unification of italy and germany
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NationalismNationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than to an empire—to the people with whom they share a culture and history
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“Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into 3 regions:
Parts were foreign controlled by
Austria & France
Parts were controlled by
the Pope
Parts were independent & had their own king
In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see
themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared
territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)
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Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini was a radical
who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 to unify Italy & created a republic
Led a revolution in 1848 which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not unified); Mazzini was overthrown & seen as too radical
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Count Camillo di CavourIn 1849, the king of
Sardinia named Cavour Prime Minister; Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry, reducing the Pope’s influence, & unifying Italy (but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement)
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Giuseppe GaribaldiMeanwhile, in Southern Italy
remained isolated, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution
Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Young Italy & helped in the South American independence movements; he wanted a unified Italy under a republic
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UnificationGaribaldi successfully led the
unification of the South, but Cavour is unhappy (does not want a republic; wants Sardinia’s king in charge)
Cavour tricked Garibaldi into giving up his conquests to Sardinia—Italy’s North & South are unified & a new Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy
By 1871, all French territories are reclaimed & unification is complete
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German Unification
RealPolitik & the
Belligerent Bismarck
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Germany in 1815Germany was the last European
country to unifyAfter the Congress of Vienna, 39
independent German states merged into the German Confederation
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PrussiaPrussia badly wanted to unify these
39 states into a new nation, Germany–Otto von Bismarck was
Prime Minister of Prussia who used RealPolitik— pursue goals by any means necessary (go to war, lie, break treaties)
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To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war
Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united
northern Germany under Prussia’s control)
Franco-Prussian War against France to convince the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than
unification with France
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A United GermanyAs a result of military victories,
Prussia gains support from all German states for unification; 25 states become united under 1 union:–In 1871—Wilhelm I becomes KaiserKaiser
(emperor); Bismarck becomes ChancellorChancellor (Prime Minister)
–Each state has a local ruler, army, & handles its own domestic affairs
–Kaiser heads national government