Unification of Italy

Factors hindering unity

• Congress of Vienna-Metternich insisted on keeping Italy divided

• Austria opposed unity to keep control of Lombardy and Venetia

• Pope wanted disunity to retain the Papal states

• Nationalists argued over type of govt for united Italy

Promoting Unity

• Nationalism-glory of Roman empire

• Patriotic Societies– Carbonari- secret society to establish united

Italian republic– Young Italy-1831 Mazzini-promoted

nationalism and democratic ideas among people

– Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy who tried to unify Italy (1848)

Nationalist Leaders

• Mazzini- Young Italy 1848-seized papal states and declared Roman Republic -forced to flee when French troops crushed uprising (Soul of Unification)

• Garibaldi-military-fought against Fr and Austria (Red Shirts), (Sword of Unification)

• Cavour- Prime minister of Sardinia- promoted diplomatic moves (Brain of Unification)

UNIFICATION

• Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia-Piedmont- granted liberal constitution supported Cavour’s policy- 1861 became king of Italy- unified it by annexation– Lombardy 1859-defeated Austria– Duchies-1860- People drove out Austrians

and voted to join Sardinia– Two Sicilies- 1860- Garibaldi and1000

redshirts

• Papal States-1860-Cavour overran and annexed Papal states, but not Rome

• Venetia-1866 War -Italy and Prussia defeated Austria

• Rome 1870- Franco-Prussian War-France withdrew troops from Rome, Italians overran and annexed Rome

Unification of GermanyPromoting Unification

• Common nationality

• Abolished Holy Roman Empire 300 states became 100 German states

• Congress of Vienna- reduced to 38 states organized into German Confederation

• Zollverein- 1819- Prussia formed tariff union included most German states-removed internal tariff barriers

Hindering Unity

• Differences in German people-Protestant north, Catholic south

• Austria-Nationalism in Ger might spread to multinational Austria-Carlsbad Decrees (strict supervision of education, teachers, universities, student organizations) and censorship of newspapers, pamphlets and books.

• Smaller German states feared to lose authority• France feared united Ger. Would overpower

them

Leaders of Unification

• Bismarck-Prime Minister of Prussia 1862- Junker (landowner) despised democracy- wanted to unify Germany through Blood and Iron

• William I-Hohenzollern King of Prussia (1861-88) 1871 became Emperor of Germany- supported Bismarck

• Moltke-Prussian general-impressive military victories to unify Germany

3 part Unification Plan

• Create Prussian military power under Moltke

• Eliminate Austrian influence– Danish war-took Schleswig and Holstein from

Denmark-Aus and Prussia joint owners– Austro-Prussian war-Prussia and Italy against

Austria- Austria defeated-lost Venetia to Italy, Schl-Hol to Prussia-Austria out of German confederation

• Prussia created North Ger.Confederation and urged northern states to join

• Franco-Prussian War-Bismarck provoked war to get Southern states to join confederation-France lost Alsace and Lorraine-

• German empire established in 1871 when 4 southern states allied with the confederation-William I as Kaiser (emperor)-military rule led way for Nazi dictatorship later

Germany under Bismarck

• Centralized power-national govt. took control of RR, telegraph, postal services, banking, national code of law

• Militarism-compulsory military service, patriotic societies

• Industrialism- rapid change from agric to ind., high tariffs to protect home industry, imperialism for raw materials

• Persecution of subject nationalities-must adopt German culture

• Kulturkamph-fear of Catholic church-loyalty issue=began to weaken church-clergy under state control, civil marriage ceremonies, no church influence in education, Pope denounced

• Reichstag- new parliament• Anti-socialist-no socialist meetings, publications,

to weaken their message Bismarck gave workers health insurance against accidents, old age pension, better wages

• Anti-Semitism- pamphlet, lectures claiming Jews had too much influence over industry and commerce. They were responsible for failure of kulturkamph, destroying social order.

• Foreign policy to isolate France. Created Central Powers alliance

• 1888 William II inherited throne-dismissed Bismarck, reversed friendship with Russia, and repression of socialism-caused much anger. German imperialism led to WWI.