Cremona and Borgoforte (Italy). This comparison was carried out by using different model structures while

explicitly accounting for uncertainty in model parameters and upstream boundary conditions. This

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approach facilitated a comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty associated with hydraulic modelling of floods. Our results showed that, for this test site, the flood inundation models built on coarse resolutions data (EUDEM and SRTM) and simple one-dimensional model structure performed well during model evaluation.

Uncertainty in hydrodynamic modelling of flooding in the Lower Niger River with downstream Sea Level Rise

Musa Z.N. a, Popescu I.b, Mynett A.a c.

aDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands [email protected]

bDepartment of Integrated Water Sytems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands [email protected]

cDepartment of Civil Engineering, Technical University, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands

Abstract

Uncertainty in modelling results can be introduced via different sources including: the input data, the modelling assumptions, simulations based on hypothetical scenarios, etc. 1D and 1D/2D hydrodynamic Sobek models of flooding in the Niger River were set up with discharge data as upstream boundary conditions and tidal water level data as downstream boundary conditions. The models were run for the years 1998, 2005, 2006, and 2007; the data for 1998, 2006 and 2007 were flooding data while 2005 data was normal flow data. The model setup included 48 cross sections located between

Lokoja and the two ends of rivers Forcados and Nun. The boundary conditions were varied downstream at the mouths of rivers Forcados and Nun using sea level rise (SLR) values adopted from the Rahmstorf predicted values; the simulations were projected for the years 2030 and 2050. Five modelling scenarios were set up to simulate the interaction of river flooding with downstream rise in sea levels. The scenarios were: sea level rise with normal year flow from upstream, sea level rise with a flooding year flow from upstream, sea level rise with flash floods from upstream, sea level rise with subsidence and flooding year flow from upstream, and sea level rise with subsidence and flash floods from upstream. The use of predicted SLR values for modelling introduces uncertainties in the model outputs. Another source of uncertainty was the value for land subsidence (25mm/yr) adopted from estimates by local experts (the exact value is not yet known and might vary within the area). Uncertainty analysis of the modelling results were carried out using Monte Carlo simulation methods to give the possible modelling results for effects of downstream SLR on flooding extent, flooding time and change in water depth in the Niger delta.

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Regional flash flood susceptibility analysis in peri-urban areas through morphometric and land use indicators

Rogelis M.C.a , Werner M.ab

a UNESCO-IHE , P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

b Deltares, PO Box 177, 2600MH Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

A method for assessing regional flash flood susceptibility at the watershed scale, based on an index composed of a morphometric indicator and a land cover indicator is proposed and applied in 106 peri-urban mountainous watersheds in Bogotá, Colombia. The indicator of flash flood susceptibility is obtained from readily available information common to most peri-urban mountainous areas and can be used to prioritise watersheds that can subsequently be subjected to detailed hazard

analysis.

Susceptibility is considered to increase with flashiness and the possibility of debris flows occurring. Morphological variables recognised in literature to significantly influence flashiness and occurrence of debris flows are used to construct the morphometric indicator by applying principal component analysis. Subsequently, this indicator is compared with the results of debris flow propagation to assess its capacity in identifying the morphological conditions of a watershed that make it able to transport debris flows. Propagation of debris flows was carried out using the Modified Single Flow Direction algorithm, following identification of source areas by applying thresholds identified in the slope-area curve of the watersheds. Results show that the morphometric variables can be grouped in four indicators: size, shape, hypsometry and (potential) energy, with energy being the component that best explains the capability of a watershed to transport debris flows. However, the morphometric indicator was found to not sufficiently explain the records of past floods in the study area. Combining the morphometric indicator with land cover indicators improved the agreement, providing an indication of flash flood susceptibility in the study area. The analysis shows that even if morphometric parameters identify a high disposition to the occurrence of debris flow, improving land cover can reduce the susceptibility. On the contrary, if favourable morphometric conditions are present but deterioration of the land cover in the watershed takes place then the susceptibility to debris flow events increases.

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Towards a drought early warning system for the Limpopo river basin, southern Africa

Trambauer P.a, Maskey S.a, Werner M.a,b, and Uhlenbrook S.a,c

a UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

b Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600MH Delft, The Netherlands c Delft University of Technology, Water Resources Section, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Droughts are a widespread natural hazard with large socio-economical and environmental impacts. Drought management in the past has focused on the response to drought events, but it is now clear than a new paradigm on drought management based on improving resilience and preparedness to drought by early warning should be adopted. The semi-arid Limpopo basin in Southern Africa has experienced severe droughts in the past, resulting in crop failures, high economic losses and the need for humanitarian aid. As a step towards an early warning

system, we address the seasonal prediction of hydrological drought for the Limpopo river basin by testing three proposed forecasting systems that can provide operational guidance to dam operators and water managers within the basin at the seasonal time scale. All three forecasting systems include a distributed hydrological model of the basin, and are forced with different ensembles of seasonal meteorological forecasts. The selected hydrological model is a finer resolution version of the continental scale hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB, which was set up for the Limpopo basin. We first tested the model performance on simulating hydrological droughts in the period 1979-2010 by comparing with reported historic drought events. Agricultural and hydrological drought indicators were computed from the model results and compared with meteorological drought indicators. The indicators considered were able to represent the most severe droughts in the basin and to some extent identify the spatial variability of droughts. Moreover, results show the importance of computing indicators that can be related to hydrological droughts, and how these add value to the identification of hydrological droughts that would otherwise not have been apparent when considering only meteorological indicators. We then determined the skill of the three proposed forecasting systems in predicting drought indices and streamflow. Two of the forecasting systems show good potential for seasonal hydrological drought forecasting in the Limpopo river basin, which is encouraging in the context of providing better operational guidance to water users.

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Exploring the Potential of SRTM Topography and Radar Altimetry to Support Flood Propagation Modeling: The Danube Case Study

Yan K.a and Di Baldassarre G.b

a Hydroinformatics Chair Group, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands

b Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villav. 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Abstract

Flood inundation modelling is one of the essential steps in flood hazard mapping. However, the desirable input and calibration data for model building and evaluation are not sufficient or unavailable in many rivers and floodplains of the world. A potential opportunity to fill this gap is offered nowadays by global earth observation data, which can be obtained freely (or at low cost), such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and radar altimetry. However, the actual usefulness

of these data is still poorly investigated. This study attempts to assess the value of SRTM topography and radar altimetry in supporting flood level predictions in data-poor areas. To this end, we built a hydraulic model of a 150 km reach of the Danube River by using SRTM topography as input data, and radar altimetry of the 2006 flood event as calibration data. The model was then used to simulate the 2007 flood event and evaluated against water levels measured in four stream gauge stations. Model evaluation allows the investigation of the usefulness and limitations of SRTM topography and radar altimetry in supporting hydraulic modelling of floods.

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An interpretation of 'water sensitivity' and 'resil ience' bringing together flood and drought risk management

Salinas Rodriguez C.N.A.a,b; Gerosinus B.a,b, Ashley R.a,b,c, Rijke R.a,b, Wong T.b and Zevenbergen C.a,d

a Flood Resilience Group, UNESCO IHE, Delft, The Netherlands

b Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia c Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England

d Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

Water management in an urban context calls for the recognition of the dynamic nature of the urban fabric and its interaction with the social, economic, political, cultural and ecological systems that are essential components for the urban environment. At the same time, there is an increasing recognition of how cities are water sensitive and how resilience can be affected by urban (re)development projects that look for a multi-purpose service. Water Sensitive Urbanism (WSU) is a relatively new paradigm aiming for the

integration of these various aspects of urban systems and services.

Within WSU, sensitivity and resilience are concepts that can help to better understand the mutual relations of various systems, although these may be especially focused on water stress. Both concepts are frequently defined independently from each other, and their definition varies upon the focus that water management researchers and practitioners want to emphasize; which can create ‘grey zones’.

Bringing together both concepts can advance their application with respect to flood and drought risk management. Their interaction can best be considered by identifying how the system responds to external pressures and defining the threshold for continuing in the same regime, which provides an indication of the boundaries of resilience of the system.

The 4 Domains Approach (4DA) is presented as a development from the 3 Points Approach (3PA) to assist in placing urban surface water within the land use, urban design and planning processes, in order to obtain maximum value from the synergies between surface water and other urban systems. The 4DA considers four different domains providing a better understanding of the continuous process in relation to resilience, sensitivity and the point at which a regime shift occurs. Moreover, the 4DA helps to understand how flood and drought risks can be taken as a positive opportunity for the development and enhancement of urban areas utilising the interactions and synergies between the surface water management system and society. Examples of this are the water plaza projects and the green roof programme in Rotterdam.

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Special Session Themes;

• Technical and social tools for sustainable management of urban systems in river basins and deltas

• Soft and hard infrastructure for sustainable urban services, including food production, energy, and waste (water) management

Moderators: Maurizio Mazzoleni (morning) & Zahrah Musa (afternoon)

Speaker biography

1 Farhana Ahmed Farhana, has been pursuing her PhD degree under the Flood Resilience Group of the Water Science Engineering Department since March 2012. As a planner, she has been working in the fields of regional planning, climate change and environmental and socio-economic assessments for the last 10 years.

2 Mss. Laura Basco Carrera is from Spain and is registered as a PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "The use of computer-based models in a participatory decision making process in the field of Water Resources Management ".

3 Mr. Liqin Zuo is from China and is registered as a PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2014, she has been conducting research on the topic "Sediment Alluvial Process in Wave-Current Boundary Layer".

4 Ms. Blandine Ouikotan is from Benin and is registered as a PhD sandwich program fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, she has been conducting research on the topic "Flood Modeling in Cotonou: hydrological and hydraulics aspects".

5 Ms. Pedi Obani is from Nigeria and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2014, she has been conducting research on the topic " Environmental Human Rights and Development: Case of Sanitation".

6 Mr. Mohanasundar Radhakrishnan is from India and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2013, he has been conducting research on the topic "Development of flexibility based adaptive measures for urban flood risk management systems under uncertainty ".

7 Victor Paca is Hydrologist Engineer of Geological Survey of Brazil, fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands, since 2014, who worked in field campaigns at Amazon Basin, streamflow measurements at large rivers. His research area is remote sensing.

8 Arda I şıldar, M.Sc. (TUM) ; As of October 2013, Arda is a full time researcher at the Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery chair group of Environmental Engineering Water Technology department at UNESCO-IHE as a PhD fellow on the research project entitled ''Metal recovery from electronic waste''. His research interests include but not limited to environmental biotechnology, e-waste management, and sustainability.

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Resilient Adaptation to Flood Risks under Urban Growth and Climate Change Dynamics: Application of Adaptation Tipping Point Method to

the case studies of Dhaka and Dordrecht

Ahmed F.a

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands, PhD Participant

Abstract

Urban flooding is a huge threat for urbanized areas around the world especially in the developing countries. Climate change is expected to increase precipitation and cause more frequent flooding events. Next to the climate change, urbanization in the future and their impacts on flooding are vital for flood risk assessment. Policy makers have traditionally relied on rigid strategies that are not enough. This situation calls for the formulation of resilient strategies that are flexible and can adapt with the changing conditions of climate and urban areas. The study will be conducted with a view to identify the impacts of changing climate and urbanization on urban flooding. The

recently developed ATP approach will be applied in combination of Adaptation Policy Pathways (APP) approach for assessment of strategies and formulation of adaptation pathways. Conventional modelling techniques for river and rainfall flooding will be used to generate flooding scenarios under varying urban growth and climate change rates for Dhaka city. Apart from the more technical tools, various social tools will also be used like surveying, stakeholder interviews or participatory workshops.

Participatory and informed decision making using a Collaborative Modelling approach

Basco-Carrera L.a


Abstract

In the last decades decision makers have demanded to the scientific community the development of computer-based models to better understand the functioning of the water system. Besides, stakeholder participation in the decision making processes has become widely recognized as a pre-requisite for sustainable management of water resources. A wide variety of participatory approaches oriented at the process of stakeholder participation has been therefore developed over the last few decades.

However, much less scientific research has been carried out to explore the use of existing computer-based models in these participatory planning and decision making processes. The need for effectively involving stakeholders in informed decision making processes in the field of Water Resources Management and the way in which such computer-based models can be used for this purpose still remains a challenge. This PhD research aims to analyse and further develop the potential of Collaborative Modelling to bridge the gap between the scientific community and the decision making processes by using computer-based

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models in participatory planning and decision making processes. Accomplishment of this objective is carried out by firstly the development of a generic framework that makes it possible to identify the most suitable approach (e.g. Group Model Building, interactive modelling, etc.) for a specific participatory and informed decision making process given various levels of participation, planning stages, local contexts, to mention a few. Secondly, the Collaborative Modelling approach will be applied for two major water-related issues: water allocation, using the computer-based model RIBASIM, and Flood Risk Management, using SOBEK. The Collaborative Modelling approach will be applied to three case studies: Indonesia, Nigeria and Mongolia. The preliminary findings of the implementation of the Collaborative Modelling approach combining Group Model Building and RIBASIM in Indonesia will be presented during the PhD Symposium at UNESCO-IHE.

Advance in numerical simulation for sediment transport under co-action of waves and currents

Zuo L.Q.a , Roelvink J.a


Abstract

In coastal and estuarine areas, waves and tidal currents always coexist, which has great influence on sediment transport. It’s of great significant to research the numerical simulation of flow and sediment movement under co-action of tidal currents and waves for harbour development, reclamation, coast utilization etc. State-of-the-art of the numerical simulation methods are reviewed. Summaries and comments are made about the following: wave-current boundary layer models, numerical simulation of currents movement effected by waves, numerical simulation of waves effected by currents,

numerical simulation of sediment transport under co-action of tidal currents and waves, and modelling strategies for wave-current-sediment interaction.

Flood modeling in Cotonou: Hydrological and hydraulics aspects

Ouikotan R.B.a , van der Kwast J.a, Mynett A.a , Afouda A.b

a UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

b University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin

Abstract Introduction : Cotonou, is the most urbanized city and the economic capital of Benin. Like many cities in developing countries, especially in West Africa, flooding is an important issue affecting the livelihoods of the citizens. Five projects relevant to flood risk reduction are currently being executed in Benin. The projects are rather isolated, all covering a limited number of aspects related to flooding, while not considering the complex flooding issues in an integrated manner. This research proposes to connect the 5 running projects to address the

Cotonou flooding issues in a holistic manner.

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Objective: This research proposes to develop a model application for flood risk assessment that supports the framework for the choice of mitigation and adaptation measures. The model application and the framework for selection of flood risk reduction measures will support decision making for long term planning under different scenarios of climate change, urban growth, land-use change and sea level rise. As such it directly contributes to the current development of the inclusive Oueme River delta plan. Methodology: Two types of flood risk (pluvial and fluvial) will be assessed for the system to be studied and combined for overall flood risk. For each type of flood risk, the social, economic and environmental impacts will be assessed for a set of flood events scenarios. For each flood risk assessment, we identify mitigation and adaptation measures and their positive impacts will be assessed based on a multi-criteria (cost, acceptability by communities, benefits for ecological preservation, etc.) selection approach. The step by step framework developed for the selection of mitigation and adaptation measures for urban flood risk management in Cotonou is also to be sufficiently generic so it can be applied to other coastal cities in West Africa where physical features and current flood management strategies are similar.

Sanitation transition, drivers, and the human rights approach

Obani P.C.a

a UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Department of Integrated Water Systems & Governance, 2611 AX, Delft, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam; Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies,

1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Benin, Faculty of Law, 300283, Benin, Nigeria

Abstract

The concept of sanitation transition refers to the empirical patterns of change in sanitation solutions that have been used over the course of various human civilizations. On the one hand, the transition often results from contextual issues and drivers that lead to lack of sanitation. On the other hand, certain instruments such as human rights can influence social actors to change their behaviour and promote universal access to sanitation. There are ongoing studies focused on developing

instruments and incentives to provide access for over 2.5 billion people around the world who live without adequate sanitation; and 1 billion people continue to engage in open defecation. However, the effectiveness of such instruments and incentives depends on their ability to counteract the effects of the prevailing drivers for lack of access to sanitation in any given context. This presentation analyses the relevance of the human right to water and sanitation as an instrument for promoting sustainable sanitation transitions. It provides an overview of sanitation transitions; a typology of the drivers that have influenced the transitions; and the relevance of the human rights approach for promoting sustainable sanitation transitions. The conceptual framework for analysis combines transition analysis with an adaptation of the Oran Young framework for multi-level institutional analysis. The analysis is based on literature review, assessment of national sanitation policies, and analyses of data obtained from household surveys conducted in Benin City, Nigeria. It is expected that the outcomes should contribute to the progressive development of the body of knowledge on the human right to water and sanitation and sustainable sanitation solutions.

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Real in Adaptation of urban drainage systems to climate change

Radhakrishnan M. a, Gersonius B. a, Pathirana A. a, Quan Nguyen hong b

a UNESCO-IHE , Water Sciences and Engineering Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands

b Institute for Environment and Resources (IER), Viet Nam National University - Ho ChiMinh City, Viet Nam Abstract

Inherent uncertainties are the main matter of constrain and concern for any fool proof urban flood management programme. Adaptation to changes and uncertainties could benefit from solutions that are flexible and are not dependent upon accurate or precise predictions of change. Resilience approach tackles uncertainty by taking a dynamic perspective on adaptive processes across different spatio-temporal scales. Real In Options (RIO) and Adaptation Tipping Points (ATP) are two assessment methods that can be used with in resilience approach to deal with future change. RIO is based on the

probability distribution of uncertainties whereas ATP is based on physical boundary conditions where acceptable standards could be compromised for all plausible scenarios. Though RIO and ATP approaches are considerably different in orientation and approach, they could be used in conjunction to tackle over simplification of actual system reaction and to incorporate and value flexibility of adaptive options of drainage systems. The spatio-temporal uncertainty of ATP could also be expressed in terms of box-wisker plot over a probable range of values instead of a definite limit. The Real in Adaptation approach of combining RIO and ATP could be effective in planning resilience based options for drainage systems that are subjected to multiple uncertainties such as change in rain fall intensities, run off regime, river levels and sea level rise. This approach is being tested though a case study application in a small urban catchment in Can Tho city, Vietnam which is sensitive to climate change. The ATP approach is being used to determine the physical and socio economic tipping points for the urban drainage system where the RIO approach is used to assess the alternate flexible options for drainage systems based on conventional drainage & embankment solutions, Sustainable urban Drainage Systems (SuDS), mainstreaming options and multi functionality aspects.

Large scale hydrological assessment, variability and prediction under data scarcity - case application: the Amazon River

Paca V.H.M.1

1. UNESCO-IHE, Hydrology and Water Resources, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract

The scarcity of available and reliable hydrologic data for the Amazon Basin has serious consequences that spread through different spheres such as water supply, flood management, public health, environmental preservation, navigation, hydro-power plants, and economic growth. Reliable calibrations of hydrologic and hydraulic models are extremely difficult, resulting in huge uncertainties in the prediction and management of water resources, especially when these are necessary to predict, assess, and evaluate risks.

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The main input data for hydrological modelling is precipitation. For the specific case of the Amazon Basin, where the lack of information and the cost to operate the hydrological network is huge, rainfall satellite products are an option to improve the prediction models. The purpose is to evaluate and assess the ground-based data available, using all open access, and freely available satellite products. The aim is select the best for the region using to predict floods, droughts and forecasting, not only for Brazil, but the whole Amazon Basin. There are 10 to 15 global standard products of rainfall, and the first step is to make an ensemble prediction of weekly and monthly rainfall over the Amazon using these open access data sources.

TRMM and its successor GPM have onboard radar capabilities and this is useful for estimating raindrop distribution and densities. Their pixel size is however large, and this has a few practical drawbacks. A downscaling procedure for TRMM and vs. GPM data will be developed for acquisition of local rainfall estimates. Local rainfall estimates are also a pre-requisite for calibration against rain gauges at meteorological stations.

Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste

Işıldar A.a, Hullebusch E. D. vanb, Puhakka J.c, Vossenberg J. van dea, Rene E. R.a, and Lens P. N. L.a

a UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Pollution Prevention and Research Recovery, Westvest 7,

2611AX Delft, the Netherlands b Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Geomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEMLV,

77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France c Tampere University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 8,

33720 Tampere, Finland

Abstract

Discarded electric and electronic devices comprise a growing segment of waste generated at households. Despite the growing awareness and deterring legislation, most of the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is disposed in landfills. Inappropriate management of electronic waste is of global concern due to the nature of production and disposal of waste in a globalized world. In addition to toxic compounds present in WEEE, it also contains considerable quantities of valuable materials such as copper, gold, aluminum and nickel.

Metal concentration of printed circuit boards (PCBs) especially that of precious metals, is higher than those of the natural ores. Discarded electric and electronic devices and particularly PCBs have the potential to be a very promising secondary source of metals. The major economic driver for recycling of electronic waste is the recovery of valuable metals. Recovery of metals is traditionally carried out by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, which have their own drawbacks and limitations.

In this research, biological treatment of discarded boards, with the aim to recover metals of interest, will be investigated. Using microbes for metal recovery enables environmentally sound and cost-effective processes to recover metals from waste material. In this context, microbial leaching and recovery of metals from leachate (e.g. bioleaching, biosorption, and bioprecipitation) will be investigated. Copper (Cu) and gold (Au) are selected as metals of interest in this research.

Due to distinct chemical behavior of base and precious metals, a multi-step bioleaching process is to be considered in this research. In the first step, base metals (e.g. copper) are leached out using

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chemolithotrophic acidophilic bacteria whereas the gold will be leached out by cyanide producing bacteria in the following step. Recovery of metal ions from leachate solution will be subsequently carried out by precipitation using sulfide, biosorption using bacteria and fungi, as well as electrowinning. Finally, a techno-economic assessment of the newly-developed technology as well as the environmental performance of the metal recovery process will also be evaluated.

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Theme: Information and Knowledge systems

Moderators: Silas Mvulirwenande (morning) & Fernanda Achete (afternoon)

Speaker biography 1 Ms. Castro Gama is a Civil Engineer from Bogota, Colombia. He is a fulltime PhD fellow in the

Integrated Water Systems and Governance (IWSG) department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since October 2012, he has been conducting research on the topic "Model-based optimization of water distribution networks for managing energy consumption, water losses and water quality" as part of the EU-FP7 project ICeWater.

2 Ms. Bernardete Coelho is a PhD student from the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Aveiro in Portugal. Since 2012, her research has been mainly focused on modelling, simulation and optimisation of water distribution networks in order to improve their energy efficiency.

3 Ms. Fernanda Achete is Brazilian and currently fulltime PhD fellow in Coastal Engineering and Port Development of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands. She is in the third year of her research on "Long-Term Sediment Dynamic Numerical Modeling". Her work is part of a multidisciplinary project including climate and watershed modeling, and their implication in fauna and flora. The aim of the research is couple different time and space scales in one model, considering several sediment sources and sinks.

4 Ms. Jakia Akter is from Bangladesh and has started PhD at UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands from 2014 on the topic titled "Decade to century-scale geo-morphological development of the Bangladesh delta". She is M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Water Resources Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.

5 Ms. Marmar Mabrouk is from Egypt and is registered as a sandwich PhD fellow in the Integrated Water Systems and Governance Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2010, she has been conducting research on the topic "Climate and Development impacts on Nile Delta, Egypt".

6 Maurizio Mazzoleni Mr. Mazzoleni is from Italy and registered as a full-time PhD fellow in the Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, Delft, The Netherlands. He started his PhD research, on the topic “Optimal integration of heterogeneous uncertain data into adaptive water models”, in October 2012. His research interests include hydrologic and hydrodynamic modelling, in particular he will deal with issue related to flood forecasting, data assimilation, flood inundation mapping, flood risk and uncertainty analysis.

7 Mr. Quan Pan is from China and is registered as a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department of UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2014, he has been conducting research on the topic " Heavy modeling based multi object optimization under cloud computing environment".

8 Mr. Seleshi Yalew is from Ethiopia and is a fulltime PhD fellow in the Water Science and Engineering Department at UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Since 2010, he has been conducting research on the topic of "Integrated Land and Water Resources Management in Africa".

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Progressive increase of energy efficiency for a pumped Water Distribution Network (WDN)

Castro Gama M.E.a, Jonoski A.a, Popescu I.a.


Abstract

Improved efficiency in operation of large Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is becoming an increasingly demanding task for cities all over the world. In the EU context, where many of the municipal systems of large cities are operated as fully pressurized pipe networks, the objective of reducing energy consumption and its associated cost is becoming more and more important. This presentation is for one such case, the city of Milan, in Italy, where energy efficiency gains are sought through reduction of energy consumption for pumping water in the WDN. Within the framework of the EU-FP7 project ICeWater, a sector of the city of Milano named Abbiategrasso has

been isolated to operate as a separate Pressure Management Zone (PMZ), and will serve as case study for the presentation. The optimal selection of pump schedules in this PMZ, that lead to reduction of energy consumption can be achieved in different ways. Three optimization algorithms have been selected in this study, to compare their capabilities, and to study the trade-offs between different objective functions that were formulated. These algorithms are: heuristic algorithms (Non-dominated Sorting Algorithm [NSGA-II], Multi-Objective Differential Evolution [DEMO] and Adaptive Simulated Annealing [ASA]). All of them have been coupled with a simulation model of the Abbiategrasso PMZ that was separately developed using the EPANET modelling system. It will be demonstrated that a progressive increase of efficiency in the system can be achieved with proper use of optimal pump schedules. The presentation will conclude with a discussion on the implementation of new sensors in the PMZ that will be used to test and validate the results of this study, which is future work to be developed in the coming year.

An approach for the pumping costs minimisation in water distribution systems

Coelho B. a, Andrade-Campos A. a.

a GRIDS/TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campo Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro.

Abstract

With the fast population growth, the immediate consumers supply without any planned strategy has led to inefficiently operated water supply and distribution systems, increasing the associated energy costs. A significant fraction of these costs, that represents the major expenses in water supply, is related to the water pumping. Usually, the pumps operation only depends on the maximum and minimum levels of the tanks responsible for the consumers supply, i.e., the pumps are only activated when the tanks reach their minimum levels and then they are kept operating until the tanks are full. This procedure does not take into account the variations on the daily energy tariff and, several times, the pumps are operating during the peak of energy price, implying unnecessary costs.

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The aim of this work is to apply a proposed numerical methodology for pumps control optimisation in water networks taking into account (i) the energy prices variation, (ii) the consumers supply and (iii) the networks operability.

In order to reach the objectives, an integrated numerical tool consisting on separated modules was developed using C++ programming language. An optimisation module is responsible for the application of distinct optimisation techniques and a simulation module is used to verify the response of the networks to the provided optimised controls. For the hydraulic simulation of the networks, the EPANET 2.0 is used. The optimisation variables considered in the proposed approach correspond to the operating time of pumps and also to their speed range or setting (in case of variable- or fixed-speed pumps, respectively).

The proposed methodology is applied to some benchmarking networks, using distinct optimisation algorithms.

Results revealed that the developed numerical tool can reduce energy costs significantly, providing feasible solutions for the networks operation.

2D Process-Based Model for Assessment of Suspended Sediment Budget

Achete F.M.a , van der Wegen M. a , Roelvink D. a, Jaffer B. b


b USGS-Pacific Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, USA Abstract

In many estuaries, most of the sediment is fine and transported in suspension. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is a key variable determining estuarine health. Fine sediment attenuates light penetration into water limiting photosynthesis by phytoplankton and microalgae and associated primary estuarine production, helps to stabilize vegetation, and plays an important role in salt marsh survival under sea level rise scenarios. The goal of this work is to simulate the spatial and temporal variation in SSC, flow, and sediment budget for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.

We model SSC by coupling a 2D version of the process-based model DFlow-FM, which calculates 1 year (water year 2011) of hydrodynamics, with the water quality model Delft-WAQ, which calculates SSC using the Krone-Parteniades formulation. The SSC level results are compared to in-situ data to calibrate the model. From the calibrated stations we calculate sediment budget for different Delta regions.

Our modeling approach allows calculation of the sediment budget in Delta sub-regions (north, central/eastern, central/western, and south). Overall, the Delta traps two-thirds of all inflow sediment. However, different parts of the Delta have different trap efficiency. Model results show that northern Delta (the least efficient) traps ~23%; central/eastern Delta traps 32%, central/western 65%, and the southern Delta is most efficient trapping 67% of the sediment. The highest trapping efficient regions correspond to islands inundated through levee breaching. These results agree with data and fill gaps where there are no measurements.

We were able to reproduce the sediment budget and seasonal variation in SSC for the Delta, including small creeks. The approach can be further applied to hind- as well as forecast changes in the budget and sediment concentration variability of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. This study illustrates that process-based models can be a useful tool for calculating sediment budgets in complex systems.

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Decade to century-scale geo-morphological development of the Bangladesh delta

Akter J.; Roelvink D.; Popescu I.

UNESCO-IHE , Department P.O.Box 3015, 2601 DA , Delft, The Netherlands Abstract

Bangladesh, a major part of the Bengal basin, which is one of the world's largest and most populated deltas, has highly vulnerable coastal environment due to its low-lying floodplains. The Ganges-Brahmaputra is one of the three largest riverine sources of water and sediment for the world’s oceans, and has developed the delta to its present form about 100,000 km2. About one trillion cubic meter water with one billion tonnes of sediment makes the system morphologically very active. The delta is an active tide-dominated delta and progrades at a rate of 17 km2/year in the

last five decades; whereas most of the deltas are suffering from sediment starvation. Delta progradation always makes the river system unstable and dynamic causing the delta to become very dynamic with rapid changes. Many studies have been carried out on the delta development in millennium timescale, but almost no study that addresses decade to century scale delta development. Short time scale prediction is required for getting prepared against the unwanted hostile response of the processes to unavoidable circumstances.

Erosion in the moribund delta and accretion in the active delta, hydro-morphological connectivity to the back swamp area in between Ganges floodplain and tidal plain area, and salinity intrusion along with high subsidence rate in the west have made the physical processes very complex. On the other hand, the delta has been prograding in the eastern part with a high rate, which may have caused river shifting or avulsion. However, a newly developed river itself developed its natural levee. Thus changes in one process initiate some other alterations in processes. Therefore, all these processes made the delta very dynamic and possibly unpredictable. A process response model is required for long-term planning and is the focus of this study; though at this stage it is uncertain to what extent it can capture the full complexity.

All identified natural and anthropogenic drivers will be incorporated in the delta model, preferably Delft 3D, using land bathymetry from digital elevation model of 1950s, and river and estuary bathymetry, along with time series hydro-morphological data. The goal of this research is to enhance knowledge on the century to decade-scale development processes of the Bengal delta and its response to future changes for predicting future threats. A process response conceptual model will be developed which would predict the dynamic system to make the delta plan sustainable for a longer period.

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Delineating the seawater/freshwater interface in Nile Delta using 3D modeling

Badr M. a Jonoski A. a, Oude Essink G.b, Solomatine D. a, Uhlenbrook S. a


bDepartment of Soil and Groundwater, Deltares, Utrecht, Netherlands

Abstract

Groundwater resource is of great significance to Egypt, especially knowing that the amount of available surface water is insufficient and endanger of being even lessen in the future. However, seawater intrusion (SI) is invading this precious resource and causing salinization of groundwater in the Nile Delta which has a great economical, environmental and social value. A number of researchers have studied salinization of groundwater in Nile Delta from different perspectives and using different tools. This paper demonstrates a new approach to simulate SI in Nile Delta and identifies the vulnerable zones of salinization using a three dimensional (3D) regional variable

density model. The model results confirm the presence of various salinity concentrations in different layers of the groundwater aquifer due to SI in the north of Nile Delta. Moreover, it highlights some localities in the east and southwest of the Nile Delta with increase in salinity concentration due to excessive abstraction and dissolution of marine fractured limestone and shale from the underneath geological layer.

Assimilation of soil moisture observations from remote sensing in operational flood forecasting

Mazzoleni M.a , Alfonso L.a, Solomatine D.P.a.


Abstract

Flooding and the resulting damages occurred in Europe in recent decades showed how the need of a preparation to critical events has to be considered as a key factor in reducing their impact on society. It has been shown that early warning systems may reduce significantly the direct and indirect damages and costs of a flood impact. In order to improve the forecasting systems, data assimilation methods were proposed to integrate real-time observations into hydrological and hydrodynamic models.

The aim of this work is to assimilate observation of soil moisture into an operational flood forecasting system in Northern Italy in order to evaluate the effect on the water

level profile along the main river channel. The methodology is applied in the Bacchiglione catchment, located in the North of Italy, having a drainage area of about 1400 km2, length of main reach of 118km and average discharge of 30m3/s at Padova. In order to represent this system, the Bacchiglione basin was considered as a set of different sub-basins characterized by its own hydrologic response and connected each other mainly by propagation phenomena. A 1D hydrodynamic model was then used to estimate water level along the main channel.

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The assimilation of the soil moisture observations was carried out using a variant of the Kalman filter-based technique. The main idea of this study was to update the model state, the soil water capacity, as response of the distributed information of soil moisture, and the consequent estimation of the flow hydrograph at the basin outlet.

The results of this work show how the added value of soil moisture into the hydrological model can improve the forecast of the flow hydrograph and the consequent water level in the main channel. This study is part of the FP7 European Project WeSenseIt.

Heavy modeling based multi object optimization under cloud computing environment

Pan Q.a


Abstract

This PhD research is consisted with two parts. The first part is related to the development of cloud computing service for water science. The second part is the innovation of fast solution for heavy model based multi object optimization problem.

Cloud computing is the hottest topic in the 21st century. It involves less new technologies, but the way of resources and services managements. In this PhD study,

the first objective of cloud computing is to provide the modelling service by using PHP’s core technology, Zend. The second is to develop affordable web service architecture for heavy simulation.

For the optimization part, using the surrogate modelling technology for optimization. This technology can efficiently reduce the time consumption. The main challenges are minimize the uncertainty of the input dataset and the proper algorithm used for selecting the sub-domain.

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Land cover change analysis on the Upper Blue Nile basin using the GEE platform

Yalew S.G. a*, van Griensven A. a,b, Mul M.M. c, van der Zaag P. a,d

a UNESCO-IHE Institute of Water Education, Delft b Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels

c International Water Management Institute (IWMI)-Accra, Ghana d Water Resources Section - TU Delft, Delft

Abstract

Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a platform designed to enable petabyte-scale, scientific analysis and visualization of geospatial datasets which is currently undergoing beta test and is set to be released by Google. It is currently released for ‘trusted testers’ and partner developers. GEE is a platform that makes available nearly 40 years of the world’s satellite imagery with cloud computing resources and tools for scientists and researchers. The platform is set to provide computational

power using Google’s parallel processing power and access to develop and/or run algorithms on the full Earth Engine data archive. Its applications include detecting deforestation, classifying land-cover and estimating forest biomass and carbon. In this study, we demonstrate the application of this major development in spatial data analysis to compute and visualize land cover change in the past 20 years in the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia. We believe that the tools and computing resources (access to massive archives of satellite imagery data, cloud computation power as well as various image analysis algorithms) provided with the Earth Engine platform is very promising for scientists, researchers and the public in general, especially for those who lack the software and hardware resources in particular to process, analyze, model and visualize such huge amount of environmental data and dynamics of the Earth system.

Keywords: GEE, land cover, Blue Nile, remote sensing, visualization *Correspondence email: [email protected]

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POSTERS

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Poster: 1 Yared Abebe

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Poster: 2 Farhana Ahmed

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Poster: 3 Jakia Akter

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Poster: 4 Laura Basco Carrera

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Poster: 5 Nirajan Dhakal

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Poster: 6 Reem Digna

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Poster: 7 Raques dos Santos

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Poster: 8 Yuli Ekowati

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Poster: 9 Alexander Kaune

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Poster: 10 Clara Lines

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Poster: 11 Daniel Mananchie

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Poster: 12 Maurizio Mazzoleni

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Poster: 13 Neiler Medina Pena

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Poster: 14 Polpat Nilubon

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Poster: 15 Joel Onyango

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Poster: 16 Saowanit Prabnakorn

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Poster: 17 Francisco Rubio Rincon

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Poster: 18 Jessica Salcedo Borda

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Poster: 19 Shaimaa Theol

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Poster: 20 Liqin Zuo

unesco-ihe phd week...mustapha h.: phytoremediation of heavy metals from secondary treated refinery...

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