unified cognitive science
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Unified Cognitive Science. Neurobiology Psychology Computer Science Linguistics Philosophy Social Sciences Experience Take all the Findings and Constraints Seriously. What are schemas?. Regularities in our perceptual, motor and cognitive systems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unified Cognitive Science
•Neurobiology•Psychology•Computer Science•Linguistics•Philosophy•Social Sciences•Experience
Take all the Findings and Constraints Seriously
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What are schemas?
• Regularities in our perceptual, motor and cognitive systems
• Structure our experiences and interactions with the world.
• May be grounded in a specific cognitive system, but are not situation-specific in their application (can apply to many domains of experience)
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Basis of Image schemas
•Perceptual systems
•Motor routines
•Social Cognition
•Image Schema properties depend on
•Neural circuits
•Interactions with the world
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Spatial schemas•TR/LM relation
•Boundaries, bounded region
•Topological relations
•Orientational Axes
•Proximal/Distal
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Trajector/Landmark Schema
•Roles:
Trajector (TR) – object being located
Landmark (LM) – reference object
TR and LM may share a location (at)
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TR/LM -- asymmetry
•The cup is on the table
•?The table is under the cup.
•The skateboard is next to the post.
•?The post is next to the skateboard.
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Topological Relations
•Separation
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Topological Relations
•Separation
•Contact
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Topological Relations
•Separation
•Contact
•Coincidence:
-Overlap
-Inclusion
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Orientation•Vertical axis -- up/down
up
down
above
belowupright
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OrientationHorizontal plane – Two axes:
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Language and Frames of Reference
•There seem to be three prototypical frames of reference in language (Levinson)
•Intrinsic
•Relative
•Absolute
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Intrinsic frame of reference
frontback
right
left
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Relative frame of reference
frontback
left??
right??
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Absolute frame of reference
north
west
south
east
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semantic schema Containerroles:
interiorexteriorportalboundary
Representing image schemas
Interior
Exterior
Boundary
PortalSource
Path
GoalTrajector
These are abstractions over sensorimotor experiences.
semantic schema Source-Path-Goalroles:
sourcepathgoaltrajector
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Language and Spatial Schemas• People say that they look up to some people, but
look down on others because those we deem worthy of respect are somehow “above” us, and those we deem unworthy are somehow “beneath” us.
• But why does respect run along a vertical axis (or any spatial axis, for that matter)? Much of our language is rich with such spatial talk.
• Concrete actions such as a push or a lift clearly imply a vertical or horizontal motion, but so too can more abstract concepts.
• Metaphors: Arguments can go “back and forth,” and hopes can get “too high.”
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Regier Model Lecture
Jerome A. FeldmanMarch 4, 2008
With help from Matt Gedigian
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Neural Theory of Language
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Language Development in Children
•0-3 mo: prefers sounds in native language
•3-6 mo: imitation of vowel sounds only
•6-8 mo: babbling in consonant-vowel segments
•8-10 mo: word comprehension, starts to lose sensitivity to consonants outside native language
•12-13 mo: word production (naming)
•16-20 mo: word combinations, relational words (verbs, adj.)
•24-36 mo: grammaticization, inflectional morphology
•3 years – adulthood: vocab. growth, sentence-level grammar for discourse purposes
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Trajector/Landmark Schema
•Roles:
Trajector (TR) – object being located
Landmark (LM) – reference object
TR and LM may share a location (at)
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Language and Frames of Reference
•There seem to be three prototypical frames of reference in language (Levinson)
•Intrinsic
•Relative
•Absolute
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English ‘on’1.The computer is on the desk
2.The picture is on the wall
3.The projector is on the ceiling
LM
TR
DN
UP
TR/LM, verticality, contact, support
LM
TR
TR/LM, contact, attaching force
LM
TR
TR/LM, contact, attaching force
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Image schemas
•Trajector / Landmark (asymmetric)
•The bike is near the house •? The house is near the bike
•Boundary / Bounded Region
• bounded region has a closed boundary•Topological Relations
•Separation, Contact, Overlap, Inclusion, Surround•Orientation
•Vertical (up/down), Horizontal •Absolute (E, S, W, N)
LMTR
bounded region
boundary
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Spatial schemas•TR/LM relation
•Boundaries, bounded region
•Topological relations
•Orientational Axes
•Proximal/Distal
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Regier’s Model
•Training input: configuration of TR/LM and the correct spatial relation term
•Learned behavior: input TR/LM, output spatial relation
Learning System
above below left right in out on off
Input:TR
LMabove
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Issue #1: Implicit Negatives
• Children usually do not get explicit negatives
• But we won’t know when to stop generalizing if we don’t have negative evidence
• Yet spatial relation terms aren’t entirely mutually exclusive
• The same scene can often be described with two or more spatial relation terms (e.g. above and outside)
• How can we make the learning problem realistic yet learnable?
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Dealing with Implicit Negatives
• Explicit positive for above
• Implicit negatives for below, left, right, etc
• in Regier:
E = ½ ∑i,p (( ti,p – oi,p) * βi,p )2,
where i is the node, p is the pattern,
βi,p = 1 if explicit positive,
βi,p < 1 if implicit negative
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above – positive examples
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above – negative examples
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above – after training
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above – test examples
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Learning
Systemdynamic relations(e.g. into)
structured connectionistnetwork (based on visual system)
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Issue #2: Shift Invariance
• Backprop cannot handle shift invariance (it cannot generalize from 0011, 0110 to 1100)
• But the cup is on the table whether you see it right in the center or from the corner of your eyes (i.e. in different areas of the retina map)
• What structure can we utilize to make the input shift-invariant?
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Topological Relations
•Separation
•Contact
•Coincidence:
-Overlap
-Inclusion
-Encircle/surround
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Limitations
•Scale
•Uniqueness/Plausibility
•Grammar
•Abstract Concepts
•Inference
•Representation
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Demo of the Regier System
•on the English above
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Language and Thought
• We know thought (our cognitive processes) constrains the way we learn and use language
• Does language also influence thought?
• Benjamin Whorf argues yes
• Psycholinguistics experiments have shown that linguistics categories influence thinking even in non-linguistics task
Language
Thought
cognitive processes
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Image schemas
•Trajector / Landmark (asymmetric)•The bike is near the house •? The house is near the bike
•Boundary / Bounded Region •a bounded region has a closed boundary
•Topological Relations•Separation, Contact, Overlap, Inclusion, Surround
•Orientation•Vertical (up/down), Horizontal (left/right, front/back)
•Absolute (E, S, W, N)
LMTR
bounded region
boundary
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More image schemas
•Proximal / Distal•distance from center (near/far)
•Part / Whole•top of the hill, cover of the magazine
•Container•interior, exterior, boundary, portal
•Source-Path-Goal•source, path, goal, trajector
•Force-Dynamics•support, force
S GPTR
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Regier’s Model
•Training input: configuration of TR/LM and the correct spatial relation term
•Learned behavior: input TR/LM, output spatial relation
Learning System
above below left right in out on off
Input:TR
LMabove
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Learning
System
We’ll look at the details next lecture
dynamic relations(e.g. into)
structured connectionistnetwork (based on visual system)