unification of japan late 1400’s- collapse of ashikaga shogunate period of the warring states...
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Unification of Japan
• Late 1400’s- Collapse of Ashikaga Shogunate
• Period of the Warring States
• Unification occurred under three powerful figures: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa
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Unification of Japan
• Oda Nobunaga• Seized Kyoto and
placed reigning shogun under his rule
• Battle of Nagashino - use of gunpowder weapons
• Nobunaga murdered by one of his generals
Oda Nobunaga
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Unification of Japan
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi - succeeded Nobunaga
• Extended lands to include Kyushu and Shikoku
• Two attempts to invade Korea
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Unification of Japan
• Both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi used gunpowder weapons to gain power
• Both unable to totally subjugate daimyo
• Both had to create alliances with daimyo to gain power and hold / administer territory
A gathering of Daimyo
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Unification of Japan
• Tokugawa Ieyasu took control after death of Hideyoshi in 1598
• Tokugawa powerful daimyo of Edo
• Claimed title of Shogun in 1603
• Tokugawa Shogunate most powerful and longest-lasting (1868) Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Shogun viewing heads of enemies
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Interaction with the West
• First contact by Portuguese in 1543
• Arrival of Jesuit missionaries 1549- Francis Xavier
• Focus on top down conversions
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Interaction with the West
• Foreigners welcomed at first• Novelty items- clocks, eyeglasses, and
tobacco• Jesuit missionaries converted many local
daimyo to Christianity. By 1600, much of Kyushu and Shikoku were Christian.
• Christianity used to offset power of Buddhists
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Interaction with the West
• Daimyo interested in gunpowder weapons
• Gunpowder influenced architecture- as daimyo built stone castles
• Eventual banishment of gunpowder weapons and return to the cult of the sword
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Interaction with the West
• Missionaries destroyed Japanese shrines and temples
• Christians persecuted by Hideyoshi- banned by Tokugawa
• Japanese Christian revolts ruthlessly suppressed
• Dutch only Western nation allowed to trade with Japan- limited basis at Nagasaki
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Tokugawa Shogunate
• Tokugawa shogun ruled over Japanese semi-feudal system
• Shogun set policy for the emperor
• State separated into 250 provinces called Hans. Each Han ruled by a daimyo.
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Tokugawa Shogunate
• Two levels of Daimyo: Fudai – (inside) lesser nobility directly
subordinate to the shogun Tozama – (outside) greater and more
independent nobilty, usually residing at greater distance from shogun
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Tokugawa Japan
• Shogun controlled nobility through hostage system
• Peace under shogun lessened need for warrior class
• Many samurai became managers of daimyo estates
Samurai
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Commerce
• Peace under shogunate allowed expansion of commercial sector
• Business beneath them, but many daimyo forced to promote sale of goods to bring in revenue
Japanese market
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Commerce
• Banks formed
• Use of paper money
• Establishment of guilds to regulate the markets
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Samurai
• Did not benefit from peace
• Barred from commerce by tradition
• Relied on rice lands for income
• Many debt-ridden
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Samurai
• Many samurai released from service- became masterless or ronin
• Ronin became problem due to plots and revolts
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Agriculture
• Farmers did not benefit from peace
• High taxes forced many from their lands
• Tenant farming• Wage laborers• Revolts- 7,000 revolts
in Tokugawa period
Rice farming
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Tokugawa Japan
• Japan chose isolation
• Neo-Confucianism replaced by the School of National Learning- philosophy based on native Japanese culture
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Tokugawa Japan
• Unlike scholar-gentry, Japanese did not ignore outside world
• Kept informed of outside events through Dutch trade at Nagasaki
Japanese scribe