UNIFICATION OF ITALY

INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION: After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was fragmented into After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was fragmented into

states of various sizes. Some parts were even held by states of various sizes. Some parts were even held by countries like Austria much as it had been before Napoleoncountries like Austria much as it had been before Napoleon

Inspired by the French RevolutionInspired by the French Revolution Several attempts at unity were made in the first half of the Several attempts at unity were made in the first half of the

1800s1800s A strong move for unity finally occurred in the Spring of A strong move for unity finally occurred in the Spring of

18601860

Put the information Put the information about the following about the following

people on your chartpeople on your chart

COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOURCOUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR Prime Minister of Piedmont Prime Minister of Piedmont

(Northern Italy)(Northern Italy) Wrote essays on railroads – could Wrote essays on railroads – could

unite Italy economicallyunite Italy economically Got French to help drive Got French to help drive

Austrians out of Northern Italy Austrians out of Northern Italy and annexed North and Central and annexed North and Central Italy to Kingdom of PiedmontItaly to Kingdom of Piedmont

GIUSEPPE GARIBLADI

Led a group of volunteers called the “Red Shirt” army

United most of the southern half of the Italian peninsula with the Kingdom of Sardinia

Agreed to join it with Piedmont

VICTOR EMMANUEL IIVICTOR EMMANUEL II

Was confirmed king of Was confirmed king of Italy in 1860 after Italy in 1860 after elections were heldelections were held

His new kingdom His new kingdom included all of Italy included all of Italy except Venetia and except Venetia and the western part of the western part of the Papal States the Papal States around the city of around the city of RomeRome

FINAL UNIFICATION

Italy gained Venetia in the Seven Weeks’ War of 1866

Rome voted overwhelmingly to unite with Italy in 1870, and later that year became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy

Although politically united, Italy continued to remain unstable for many years

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

INTRODUCTION:Napoleon had abolished the Holy Roman Empire and reorganized many German states into the Confederation of the Rhine

Prussia and Austria were the leading Germany states, but Austria held many non-German lands and peoples

Prussia wanted unity, but Austria did not, because it could not bring its non-German territories into Germany

GERMAN STATES BEFORE GERMAN STATES BEFORE UNIFICATIONUNIFICATION

PRUSSIA Organized German states into a customs

union (an economic confederation) Otto von Bismarck , Prussia’s Chancellor,

followed a policy of “Blood and Iron” to unite Germany

Achieved unification through Prussia’s economic and military power

New technology (rifle and railroad) helped Prussia build the most powerful army in Europe

WILLIAM I (Wilhelm I)

Became king of Prussia in 1861

ADD BISMARK AND WILLIAM (WILHELM) II TO YOUR CHART

OTTO VON BISMARCK Appointed to head the

Prussian cabinet in 1862 Opposed democracy and

the idea of a parliament Built the Prussian army

into a great war machine Followed a policy of realpolitik (politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics)

UNIFICATION PROCESS

Bismarck orchestrated three wars – The Danish War, the Seven Weeks’ War, and the Franco-Prussian War to drive Austria out of its leadership position in the German Confederation

Prussia overcame Austria’s influence over the southern German states

After defeating Austria and France, Bismarck was lenient with Austria, but took France’s territories of Alsace and Lorraine and charged them a huge indemnity.

UNIFIED AT LAST

January 18, 1871 a proclamation was issued that declared the formation of a German Empire

The empire included all German states except Austria

Berlin became the capital of the new empire

WILLIAM II (Wilhelm II) Set out to expand

Germany’s colonial empire

Brought Germany into competition with Great Britain militarily

By the 1900s, Germany emerged stronger than ever before

LEFT SIDE ACTIVITY

Draw a recruiting poster for Italian or German unification to inspire prospective soldiers to join your cause to unify your country.