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Unified Kurdish Lang...Authored by Hamma Mirwaisi

6.0" x 9.0" (15.24 x 22.86 cm)Black & White on White paper100 pages

ISBN-13: 9781483931357ISBN-10: 1483931358

Unified KUrdisH LAngUAge

The Language of Zoroaster and Darius the Great

ALISON BUCKLEY and HAMMA MIRWAISI

HAMMA MirwAisi & ALison BUcKLey

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Unified Kurdish Language

The Language of Zoroaster and Darius the Great

Copyright © 2013 Hamma Mirwaisi and Alison BuckleyAll rights reserved. This book is copyright protected. Apart from any fair dealings for the purpose of private study, criticism, research or review as permitted under the Copyright Act (Australia), no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be addressed

to the copyright owners.

A copy of this book can be found in the National Library of Australia

Acknowledgements: ‘Map of the Median Empire’ public domain through Wikipedia (University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at

Austin.) Images of Prophet Zoroaster, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche and Darius the Great – public domain property through Wikipedia.

ISBN-13: 978-1483931357ISBN-10: 1483931358

Ancient and Modern Kurdish Language/historicalUnified Kurdish Language:The Language of Zoroaster and Darius the

Great. Any similarity between the characters in this book and real people, living or dead, is coincidental.


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Dedication

To my wife and our children and grand children, I appreciate your help by allowing me to serve our people the Kurds and other Airyanem people.

As they say for every action there must be a reaction. That is a law of physics, but it can be a law for the behavior of humans as well. Events in my life were the ‘actions’; the reaction to those events was the writing of this book—quite an unexpected event. Whether my destiny was decided by some invisible spiritual source or not is impossible to say. Nevertheless, here I am and here is the book, the research for which led me to discover the 2500 year-old lost language of my people and to learn of the reasons for their unfortunate fate – Hamma Mirwaisi.

To the Kurdish people - I hope one day to be able to communicate with you in your own unified language – Alison Buckley (consultant for the English language).


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Contents

Unified Kurdish Language -------------------------------------------------- 2

Dedication --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Authors’ Foreword ----------------------------------------------------------- 5

Map of Median Empire ------------------------------------------------------ 6

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Why a Unified Kurdish Language? ---------------------------------------- 8

Description -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

The Prophet Zoroaster’s Philosophy and Western scholars ----------- 10

The Prophet Zoroaster and Western scholars --------------------------- 13

Word Translations of 7 songs from the Gathas ------------------------- 14

The translation of each word in the 7 songs above --------------------- 22

Numbering of the Avesta and Sanskrit ---------------------------------- 26

Behistun cuneiform inscriptions ------------------------------------------ 27

Word Translations for Behistun Cuneiform Inscriptions --------------45

In Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------- 77

Authors’ Afterword -------------------------------------------------------- 79

References ------------------------------------------------------------------ 80

Authors ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 82


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Author’s Foreword

To the Kurdish People from Hamma Mirwaisi

To those Kurds who sacrificed their lives so that their countrymen and women can live in their own land of Kurdistan peacefully; to the Kurdish people who have been suffering for over 2500 years since the collapse of the Median Empire; to those Kurds who really want to help other Kurds live in Kurdistan peacefully; never forget that the forefathers and foremothers of the many different Aryan tribes from which you come started the first civilization.

Two and a half centuries ago in mysterious and tragic circumstances we became enemies of the Jewish people who used to be part of us by blood. Consequently although the Jewish people worked hard to erase the evidence of our true origins and what lawfully belonged to us, we are still known as Kurds today. Unfortunately other nations of the Greeks, Arabs, and Turks followed our own Jewish people to help erase our language, religion, culture, history and heritage. Now, like no other time, we need a unified language to help us re-discover so much more about ourselves.

Only education will help our Kurdish people to understand our suffering for over 2,500 years and it will also lead us Kurds to liberation so that we can live in our beloved homeland of Kurdistan, according to our peaceful culture.

I understand that since the collapse of the Median Empire over time many Kurdish tribal leaders became merchants who sold the Kurdish people’s material, spiritual and human heritage for their own notoriety and monetary gain. Many principalities were built by traitors against the Kurds, for example Bani-Erdalan, Baban, Badexan and others. But after 1800 CE the Kurdish people moved away from tribal leaders to religious leaders in the hope that they would lead them to freedom; their hopes were dashed when they realised what two of these more prominent leaders had done to them. The Kurds, especially those from poor families, moved to join political parties; very quickly they found out that one leader was as dictatorial as the other.

What must the Kurdish people now do? In my opinion they should seek an organization that advocates the formulation of a constitution as the basis for the establishment of the Kurdish nation and its laws, instead of relying on self-interested individuals. Such a constitution must be formulated in constitutional conferences of respected political and other leaders and prominent, benevolent citizens chosen by the people, who must then approve it in a referendum vote. The US people in their short history have become the leaders of the world because of the US Constitution. Many of you do not know that their constitution came from the genius of Cyrus the Great and General Harpagos, who have not been regarded


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by Kurds as their finest leaders because of their portrayal as anti-Kurd by misguided and erroneous Greek and Jewish scholars.

As a matter of fact both Cyrus and General Harpagos were genuine Medes and they built the Median Empire. Cyrus did not create the Persian Empire, nor did he kill his grandfather, King Astyages, and General Harpagos never betrayed this Median King and the Median Empire. These stories by Greek and Jewish scholars were part of a campaign to eliminate the Medes (Kurds) from history.

I, Hamma Mirwaisi, am dedicating this start up booklet to help you participate in re-building our past by using a unified alphabet and unified language.

Out of the three alphabets used in the Prophet Zoroaster’s songs, including the modern Kurmanji Kurdish dialect and the Aryan language of Darius the Great, which form the basis of the ancient and modern Kurdish languages, I have formulated one alphabet as below.

Here are the 33 letters for a ‘standard alphabet’ to be used for a Unified Kurdish Language and by the other Airyanem groups from Pakistan to Turkey and from Kurdistan to the former Soviet Union countries.

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, Th, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Za, â, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, th, u, û, v, w, x, y, z


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Map of the Median Empire


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Introduction

The people known as Kurds are the descendents of the Prophet Mahabad (according to the Mitra religion’s teachings) and the Prophet Zoroaster (according to the Zoroastrian religion’s teachings).

Language is the major tool for communication between most people. The religions can also unite people’s language through their teachings. From religious teachings come many aspects of culture. And from culture come history and heritage.

The Airyanem (Aryan) people, especially the Kurdish people are lucky that their unified languages are preserved in the songs of the Prophet Zoroaster and the Behistun cuneiform inscriptions.

But the modern Kurdish political parties have used the differences between Kurdish dialects to gain more members within that dialect. Two south Kurdistan ruling families in particular have successfully used people speaking the Soranî Kurdish dialect against others speaking the badini (Kurmanji) Kurdish dialect or vice versa. These two Kurdish family rulers with their supporters have hurt the Kurdish people more than their enemies have done. They are known by the Kurdish people now as war merchants, not liberators of the Kurds. Creating obstacles to unity, peace and access to human rights they spend millions of Kurdish oil money to divide the Kurdish people, anyway they can.

The people need knowledge of their language, culture and history to be united. It is clear that a divided people are never going to have a country and peace within it. Instead of uniting them, the occupiers of Kurdistan are not only working hard to divide Kurds along the lines of dialect but they also exploit differences in tribal names, regions and so forth. Also some immediate past and present Kurdish and Islamic political leaders have used religion to divide the Kurdish people.

Furthermore the Kurdish language has been corrupted with the Arabic and Turkish languages. As shown in the example below, the author has injected Arabic words in the three principle words of the Prophet Zoroaster’s teaching of ‘Good Thought, Good Word and Good Deed written in the Kurdish language.

ZERDUŞTNAME: Baş Bifikire, Baş Bêje, Baş Bike- (Selahaddîn Mihotulî-Ji dîroka Ferhengîya Kurdan)

Here is the real and original word in the Kurdish language by Prophet Zoroaster for the “Good Thought, Good Word and Good Deed” below:

Humata, Hûkhta, Hvarshta


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It means, ‘The good thoughts must come from us, for whatever you have to say, that is your deed.’

These words in the Kurdish language above have evolved to this below:

Hemata, Hekmata, Roshta.


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Why a Unified Kurdish Language?

Today the PKK is the largest political organization in Kurdistan. As far as I know, probably because it is too busy trying to bring about Kurdish geographical and political unification, it has not done much for the Unified Kurdish Language.

It is also clearly evident that the KDP of Barzani and the PUK of Talabani plus Gorran of Nawshirwan Mustafa along with Islamic parties, communist parties and socialist parties from left to right and from right to left, have not even considered a Unified Kurdish Language.

The Kurdish people should ask them why they do not want a Unified Kurdish Language. After all, it existed at the orgins of the Median Empire, under the great Kay-Xesraw, whose territory some of these organisations are trying to regain.

People without a unified language, history, culture and heritage will find it difficult to combine as one. Only united people can be successful in the establishment of a nation. A common language is very helpful in developing a shared understanding.

All of the above parties are claiming to be liberators; the key for liberation is to become a united people. Well could any observer ask why the above parties seem to not want the Kurdish people to be united through language, cultural observances and knowledge of their history!

Below is my opinion, I hope that you as Kurds will also have an opinion. Together we can put irresistible pressure on these political parties’ leadership to help Kurdish people to become as one through the use of a Unified Kurdish Language, as presented in this book.


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Description

A unified alphabet is the basis for a unified language so that the Kurdish people will understand one another.

The language contribution in this book, although relatively small, is very meaningful because it comes from the roots of the languages used by more than 500 million people in the Middle East. It is meant to be the foundation of a unified language and for a future dictionary of the Unified Kurdish language.

This unified alphabet is good for Kurds who have descended from the ancient Medes (Kurmanji, Soranî, Zazas Dimili, Goran, Lak, Lurs and Bakhtiaris, Hawrami, old Azeri, Talish and other groups), Persians (Pars, Dari, Tajick and other groups) and the entire Airyanem people.

As authors of the historical novels Vashti Queen of the Ancient Medes (Kurds) and Esther Mystery Queen of the Medes (Kurds), Hamma Mirwaisi and Alison Buckley are working to revive knowledge and understanding of the ancient Airyanem Civilization described in these first two books of a series.

We hope that our readers and many others will support the concept of the establishment of an Economic Union for the Middle East to solve some of the problems among the population of that part of the world. It will require the support of a Unified Kurdish Language based on the unified alphabet formulated in this book.


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The Prophet Zoroaster’s Philosophy and Western scholars

Detail of the School of Athens by Raphael, 1509, showing Zoroaster (left, with

star-studded globe).

Here is how Prophet Zoroaster’s philosophy has been explained by Greek scholars according to Wikipedia:

‘In the Gathas, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between aša (truth) and druj (lie). The cardinal concept of aša—which is highly nuanced and only vaguely translatable—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of Ahura Mazda (who is aša), creation (that is aša), and existence (that is aša) and as the condition for Free Will.

The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain aša. For humankind, this occurs through active participation in life and the exercise of constructive thoughts, words and deeds.

Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on Judaism and Middle Platonism and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. Among the classic Greek philosophers, Heraclitus is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.’

Our language study indicates differently. In the above explanation, the word aša (Asia or asiah) is unknown to the scholars and even members of the


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Zoroastrian faith. It is because they do not understand the language of Prophet Zoroaster.

After Alexander Great and the Arab Islamic army destroyed everything that was written by early Zoroastrian members and later by the Sassanid Empire to revive the teachings of the Avesta, no documents of spiritual knowledge and guidance were left for the people in the region. The group of Persians who escaped to India with the remains of the Avesta probably did not understand the language, but the songs of the Prophet Zoroaster and the Mount Behistun cuneiform inscriptions are available for us today to study. Providentially I, Hamma, know how to read both documents now.

The word aša (Asia or asiah Kurds are using this word very often in their conversation) means ‘normal or normality’ in the ancient Kurdish language.

While the word ‘asha’ means ‘flour mill’ in the ancient Kurdish language. The Prophet Zoroaster used this machine as an analogy to explain the human system, which compares the concept of a systematised religion to asha. He also compares God’s system within the universe to asha.

In one of his songs he is saying ‘Ashem vohu’, explaining that his system or the religion that he teaches belongs to almighty God. In another song he says ‘ashaon hu zarathushtrahe,’ meaning ‘I am Zoroaster, the operator of God’s system,’or ‘I am just a messenger from God to teach you the right path.’

There are no ambiguities in his songs. The Avesta language is very old compared to the language used to write the Behistun cuneiform inscriptions. Indeed after careful examination of three principle words from the Zoroastrianism religious beliefs, one can appreciate the evolution of the languages.

The words ‘Humata, Hûkhta, Hvarshta’ mean ‘Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds.

‘Humata, Hûkhta, Hvarshta’ in the Avestan or Avâstâ’s 8000 year old language has evovled into ‘Hemata, Hekmata, Roshta’ in our language today.

‘Humata’ is ‘Good Thoughts’ in English.

‘Hu-ma-ta’ in the Kurdish language can be divided into ‘HU’ which is the name of God who is kind to humans, and ‘Good God’ meaning ‘you must think to be good always.’ ‘MA’ means ‘Me’ in English and ‘TA’ is ‘You’ in English. In short the word means ‘the thinking coming out from you toward others must be good.’

Hûkhta is ‘Good Word’ in English.


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‘Hû-kh-ta’, in the Kurdish language or ‘Hûkhta’ means ‘the saying coming out from you toward the others must be good.’

‘Hvarshta’ is ‘Good Deed’ in English.

‘Hva-rshta’ in the Kurdish language or ‘Hvarshta’ means ‘the behavior coming out from you toward the others must be good.’


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The Prophet Zoroaster and Western scholars

Western scholars rather quaintly admit that, ‘Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on Judaism and Middle Platonism.’

Although the adherants of Judeo-Christianity have been claiming for over 2000 years that theirs is the seminal foundation of Middle Eastern and European civilisation, there is plenty of previously suppressed and hidden evidence otherwise. Critically, it also shows that the Prophet Mahabad and the Prophet Zoroaster, both of whose writings and Airyanem Civilization made significant contributions to the advancement and development of European society, were completely distinct from the Middle Eastern Arab and Turkish peoples and their cultures.

These discoveries answer questions about why the surviving Airyanem people and the rest of the world have not been informed about such misconceptions held for over 2000 years. Briefly the reasons are as follows: after Alexander the Great conquered the region the Greek and Jewish people united to fight the Airyanem civilization; both groups successfully did so by promoting the Egyptian civilization over the Airyanem civilization so the European peoples would forget where they came from. This emphasis covertly, but deliberately prohibited knowledge and understanding of the importance and identifying features of the Airyanem civilisation for over 2000 years until the era of the internet. Using similarly destructive methods, in time Arab and Turkish scholars engineered enmity between both groups of the Airyanem people, that is, the Kurds and the Persians.

All this happened for political reasons. Four groups, namely the Greek, Jewish, Arab and Turkish powers used the European and Airyanem peoples of the Middle East against one another for economic benefit. While the Greeks dropped out of the unbalanced equation of domination earlier, the Jewish, Arab and Turkish forces remained and exerted their political influence and power to our time.

We hope this explanation will prompt all readers with a stake in the outcome of the conflict over the disputed Middle Eastern territories of the former Median Empire to do their own research, regarding the validity of information presented in this book.


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Word Translation for the Gathas of Zarathushtra

Friedrich Nietzsche’s study of the Prophet Zoroaster’s philosophy was the beginning of the end of Greek and Jewish scholarly monopoly on the Western world. Greek propaganda died out but Jewish scholars’ misinformation and their biased views promulgated in the Western world, especially the US, have survived and continue without being subjected to thorough investigation by Western scholars to our time.

In contrast German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche deserves much credit for his novels based on his appreciative understanding of the Prophet Zoroaster’s teachings. His work highlighting the writings of the Kurdish people’s forefathers’ noble principles of civilized living meant he became the first Western scholar to examine these origins.

The enemies of the truth about the Medes (ancient Kurds) originally comprised Greek, Jewish, Assyrian, Armenian, Arab and Turkish scholars, who were followed by Western scholars to the present. After years of their concerted attempts to destroy Prophet Zoroaster’s influence, Nietzsche’s confrontational recognition of the sage’s contribution to civilization finally exposed their dubious practices.

But now, in the era of internet and freedom of information people it is easier to read and do research to find true information about the past.

Misguided teachings are hurting the people of the world. With billions trying to survive in the small house of earth together, unity and co-operation are needed, perhaps for the ongoing existence of the race. While some pursue the idea of inter-planetary colonization, working together to deal with overpopulation, pollution and wars makes immediate sense.

It is time for humanity to think differently by getting out of the corrupted philosophical boxes of the original Greek and Jewish scholars. Their precepts have not solved past and present problems rather they can be seen as contributors to wars, greed and destruction of lives and prosperity. People must now think differently to find solutions to living together on earth peacefully in collaboration.

Friedrich Neitzsche discerned the futility of the enslavement and entrapment of willing or forced adherants to monolithic religions dominated by powerful men who espouse freedom and betterment of the population but rarely deliver either. In his philosophical novel, Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (German: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen) composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885 Neitzsche featured a fictionalized prophet Zarathrustra as protagonist, descending from his mountain retreat to humankind. Unlike the questionable Greek and Jewish reliance on institutional leadership for


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the renovation of humanity, Zarathrustra focused on the renewal of the individual in relationship to his/her fellow human beings and by implication, the deity, whom the real Prophet Zoroaster revered. This reflects Nietzsche’s central philosophy of ‘life-affirmation,’ involving an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be.


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The Latin alphabet used to write Prophet Zoroaster’s songs Gathas

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ô, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Û, V, X, Y, Za, â, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, r, s, sh, t, th, u, û, v, x, y, z

Ahunavaiti GATHA

Song 1

ýânîm manô ýânîm vacô ýânîm shyaothnem

ashaonô zarathushtrahe.

ferâ ameshâ speñtâ gâthå gêurvâin.

nemô vê gâthå ashaonîsh!

Gathas Revelation

Here I brought myself God (good thought), here I brought and implemented God’s order (good word), and here I brought the one worth to worship (good deed)

Messengers of the God, Zarathushtrahe

Always repeat a lot the enlightened Gathas

The name of God comes in Gathas as the reliever of pain and suffering


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ASHEM VOHU

Song 2

Ashem vohû vahishtem astî. Ushtâ astî

Ushtâ ahmâi hyat ashâi vahishtâi ashem.

This kindle is belonging to God

This kindle (light) is belong to you, you are my heaven, and you are the spirit

You are the spirit for all, indeed you are king; you are residence of heaven in this philosophy.


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YATHA AHU

Song 3

ýathâ ahû vairyô

athâ ratush ashâtcît hacâ

vanghêush dazdâ mananghô

shyaothananãm anghêush mazdâi

xshathremcâ ahurâi â

ýim drigubyô dadat vâstârem.

Laws of God (The Principle of Choice)

Oh God bring them laws

Outlaws stopping your path, the king taking your place here

Do not let the spirit, be stolen make you think differently; the God will live for ever

The one worth to worship by all of us, do not let your soul forget great God

God is the King of Kings for all of us in this place; the God’s path is here

Come for us through that door oh God, your justice is healing for us


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Song 4

ahyâ ýâsâ nemanghâ

ustânazastô rafedhrahyâ

manyêush mazdâ pourvîm speñtahyâ

ashâ vîspêñg shyaothanâ

vanghêush xratûm mananghô

ýâ xshnevîshâ gêushcâ urvânem.

Whatever you can see won’t last forever

The God is the master of love and relief giver

Forever living spirit is great, I am follower, it is enlighten

Him is the king with enlighten worth to worship

The source of soul I am following your path the God will live forever

Him is happiness writer I am listening here him is my soul


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Song 5

ýê vå mazdâ ahurâ

pairî-jasâi vohû mananghâ

maibyô dâvôi ahvå

astvatascâ hyatcâ mananghô

âyaptâ ashât hacâ

ýâish rapañtô daidît xvâthrê.

Me for the great holy God, and the God’s path

Aged person join the one live forever

Join with me for God to become pro God that is it

Wake up get out from your place, indeed it is good life in this place the God never die

Have respect he is your king in this place

This pain can be removed only by God; it will come to an end this suffocation


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Song 6

ýê vå ashâ ufyânî

manascâ vohû apaourvîm

mazdãmcâ ahurem

ýaêibyô xshathremcâ aghzhaonvamnem

varedaitî âramaitish

â môi rafedhrâi zavêñg jasatâ.

Me for the King him not destroyable

Me in this place for him I am the follower

Holy for us in this place is the God’s path

Come with me to God him is our king of kings in this place I am aware about my tongue

Taking this path will bring us pain and suffering

Yes we the follower of God him the pain reliever born within your life until the

death


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Song 7

ýê urvânem mêñ gairê

vohû dadê hathrâ mananghâ

ashîshcâ shyaothananãm vîdush

mazdå ahurahyâ

ýavat isâi tavâcâ

avat xsâi aêshê ashahyâ.

For me oh my soul you are driving me

For him within this head will stay forever

This gift worth to worship who give me my soul

Holiness is the path of God

This for you is normal to do your will in this place

For you goodness to do this is an honor


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The translation of each word in the 7 songs above

Alphabet and Word Meaning in EnglishA Letter, to start the wordAghzhaonvamnem (Agh-zhaon-va-

mnem)I am aware about my tongue

Ahmâi For allAhû For you, for allAhyâ Whatever exists or yes indeed

exists or my wishesAhurâ (A-hu-râ) The path of GodAhurâi The God’s path or those following

God’s pathAhvå That is it or TogetherAmeshâ AlwaysAnghêush Do not let the soul or spiritApaourvîm I am the followerAshâ Him is the kingAshâi You are the king or he is follower

of KingAshât Him is your kingAsha System or old flour millAshaon Operator of systemAshaonô Am God’s operator or messenger

of GodAshaonîsh! Operator of pain or relieving pain

and sufferingAshahyâ Is an honor or indeed the system

existAshem This candle or this lightAshâtcît (Ashâ-t-cî-t) This king coming in your placeAshîshcâ (now is this Bexsheash) This gift in this placeAstî ExistAstvatascâ (Ast-vatas-câ) Wake up get out from your placeAthâ LawlessnessAvat For youAvat xsâi aêshê ashahyâ (Ava-t-

xsâi-aêshê- ashahyâ)For you goodness to do this is an

honor Aêshê To do this or to say this

Â Ha, it is a with sound like haÂramaitish (Â-ra-mai-t-ish) To follow this path will give us

pain and sufferingÂ môi We are the follower of GodÂyaptâ Have respect


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Ânîm Brought

DDadat You justice or Answered my pray

or our prayerDadê Coming fromDaidît Come to an endDrigubyô From that door come GodDazdâ To be stolen or your mind thinks

differently or do not let lie leak into your brain

Dâvôi To become pro God

FFerâ A lot

GGairê To move or functionGâthå (Gâ-thå) Song of prophet Zoroaster which is

meaning ‘This is it’ or this is the saying

Gêurvâin Say it repeatedly over and overGêushcâ I am hearing and accepting your call

HHa In thisHacâ In this placeHathrâ This HeadHyat Indeed or for sure or lifehyatcâ Indeed it is good life in this placeHyat ashâi Indeed you are kingHu Another name for GodHû (Haw, aw, awin) Him or her or them

IIsâi Normal

JJasatâ To the time you live meaning death too

MMaibyô Come to us God or join God with usMan MeMananghâ Live foreverMananghô The God will live forever or God never


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dieManascâ For me in this placeManô My God meaning good God or Good

ThoughtManyêush Stay in with my soulMazdâ Great holy GodMazdâi Pro great holy GodMêñ Make me

NNaz Love or happinessNem Half or nameNemô Name of GodNemanghâ The thing will die or every things is

not going to last forever

ÔÔ (Hu) It is meaning invisible God, good God

you think about, true GodPairî-jasâi Aged personPourvîm I am follower

RRafedhrâi The God is peace giver and take pain

from youRafedhrahyâ Indeed God can relive pain and

suffering or God is happiness giver tooRapañtô Can be removed only by GodRatush Path for your soul or the God is your

spirit to guide you for your path

SShtrahe Smart, brilliantShyaothanâ Worth to worshipShyaothnem Worth my praiseShyao Worth or valueShyaothananãm The one worth to be worshiped by all

of us

Speñtahyâ Indeed there are Enlighten Speñtâ Enlighten

TTavâcâ To do your will in this placeThnem Worship that name


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Th The

U Letter and him or her tooUfyânî Live for everUrvânem My spirit, my soulUshtâ Your are the spirit, or consciousUshtâ astî Indeed you are the SpiritUshtâ ahmâi You are the spirit of allUstânazastô Indeed you are the master of love and

happiness God

VVa TheVå TheVê InVî ComeVo (Boo) ForVohu For GodVac (Vagu) Meaning speak or wordVacô The implementation of God’s good

wordVairyô Bring us GodVanghêush (Va-nghê-ush) Do not let the spiritVahishtâi One who live in the haven or very kindVahishtem My heavenVahishtem astî You are my heavenVaredaitî Continue on this path to the endVâstârem To heal me from illness or terribleVîdush Give me my soulVîspêñg Come as enlightensVohû For him or this is for all of you

XXratûm I am follower of your pathXshathremcâ Him my king of kings here in this

placeXshnevîshâ Happiness giver or good writerXsâi Goodness or doing good thingXvâthrê Your depression, suffocation or

hopelessness

YYatha LawYatha Ahu Laws of GodYathâ Laws or here it is


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ÝÝ (Ya) Kind pointing or referring to unknown,

meaning This, Him, Her, He, SheÝâ (Ya-ha) YesÝâsâ As you can seeÝê (Ya-ee) MeÝi OhÝavat isâi (ýa-vat- isâi) This for you is normalÝaêibyô Come to us GodÝâish This painÝathâ Here it isÝânîm This is what I broughtÝim For us

ZZarathushtrahe (zara-th-u-shtrahe) Zoroaster, his name is meaning that he

is gold and he is wiseZara Gold, diamond or jewelleryZavêñg Birth or bornZhaon Tongue


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Numbering of the Avesta and Sanskrit (saṃskṛtā, summed up)

The numbering system in the language of Avesta and Sanskrit (saṃskṛtā, meaning summed up) is a ‘refined speech,’ it is a historical language. However for a long time it has been called an Indo-Aryan language by Western scholars in favor of the Jewish perspective.

This language is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and a literary and scholarly language in Buddhism and Jainism.

Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Aryan (Indo-European) studies.

Number Avesta Sanskrit (saṃskṛtā)1 aêua êka2 Dua Duâ3 Thri Tri4 Çathwar Çatuar5 Pança Pa’n’ça6 xShuash Shash7 Saptâ Hapta8 Ashta Ashta9 Naua Nâua10 Dasa Dâsa


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Behistun cuneiform inscriptions

The Achaemenid kings left extensive cuneiform inscriptions in Ancient Aryan, (scholars working to divide Aryan people called it ‘old’ Persian on purpose to confuse readers), dated roughly between 600 BCE and 300 BCE. They also left ruins which have been described as the most grandiose of the ancient world. While it is by no means certain that they were orthodox Zoroastrians, the majority opinion among scholars is that this is very likely. One of the strongest arguments for this is the frequent mention of Ahura Mazda in the inscriptions, which is almost certainly an innovation of Zarathushtra's. Their religion is also described by Herodotus in sufficient detail to leave little doubt that they were basically Zoroastrian.

European discovery of the 2500 year old Aryan languages (Kurdish, Elamite, Persian and others) on the Behistun monument led to re-examination of its meaning, some of which is translated below from the Behistun (Behishtan) cuneiform inscriptions to the Kurmanji Kurdish Alphabet for your information.

Dear reader

Please let me know if you find anything wrong or you do not agree with the meaning of words. Write me and I will communicate with you to fix any errors you might find. I appreciate any assistance to make the document understandable and enjoyable for the people to read.

Hamma Mirwaisi

Note In Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 4, number 89 below:He is saying I used Aryan language in my inscription’s writing.88 m : taumâm : uba(r)tâm : paribarâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya :

vashnâ : Au

Protect well the family of these men, because they helped me against those separated from my path, praise upon him, Darius, he is king and law giver, by the favor of,

89 ramazdâha : i(ya)m : dipîmaiy : ty(âm) : adam : akunavam : patisham : ariyâ : âha : utâ : pavast

Auramazdâ (God), this is the inscription which I made, among us, mankind, there are those who are not wise, our reward is written, in Aryan language, alert, as known, it is on clay tablets and on parchment it was composed,


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From Behistun cuneiform inscriptions to the Kurmanji Kurdish Alphabet

Dear reader

I am so excited with my findings which might resolve the differences between Kurds, Persian, Elamites and other branches within our Airyanem Vaejah nations. Please read and understand our old language. Yes indeed we have one common language, called Airyanem Vaejah language of Prophet Zoroaster and the Holy Book of Avesta.

The alphabet of the Kurmanji Kurdish dialect contains 31 letters below:

A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, û, v, w, x, y, z

But our old Airyanem Vaejah language does not have the letters (Q, E, Ê, O and W) in the Emperor Darius the Great’s Behishtan inscriptions, there are letters for sh and th like English, using two letters for one sound.

The alphabet of the Airyanem Vaejah language contains 29 letters below without Q of Arabic:

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Û, V, X, Y, Z

a, â, b, c, ç, d, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, th, u, û, v, x, y, z

My work on the translations of text to English is written below each line with the meaning of each word. Please let me know if you think that the words’ meanings are different. I will look at it and change the words after we agree.

Please extend assistance to those publications that are supporting the education of our people for the introduction of a true democratic system to implement beneficial changes in the lives of all our peoples without intimidation and use of force. They are truly serving our nation’s cause. We do need to get united; I hope my work will be one of the foundations for our union as one nation, as we were during the time of the Median and Achaemenid Empires, and throughout the time of the Parthian and Sassanid Empires too.

Long live our struggle for peace and freedom.


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Word Translation for Behistun Cuneiform Inscriptions by Hamma MirwaisiI Aug-1-2010 Revision

(taken from the trilingual inscription on the face of a gorge beneath a panel of sculptures)

Based on Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953See UC Berkeley site for an Old Persian syllabary

Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 1, 2, 3, 4, 5Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 1:

Alphabet and Word Meaning in EnglishA Is like the ‘a’ in ‘father’ and ‘balm,’

IPA [A], as in bav [bAv] ‘father.’A I, him, thatAbara Bring that or before thatAbavam (A-Bava-m) Those against me or the one want to

fight usAbaram (A-bara-m, aun barie-mi) Bring that for us or bring him for

me Abaratâ (A-bara-tâ) Brought that for youAbava-tya This is danger or could be a warAbava It is fire, do not touch, fight, warAbicarish (Abi-car-ish) The declaration of war, some time

becomes headache or pain or fightAbish He is fightingAbiy Used to beAdakaiy (ada-kaiy) He claim or do his job or

implemented his dutyAdam Mankind, humankind, peopleAdamshim (Adam-shi-m) Human kingAdamshâm Our human king or he is our kingAdamshaiy (Adam-shaiy) He used to be our kingAdarshnaush (A-da-rsh-na-ush) It is the dark thinkerAdînâ (A-dî-nâ) Look alike or the end or no longer

existAdînam (A-dî-nam) He is gone, no longer aliveAdurujiya (a-du-ru-jiya) He is liar, meaning the person is

living as double face, which mean liar in that culture

Adurujiyasha (A-du-ru-jiya-sha) Deceived the kingAdânâ (A-dâ-nâ) OtherwiseAdâraya (a-dâ-raya) Sea or River


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Adâriya Door or front of the door or pathway

Agarbâya (A-garbâya) I arrested him or I took him as prisoner

Agarbâyatâ (A-garbâ-ya-tâ) He seized the kingdomAgarbâyam (A-garbâ-ya-m) I arrested him for us or prisonerAgaubatâ (a-ga-u-ba-tâ) Army or Military personal or those

listening to youAgaubatâkara (A-ga-u-ba-tâ-kara) The person working for youAhatiy (A-ha-tiy) His wish isAhyâyâ (Ahyâ-yâ) Those was possible for me to do Aishtatâ (A-ish-ta-tâ) Standing up right there, ready to

fight youAita Here

Aja (ajawiah) The one creating disturbanceAjanam (aja-na-m) The disturbance are goneAjavasiy (Aja-vasiy) The disturbance are stoppedAkariyatâ (Aka-riya-tâ) Came back to our right pathAkumâ (A-kumâ) As all or in groupAkunaush (Ak-u-na-ush) he was not knowledgeable or not

wiseAkunavatâ (Ak-u-na-va-tâ) He is not with youAkunavayatâ (Ak-u-na-vaya-tâ) He is not with you, he is ruling in

your nameAkuravam (Ak-u-ra-vam) There are people know the right

pathAkutâ (Ak-u-tâ) Now he is with youAkunavam (Ak-u-na vam) He was not wiseAmahy All of youAmariyatâ (Amariya-tâ) The person is dead, the person give

his life for you, the statement means word “die”

Amânaiya (A-mâ-naiya) This did not comeAmânaya Stay where you areAmâxam (Amâ-xam) We are worryAmâxam-taumâ We are worry for youAmiy Come for usAmutha (am-u-tha) I not stop or continue withAnaya Bring him or he did not want to

comeAnayatâ (Anaya-tâ) Bring him to me or brought to himAnâmakahya (A-nâmaka-hya) Name of the month, meaning eat

from other houses month, for religion


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purposeAniya Otherwise or those say no to himAniyahyâ (Aniya-hyâ) Enemies or those say no to meAniyashciy (A-niya-shciy) He is not come from royal familyAniyâ Brought inAniyâha Brought himAniyam He brought usAniyâuvâ He brought thatAnushiyâ Enjoyed Anuv Located byAnushiya (A-nushiya) Drink for thatApagaudaya (A-pa-ga-u-dya) Do not conceal, those I have done

or those done you seeApagaudayâhy (A-pa-ga-u-dayâ-hy) Do not conceal, those are my

accomplishmentAparsam (A-pa-rsam) I will ask him or I will straighten

him outApariyâya Begging meAparam (A-para-m) It is full for us, there are a lot

among us or that page of our historyAparamâhy (a-para-m-âhy) Indeed there are a lot among usArbairâyâ (A-rbairâ-yâ) He is my leader or he is our leaderArasam (a-rasa-m) I Arrived or related toArakadrish Name of personArika (A-rika) Evil, not straight, wrong, shamefulArikâ (A-ri-kâ) He run away not goodAriyâ AryanAriyâramna (Ariyâ-ra-mna) Ariaramnes – name of person,

meaning Aryan is mineArshâmahyâ (Arshâ-ma-hyâ) Arsames – name of person,

meaning our royal courtArshtâm (Arshtâ-m) My courtAsab horseAsam Fear or powerfulAsabâraibish (Asab-ârai-b-ish) Run on the hours the fighter or

horsemanAshiyavam (Ashiya-va-m) I took offAshnaiy The people you know or to be

friendAshiyava Went awayAstiy Stop or stoppedAtar Farther, what elseAtarsa Afraid


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Athahya (atha-hya) There are outlaws or outlaws do exist

Athaha (Atha-ha) He is outlawAthaham (Athaha-m) He is outlaw for usAthiy OutlawAthurâyâ Assyrian

Atiyâish (A-tiyâ-ish) He come for fightAuramazdâmaiy Believe in GodAuzamazdâ (A-u-zamazdâ) He is the injured oneAva That, or Right nowAvam (A-va-m) Then usAvadashim (av-adashim) I sayAvadasha Declaring to be KingAvadâ As it isAvadashish (A-va-da-shish) Barbequed himAvahyarâdiy (Avah-yarâ-diy) The one who helpedAvahyâ There are thisAvaharda (Ava-ha-rda) To that extend or to this pointAvahâ That isAvaiy Happened or thoseAvataiy What you shall doAvaina (Avai-na) Not that or not acceptableAvajam (Ava-ja-m) He was alive Avaishâm (Avai-shâm) Become our KingAvam Wise or understandAvamshâm (A-va-m-shâ-m) Appointed him as our KingAvaparâ (Ava-parâ) Falling apart Avathâ As you can see or right nowAvathâshatâ (A-vathâ-sha-tâ) As you can see he is your kingAvathâshaiy (Avathâ-shaiy) He decleared himself King or now

he is royalAvathâshâm (Avathâ-shâ-m) Our appointed KingAvathâdish (Avathâ-d-ish) Our enemy or animosityAvayjâ He is sayingAva As longAvâ As long asAvâja He is aliveAvâjanam (A-vâ-ja-na-m) He is not alive or I killed himAvâkanam camelAvâjaniyâ (A-vâjani-yâ) there are rumor or people are

hearing or I hear


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Avâstâyam (Avâstâ) Our holy bookAvârasam (A-vâ-rasa-m) That is right to usAyadiya He do remember or worship

Azdâ Free

Â sound like “Ha” or when it is in the end of the word sound like “H”

Âçiyâdiyahya (Â-çiyâ-diya) Name of the month- means the people went to villages back from mountain

Âgarbîta(Â-gar-bî-ta) Arrest him or seized Âgariya (Â-gariya, hogar) Loyal or he return not with

seperatistÂha Alert or Sound of attentionsÂham (â-ham) Here is the list or here it isâhata He wasÂhatâ (â-hatâ, di-hait) Income or this happenedÂhyatâ Life or waterÂish (harish) AttackÂisha Attacked usÂmâtâ (Âmâ-tâ) Everyone is for you or the entire

people are your supporterÂnâm (han-ham) Now he isÂpiyâ Jumped or brought to an endÂpidhim Give it to it or water carried them

awayÂvahanam (Âvaha-na-m) that nameÂyadanâ (Âya-danâ) There are few or one personÂyasatâ (âya-satâ) In this time or avoiding you

B Badaka My subject or loyal to meBadakâ (Ba-da-kâ) My subject or loyal subjectBagâha Say to or saying or promiseBaratiy Before you comeBardiya Smerdis son of Cyrus the GreatBardiyam Our SmerdisBasta Tied him down or is under arrestBiya ComeBiyâ Abundance (a lot)Brâtâ Brother


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Bâxtriyâ (Bâxt-riyâ) Baxtria province Bâgayâdaish (Bâga-yâdaish) Name of the month (meaning

remember the occasions)Bâjim I say, do you want me to say

C

Casha Eye Casham His eye, our eyeCishciy (Ci-shciy) To be royalCishpish (Cish-pish) Teispes – name of person, meaning

his place is ahead Caxriyâ (Ca-xriyâ) Place seeker or power hungry or

taking other people placesCitâ (Ci-tâ) In that place or in his placeCarmâ My declarations Cartanaiy (Car-tanaiy) Thieve or declarations to stand up

against you Citâmâm (Ci-tâ-mâ-m) your place was my desire

Ç Sound like “Ch”Çitîyam (Çitî-yam) Road robbers

D Dahyauvâ His desire is thatDahyushuvâ (Dahy-u-sh-u-vâ) His desire were known very wellDahyauvâvasiy (Dahya-u-vâ-vasiy) His desire is stoppenedDahyâush The land of ancestor or his regionDahyâva (Dahyâ-va) Countries, provincesDahyâvatyanâ (Dahyâ-va-t-yanâ) Asking you for justiceDahyâushmaiy (Dahyâ-ush-maiy) You are in our mind or thoughtDahyûnâm (dahy-ûn-âm, dahie aun

ham)His father is

Dapata Rose up or revoltDargam (Dar-ga-m) Our doorDarsham (Da-rsha-m) It is evil doing for us or we are

suspicious of him or we are not believing him

Dastayâ (dasta-yâ) Handed to meDidâ Region or location or falling into

that locationDidâm (Di-dâ-m) Our region


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Dipim Give us or Behold for usDrauga (Drau-ga) Lie or tell lieDraugam Lied to usDraugâ (Drau-gâ) Those who are talking about your

saying or in other words liarsDraujana (liars) Telling lieDrauj LieDaushtâ (Da-ush-tâ) Be careful of him or keep him in

mindDish (now known as dij) Rebellious or enemyDipiyâ So the thing won’t come to an end

or inscribedDipîmaiy Our inscription Dîtam See or we sawDuruvâ Double faceDuruxtam (Du-ru-xta-m) Double face and betray us

Duvitîya For the second timeDuvitîyam (Du-vitîya-m) For the second time for usDuvitîyâmca (Du-vitîyâ-m-ca) For the second time here in this

placeDuivitîyam (Du-i-vitîya-m) For me, it happened second timeDuvitâparanam (Du-vi-tâ-para-nam) Two came from him as famousDârayavaush Darius-Name of person, meaning

the person possess sea of knowledgeDâraya SeaDârayâmiy (Dârayâ-miy) My wealthDâtâ Now is yoursDuvarayâmaiy (Du-va-ra-yâ-maiy) In our road

F Fraharavam (Fra-hara-va-m) The total of my or a lot and a lot of

myFratamâ (Fra-ta-mâ) Foremost, not very loyal or sold us

outFrataram (Fra-ta-ra-m) Not very loyal to our pathFravartish (Fra-va-rtish) Name of Median Empire second

king, which is meaning he will hurt you a lot

Frâbara Savior or the one you go to when you have problem in life

Frâhajam More his life was for usFrâishaya ServantFrâishayam My servant


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Frâjanam (Frâ-jana-m) Hurt him moreFrânayam (Frâ-naya-m) It is not a lot for us

Frâstâyam (frâ-stâya-m) Send it off every where

GGarma WarmGarmapadahya (Garma-pa-da-hya) Warm giverGaithâmcâ (gaithâ-m-câ) Our Prophet’s messages we follow Gaubataiy (Ga-u-ba-taiy) Military (The one listen to you or

The one take your order)Gaubâtaiy Military personalGâthavâ The word of prophet ZoroasterGrathitâ (G-ra-thitâ) Are about the truthGaumâta Name of personGush EarGaushâ His ears

H Hacâ (Ha-câ) In this placeHacâma (ancam darai) In every place of oursHadâ Over there or thenHadugâm (Ha-dugâ-m) They are talking about usHaijy (Ha-i-jy) Come to existence or have been

implemented by meHagmati (Ha-gmati) MeetingHamaranam Chased all of them out from the

areaHamapitâ Son of allHamadârayaiy (Hama-dâ-rayaiy) All wealth, give to him Hamataxshatâ (Hama-ta-xsha-tâ) Those who co-operated with me or

everone like youHamâtaxshatâ The people were united and they

worked uponHamataxshâta (Hama-ta-x-shâ-ta) Co-operated with my house, they

like me and my familyHamataxshaiy (Hama-ta-xshaiy) Betrayed all of youHamahyâyâ (Hama-hyâ-yâ) I accomplished everything or

whatever are there is my accomplisment

Hamiçiva (Hami-çi-va) Everyone went to him

Hamiçiyam (hami-çiya-m) Every one left us


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Hamiçiyaibish (Hami-çiyai-b-ish) All joined military or all join the war

hagmatâ Gathered together, Military, or rebel

Hagmatânaiy (today Hamadan-Iran) People from HagmatânaHagmatâparaitâ (Hagma-tâ-paraitâ) The military fall apart and deserting

youHaiçiyâ Everyone wentHamâtâ (Hamâ-tâ) All for youHmiçiya (Hmi-çiya) The entire people gone or join

othersHamiçiyâ (Hami-çiyâ) The entire people joined himHainaranam (Hai-na-ra-na-m) Now there are no other way for himHarauvatim (Ha-ra-u-va-t-i-m) His path is for me and usHarauvatish (Hara-u-va-tish) Anyone followed his path will get

hurtHatiy Included or it is here with inHaruva (Ha-r-u-va) The path he takeHaruvashim (Ha-r-u-va-shim) I follow his path or I follow king

pathHashiyam (Ha-shiyam) He do not like or upset with youHauv He was or he hasHauvmaiy (Ha-u-v-maiy) Belong to meHauvam Him for usHauvamidâ (Hau-va-mi-dâ) Belong to us nowHaxâmanish (Ha-xâma-nish) Achaemen - name of person, he

does not have any worryHaxâmanishiya Achaemenian – the place where the

people of Achaemenian live.Hazânam (Ha-zâ-na-m) Noise, his noise, our noiseHya NowHyashâm Now he is our KingHyashaiy (Hya-shaiy) Came from royal familyHyâ (paruviyata :hyâ) Right now, or to have or to existHyâparam (Hyâ-pa-ra-m) There are some following our path

II is like the ‘i’ in ‘bit,’ IPA [I] as in

dil [dIl] ‘heart’; in clo-syllables ending in m, i is often pronounced as a close central unrounded vowel [ˆ], i.e., as in vedixwim [»vQdIxwˆm] ‘I drink.’

imâ This is the


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Imaivâ (i-mai-vâ) InscribedImaiy ThoseImaishâm (Imai-shâ-m) Came as our kingImatya (Ima-tya) This in it or this what wasIdâ Implement or to perform the duty

or right nowIma This one Imâ This is mine or came to meImâm (i-mâ-m) Yes it is my desire or this for meIyam This is mine or now a day

ÎÎ Like the ‘ee’ in ‘beet,’ IPA [i], as

in nîv [niv] ‘half.’J jadiy Living over there or rumor jatâ Live for you or punish himJiyamnam ( jiya-m-na-m) Our life not left for usJîvâ Open or aliveJî LiveJîvahyâ (Jî-va-hyâ) As long as you are alive or we have

life

K Kabûjiya Cambyses son of Cyrus the great it

is meaning born for lifeKamnaibish (Kamnai-b-ish) Fighter, those who are using

(arrow and bow to fight)Kamnam Not famous or small groupKartam (karam-tamam-shoud) Our work is doneKashciy (Ka-shciy) You come from royal family or you

have royal placeKiramavafi (Kira-ma-va-fi) Making false claimKaufa CaveKâma (k-âma) Not too much

Kâra That workKârahyâ If there are ways to take actionKârahyânaiy Have work to do, do not come or

Not free to express the opinionsKâram Our workKârashim (Kâ-rash-i-m) His work for us


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Kârâ Work or the start on the roadKunautuv! (Ku-na-u-tuv) May prolong your life or make

successfulKunavâhy (Ku-na-vâhy) May you live longKûraush (Kû-raush) Cyrus. The true name of Cyrus

means he is like behavior or deed, it come from the Zoroastrianism religion principle of “Good deed”

L

M Magush (mag-ush) Magi (Magian) or wise man, those

who are saying things with knowledge, theologians, religion philosopher, deep thinker

Maiy comeMashkâuvâ (Mashkâ-uvâ) Inflated animal skin

Maniyâ Is there anything leftManiyâhay (Maniyâ-hay) There are some thing left from themManiyâhaiy (Maniyâ-haiy) They left came to meManiyâtaiy (Maniyâ-taiy) Those left from it

Manâ For usManâ Frâbara he is my saviorMarshiyush Sword or other weaponMartiya Man or that fellow or that manMartiyaibish (Martiyai-b-ish) Fighter manMartiyâ DeadMartiyânâm (Martiyâ-nâ-m) The men are deadMathishta (Ma-th-ish-ta) They killed himMathishtam (Ma-th-ishta-m) They elected him as chief and

leaderMathishtashâm (Ma-th-ishta-shâm) He is chief appointed by kingMâdaibish (Mâdai-b-ish) Brought pain to Median or fight

MedianMâdaishuva Median should hurt himMâhyâ MonthMâm (Mâ-m) My desire or for usMâyâ CameMâniyamcâ (Mâ-niya-m-câ) Left for us from the pastMârush (Mâ-rush) good knowledge


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Mâtya (Mâ-tya) Among them, or some of themMâtyamâm (Mâ-tya-mâm) Came for us or come for our people

N Naimaiy (Nai-maiy) Not within or none of my familyNaishim (Nai-shim) Excessive amount of work without

pain for meNaiy NotNaiydish (Naiy-d-ish) Not to be destroyed or not be an

enemyNapâ DescendentNavama Dumb or unintelligent or those who

does not understandNijâyam (Ni-jâ-ya-m) Now the people can live Nikatuv (Ni-katuv) Now is writtenNipadiy (Ni-pa-diy) Now he has disappeared, hideNipishtam (Nipish-tam) Inscriptions or wroteNiya Not comeNiyapaisham (Niya-paisha-m) Behold this inscription or do not

neglect to be part of our suffering or it is not part of our behavior

Niyapithiya (Niya-pi-thiya) Not want to come under our protection

Niyaçârayam (Niya-çâra-ya-m) We are without choice or not have choice

Nâham Now usNâviyâ (Nâ-viyâ) Not letting us to pass or not

allowing us to cross the riverNâm Now us

Nâma name

Nûram (Nû-ra-m) Looking at the or my new path

P Paranam (Pa-ra-nam) FamousParaidiy (Pa-ra-idiy) Give him authorityParibarâhy (Pa-ribarâ-hy) Give him leadershipPariy PartedParuv Follow him or ReadParuvamciy (Paru-va-m-ciy) We followed the teaching from himPaishiyâ For the work he done


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Paishiyâuvâdâyâ (Paishiyâ-u-vâ-dâ-yâ)

His job is preacher

Paishiyâ His jobPaishiyâuvâdâm His job is to preach for usParaitâ Separated or revoltedParashim (Pa-ra-shim)Paribarâ (Pa-ri-barâ) Our leaderParibarâhadish (Pa-ribarâ-ha-dish) Anti leadershipParâbartam (Pa-râ-bar-ta-m) Strive to lead us

Parsâ PersianParuviyata (paru-viya-ta) Your followerParuvam (Paru-va-m) We are followerParuv followParuvâ (Pa-ru-vâ) The one followed or FormerParâbara (Pa-râ-bara) let it take it, river take the treeParârasa (Pa-râ-rasa) They are rescuing us, or to rescue

themPasâva After thatPasâvashaiy (Pas-âva-shaiy) After that a royaltyPasâvashim (pas-âva-shim) After that my KingPatish Payback could be in good way or

bad way, separatist fighterPatisham (Patisha-m) Our reward asPatishamaiy Came as my rewardPatiparsâtiy (Pati-parsâ-tiy) in this inscriptions or answer our

questionsPatiyabaram (patiya-ba-ra-m) I brought back what had been taken

away or separated from our pathPatiyafrasiya (Patiya-fra-siya) Inscription I sent offPaishiyâuvâdâyâ (Paishiyâ-u-vâ-dâ-

yâ)His past known as this

Pitâ (Pesar) SonPatiy Separate, splitPatiyâvahyaiy (Patiyâ-va-hyaiy) God bore me aidPatikarâ (Pati-karâ) Sculptures

Patikaram Our SculpturesPatipadam (Pati-pa-da-m) Give us that inscriptions or give

him rewardPatiparsâhy (Pati-pa-r-sâhy) Inscriptions of our questionsPatipayauvâ (Pati-paya-u-vâ) Pay your attentions to that

separatistPatiyduvitîyam (Patiy-du-vitîya-m) Again for second time


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Patiyâisha (Patiyâ-isha) RewardPatiyâita (Patiyâi-ta) Reward to him Puça (Bachah) Son or ChildrenPârsaiy Parsian or the Person is from Pars

regionPâyam Send him messageR Ragam (Ra-gam) My road or my pathRauca Was past or he gone from that placeRaucabish (Ra-u-ca-b-ish) His path is hurting others meaning

fighting and warRaucapativâ (ra-u-ca-pativâ) Not following king’s path or order

in those placesRâdiy I give my permission or allow

S Shkaurim (Sh-ka-u-rim) Thankful or thank them

T Taiy ComeTharda To this time or were possibleTaumâ (ta-u-mâ) You for usTaumâm For you-usTaumâyâ (Ta-u-mâ-yâ) you come from themTaumâyâtyaiy (Ta-u-mâ-yâ-tyaiy) You came from them or We believe

you are chosen one for usThâigarcaish (Thâi-gar-ca-ish) Name of the monthTigrâm (Ti-g-râ-m) Tigris River (in today Iraq). It is

meaning the one on our path or the one cuting our road

Tunuvatam (T-u-n-u-va-tam) The one came from the family are not allowed to abuse others

Tuvam (T-u-vam) kâ The thing you give us or to be acknowledged or we should understand,

Tya cameTyaiy For youTyam (Tya-m) Come among usTyanâ (Tya-nâ) Come with no or they do not want

meTya : manâ : kartam What was done by meTyaishaiy (tya-i-shaiy) Trying to be kingTyashâm (Tya-shâ-m) Come as our king


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Tyâ Belong or amongTyâm (tyâ-m) Get back to youTyâdish (Tyâ-d-ish) You get hurt or the fight come to

you

Th TheThardam To this pointThastanaiy (Thasta-naiy) Person from SistanThakatâ (tha-katâ) At that timeThahyâmahy (tha-hyâ-mahy) He have Shadow for all (He have

protection for all)Thadayâtaiy (Tha-dayâ-taiy) To him what has been doneThatagush (Thata-gush) They are listening to youThuravahara (Th-u-ra-va-hara) Name of the month, meaning get up

and goThâhy He have shadow or he have

protectionThâtiy (Sitay-ish) We are under your shadow (we are

under your protection), the word on time became “praise be up on you”, in time it evolved to word is used to praise the leaders by public

Thuvâm (Th-u-vâ-m) He is with usThûravâharahya (Thûra-vâ-hara-

hya)Name of the month, meaning “Red

on that road” Thûra is meaning red and meaning wedding too, in Kurdish language or honeymoon month

Tyamshâm Our appointed king (Tya-m-shâ-m)

UU is like the ‘u’ in ‘put’ and ‘bull,’

IPA [U], as in du [dU] ‘two’; the sequences gu and ku are pronounced by some as [gμE] and [kμE], particularly in closed syllables like gur ‘wolf,’ pronounced either [gμER] or [gUR].

Ubartam (U-barta-m) Him I rewardUbartâm (U-bartâ-m) They should be rewarded by youUcâram (U-câ-ra-m) He is on our pathUdapatati (U-da-patati) He is revolted Udapatatâ (U-da-pata-tâ) He rose up or revoltedUfrâtuvâ (U-frâ-t-u-vâ) the Euphrates River in IraqUfrastam (U-fra-stam) Punished or he has lot of pain


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Ufrashtam (U-fra-sh-ta-m) He is serving you and us or him not like the king a lot or They sold us out or traitors

Ufrashtâdiy (U-fra-sh-tâ-diy) He is coming to serve you or getting close to you or trying to be your friend

Umâyâ (U-mâ-yâ) He came for us asUpariy (U-pa-riy) Outlaw or Hurt otherUpariyâyam (U-pa-riyâ-ya-m) Outlaw is not part of me or No one

will be allowed by me to hurt othersUpastâmabarayâtâ Stopped him before reaching youUpastâmabara Stopped him beforeUpastâm (U-pa-stâm) Him we tied down or stopped himUpâ He is forUpâmâm (U-pâ-mâ-m) He is for all of usUpâyam (U-pâ-ya-m) He is coming for usUshabârim (U-sha-bâ-rim) To cross the River to other sideUvâpashiyam (U-vâ-pashiya-m) He wants to lead us as our kingUsh Knowledge or alertUtava (U-ta-va) He have it for you,Utâ (U-tâ) He is saying or as you knownUtâmaiy (U-tâ-maiy) Whatever I can do or as you can see

he comeUtâtaiy (U-tâ-taiy) Those come from you or familyUtâshaiy (U-tâ-shaiy) Cut it off or shaved off or take it

outUtâshim (U-tâ-shi-m) Put him on fire or cut it offUvadâm Give him to us or the payoff to my

hard workUvâmarshiyush (U-vâ-marshiyush) From his own weapon, from his

own handUvaxshtrahyâ or Cyaxares Uvaxshtrahyâ (from Emperor

Cyaxares family)Uzmayâpatiy (u-zmayâ-patiy) These are the stuffed bodies of

those separates from us.

Û Û (Aw) IS like the ‘oo’ in ‘boot,’ IPA [u],

as in bûn [bun] ‘to be.’

V Va of


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Vafi FalseVainâhy (Vai-nâhy) Vision or opened our eye or way to

seeVardana (Var-dana) Over thereVardanam (Va-r-dana-m) Over there usVarkâna (Va-r-kâna) MovingVarnavatâm (Va-r-na-va-tâ-m) The path is not dark or I am

ConvincedVarnavâtaiy (Va-r-na-vâ-taiy) Not follow your pathVartaiyaiy (Va-r-tai-yaiy) Same as your path or it is not falseVashna (Va-shna) favorVashnâ Favor or by the favor of almighty

GodVasiy (Va-siy) Be to or happened to stopVaumisam (Va-u-misam) Stand against himVavam (Va-vam) Wise or smartVayam (Va-ya-m) For usVazraka GreatVikanâhadish (Vi-ka-nâ-ha-d-ish) Protect them to not be destroyedVishtâspahyâ (Vish-tâ-spahyâ) Hystaspes - name of Person,

meaning the one who lead the ArmyVisâ StopVitham (Vitha-m) What comes from you Vithbishcâ (Vi-th-b-ish-câ) You hurt others or you come to

fight othersVithiyâ (Vi-thiyâ) The one with shadow or the one

with protectionsViyaka (Vi-yaka) Only oneViyamarda Come to the right path, Viyanâthaya (Viya-nâ-thaya) I not have any protections for him

or not want him to be under my protections

Viyatarayâmâ (Viya-ta-rayâ-mâ) Come to our roadViyaxnahya (Viya-xnahya) Name of the month, meaning come

to home getting close to winterVikanâhy ((Vi-kanâ-hy) Digging it out or be destroyedViyatara (Viya-ta-ra) Come to path

X

Xaudâm They wear the pointed capXshnâsâtiy (xsh-nâ-sâ-tiy) Bad from that time or violent for us

or without happiness from that time


50

Xshaçam He is king for all or he is king we love him like our eye

Xshapava (X-sha-pa-va) He is against kingXshaçamshim He is King of KingsXshaçapâvâ (X-sha-ça-pâ-vâ) He is King of the regionXshâthiya (X-shâ-thiya) He is King with protectionsXshâyatha (X-shâ-yatha) He is king by lawXshâyathiya (X-shâ-yathiya) He is king and Law giversXshâyathiy (X-shâ-yathiy) He is ruling by lawXshâyathiyâ (X-shâ-yathiyâ) He is king and have the laws

Y Yadâyâ (Ya-dâ-yâ) Right nowYadâtaiy (Yadâ-taiy) Worship or to remember GodYadiy (Ya-diy) Remind them, or let them to

rememberYatha Law

Yathâ Right now, here it isYathâshâm Our Lawful King (Ya-thâ-shâ-m)Ya What

Ye Us

Yâ MineYânam One God (Yâ-nam)Yâtâ (Yâ-tâ) For you or as you can see, This is

or untilyâvâ That is

Z Zurakara Abuser or using force against others

Zûrakara Dictator or force against othersZûra A lotZâzâna ZazaVitî 2, secondÇitî 3, ThirdDu 2

Iyam (i-ya-m, aiam) This personiyam : Mâda This is the Mede.iyam : Pârsa This is the Pars.


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iyam : Ûvja This is the Elamite.iyam : Parthava This is the Parthian.iyam : Sakâ : tigraxaudâ This is the Scythian with pointed

cap.iyam : Bâbirush This is the Babylonian.iyam : Athuriya This is the Assyrian.iyam : Maciyâ This is the man of Maka.Pârsa PersiaÛvja ElamBâbirush BabyloniaAthurâ AssyriaSparda SardisYauna IoniaMâda MediaArmina ArmeniaKatpatuka CappadociaArabâya ArabiaMudrâya Egypttyaiy : drayahyâ (those) who are beside the seaParthava ParthiaZraka DrangianaHaraiva AriaUvârazmîy ChorasmiaBâxtrish BactriaSuguda SogdianaGadâra GandaraSaka ScythiaThatagush SattagydiaHarauvatish ArachosiaMaciyâ Maka


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Word Translation for Behistun Cuneiform Inscriptions by Hamma MirwaisiI Aug-1-2010 Revision

(taken from the trilingual inscription on the face of a gorge beneath a panel of sculptures)

Based on Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953,See UC Berkeley site for Old Persian syllabary

Aryan Text (It is called old Persian text to divide Aryan people)

It was thanks to Darius the Great that we have been able to decipher the cuneiform script, which had fallen into even deeper oblivion than the Egyptian hieroglyphs.


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Darius King of Kings of Achaemenid Empire (549- 486 BCE)

Darius the Great was the man who destroyed unity amongst the Aryan people, which led them to internal wars and suffering for over 2500 years and the loss of most of their land to the Arabs and the Turks.

However thanks go to Darius the Great for the composition of the cuneiform script that I, Hamma have been able to decipher. Otherwise it would have fallen into even deeper oblivion than the Egyptian hieroglyphs.

But unfortunately today Kurds and Persians are enemies of one another because of this ruler’s mischief.


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In spite of the part you played in the destruction of the magnificent Median Empire I hope that your legacy of the unified Aryan language will once more unite the Airyanem Vaejah people to re-claim their own land and their own past glory as one people under an Economic Union similar to the EU of Europe.


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Darius, Behishtan (DB), Columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 1:

Taken from the trilingual inscription on the face of a gorge beneath a panel of sculptures

Text: Translation:1 : adam : Dârayavaush :

xshâyathiya : vazraka : xshâyatha : xshâyathiy

2 ânâm : xshâyathiya : Pârsaiy : xshâyathiya : dahyûnâm : Visht

3 âspahyâ : puça : Arshâmahyâ napâ : Haxâmanishiya : thâtiy :

4 Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : manâ : pitâ : Vishtâspa : Vishtâspahyâ : pitâ : Arsh

5 âma : Arshâmahyâ : pitâ : Ariyâramna : Ariyâramnahyâ : pitâ: Cishpish : Cishp

6 âish : pitâ : Haxâmanish : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâthiya : avahyarâ

7 diy : vayam : Haxâmanishiyâ : thahyâmahy : hacâ : paruviyata : âmâtâ : ama

8 hy hacâ : paruviyata :hyâ :amâxam : taumâ : xshâyathiyâ : âha : th

9 âtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : VIII : manâ : taumâyâ : tyaiy : paruvam

10 xshâyathiyâ : âha : adam navama : IX : duvitâparanam : vavam :

1-3. Oh mankind, Darius is the king and law giver, he is Great, He is King by law, and he rules the country by law. Right now, he is king and law giver, he is Persian, he is King and law giver, his father is Hystaspes son of Arsames, descendent of Achaemenian, we are under his shadow (under his protection).

4-6. Darius is King and law giver, he is son of Hystaspes; Hystaspes' is son of Arsames; Arsames' is son of Ariaramnes; Ariaramnes' is son of Teispes; Teispes' is son of Achaemenes, we are under his shadow (under his protection), Darius is the king with shadow (with protection for all), the one helped

7-8. us, is Achaemened, he have shadow for all of us in this place, everyone is for you in this place, they are your follower, We are worry for you, you for us are the lawful king, alert, we are under your shadow.

9-10. Darius is the King and law giver, there were 8 come from his family, for you we are follower, he is lawful king, alert, mankind, for those who are not wise, within 9 of them came two of them with fame and wise,


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xshâyathi

11 yâ : amahy : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : vashnâ : Auramazd

12 âha : adam : xshâyathiya : amiy : Auzamazdâ : xshaçam : manâ : frâbara : th

13 âtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : imâ : dahyâva : tyâ : manâ : patiyâisha : vashn

14 â : Auramazdâha : adamshâm : xshâyathiya : âham : Pârsa : Ûvja : Bâbirush : A

15 thurâ : Arabâya : Mudrâya : tyaiy : drayahyâ : Sparda : Yauna : Mâda : Armina : Kat

16 patuka : Parthava : Zraka : Haraiva : Uvârazmîy : Bâxtrish : Suguda : Gadâra : Sa

17 ka : Thatagush : Harauvatish : Maka : fraharavam : dahyâva : XXIII : thâtiy : Dâra

18 yavaush : xshâyathiya : imâ : dahyâva : tyâ : manâ : patiyâita : vashnâ : Au

19 ramazdâha : manâ : badakâ : âhatâ : manâ : bâjim : abaratâ : tyashâm : hacâma

20 : athahya : xshapava : raucapativâ : ava : akunavayatâ : thâtiy

as lawful King.

11-12. all of you, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, favor him, Oh Ahuramazda, mankind, he is king and law giver, came for us, oh Ahuramazda, as the king for all, he is our protector, we are all under his shadow.

13-16. Darius is the King and law giver, These are the countries which belong to me; it is my reward, by the favor of Ahuramazda, mankind-king, he is the king and law giver, here is the list, Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, (those) who are beside the sea, Sardis, Ionia, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdiana, Gandara, Scythia,

17-19. Sattagydia, Arachosia, Maka: total of the countries belong to me is, 23 provinces. We are all under his shadow. Darius is the King and law giver, these countries belong to me, as a reward; by the favor of Ahuramazda and my loyal subject; they bore tribute to me; I can say, they brought him to you, you come as our king, in every place of ours.

20-24. There are some outlaws,


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: Dârayava

21 ush : xshâyathiya : atar : imâ : dahyâva : martiya : hya : âgariya : âha : avam : u

22 bartam : abaram : hya : arika : âha : avam : ufrastam : aparsam : vashnâ : Auramazdâ

23 ha : imâ : dahyâva : tyanâ : manâ : dâtâ : apariyâya : yathâshâm : hacâma : athah

24 ya : avathâ : akunavayatâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : Auramazdâ

25 maiy : ima xshaçam : frâbara : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : yâtâ : ima : xshaçam :

26 hamadârayaiy : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : ima : xshaçam : dârayâmiy : thâ

27 tiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ima : tya : manâ : kartam : pasâva : yathâ : xsh

28 âyathiya : abavam : Kabûjiya : nâma : Kûraush : puça : amâxam : taumây

29 â : hauvam : idâ : xshâyathiya : âha : avahyâ : Kabûjiyahyâ : brâ

30 tâ : Bardiya : nâma : âha : hamâtâ : hamapitâ : Kabûjiyahyâ : pasâva : Ka

31 bûjiya : avam : Bardiyam : avâja

against the king, not following king’s order and laws separated in some places, those, are not belong to you. We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, farther, comes, within these countries, the man who was loyal, alert, that one with us, him I rewarded well; we have evil one too, alert, him I will punish a lot and hurt him; straight him out, by the favor of Ahuramazda there are countries do not want me, now is mine, they are begging me, to include them for my Justice, in this place of mine, there are separatist, right now, they are not with you, we are all under your shadow. Darius is the King and law giver, Oh our Ahuramazda

25-26. he come for us, king for all, and protector, he is religious and believer of Ahuramazda, him was got hurt for you, he come for us, king for all, give him all the wealth, by the favor of Ahuramazda, he came for us king for all, he is our wealth, we are under his shadow.

27-35. Darius is the King and law giver, this is what was done by him afterward he became king. After that, according to laws, he is lawful king, the one went to war his name is Cambyses son of Cyrus, we are worry for him, him for us, served as king and law giver, alert, there are this, it is known that Cambyses, has brother by name of Bardiya, alert, all of them, are children of Cambyses, after that, Cambyses, as I understand Bardiya, is alive, and had work to do, he was not free, went to war and got killed by his brother Cambyses before went to Egypt, after that, Cambyses went to Egypt, after that, it was wrong doing, that was the war. Afterward, he lied, his desire is


58

: yathâ : Kabûjiya : Bardiyam : avâja : kârahy

32 â : naiy : azdâ : abava : tya : Bardiya : avajata : pasâva : Kabûjiya : Mudrâyam

33 : ashiyava : yathâ : Kabûjiya : Mudrâyam : ashiyava : pasâva : kâra : arika : abava

34 : pasâva : drauga : dahyauvâ : vasiy : abava : utâ : Pârsaiy : utâ : Mâdaiy : ut

35 â : aniyâuvâ : dahyushuvâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pa

36 sâva : I martiya : magush : âha : Gaumâta : nâma : hauv : udapatatâ : hacâ : Paishi

37 yâuvâdâyâ : Arakadrish : nâma : kaufa : hacâ : avadasha : Viyaxnahya : mâh

38 yâ : XIV : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : yadiy : udapatatâ : hauv : kârahyâ : avathâ

39 : adurujiya : adam : Bardiya : amiy : hya : Kûraush : puça : Kabûjiyahyâ : br

40 âtâ : pasâva : kâra : haruva : hamiçiya : abava : hacâ : Kabûjiyâ : abiy : avam :

41 ashiyava : utâ : Pârsa : utâ : Mâda : utâ : aniyâ : dahyâva : xshaçam : hauv

stopped, the country is in war, as you can see in Pars, Media, he brought that, and his desire is known. We are under his shadow; Darius is the king and law giver.

36-38. Afterwards, there was one man, a Magian, alert, named Gaumata; he rose up separated, in that place, his job was a preacher, in the place by name of Arakadrish caves, In that place declared himself to be king, in the 14 days of the month of Viyaxnahya, his path was war, which is not good, alert, remember, He revolted, for that action he took, right now known.

39-41. He lied, mankind, Bardiya came as Cyrus son and Cambyses brother." After that, work he did, the people became rebellious everywhere, fighting in this place, while we understand that Cambyses left, he come, as I understand, he is from royal family, as you can see, Persian, Median and the other provinces, he is king for all, right now


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42 : agarbâyatâ : Garmapadahya : mâhyâ : IX : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâ : xsha

43 çam : agarbâyatâ : pasâva : Kabûjiya : uvâmarshiyush : amariyatâ : thâtiy

44 : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : aita : xshaçam : tya : Gaumâta : hya : magush : adîn

45 â : Kabûjiyam : aita : xshaçam : hacâ : paruviyata : amâxam : taumâyâ : â

46 ha : pasâva : Gaumâta : hya : adînâ : Kabûjiyam : utâ : Pârsam : utâ

47 : Mâdam : utâ : aniyâ : dahyâva : hauv : âyasatâ : uvâpashiyam : akutâ : hau

48 v : xshâyathiya : abava : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : naiy : âha : martiya :

49 naiy : Pârsa : naiy : Mâda : naiy : amâxam : taumâyâ : kashciy : hya : avam : Gau

50 mâtam : tyam : magum : xshaçam : dîtam : caxriyâ : kârashim : hacâ : darsham : a

51 tarsa : kâram : vasiy : avâjaniyâ : hya : paranam : Bardiyam : adânâ : avahyar

52 âdiy : kâram : avâjaniyâ : mâtyamâm : xshnâsâtiy : tya : adam :

42-43. He seized the kingdom; in the month of Garmapadahya 9 days were past, his path lead to fighting, at that time, alert, you can see, he is king for all, he seized the kingdom. After that, Cambyses died by his own sward. We are all under your shadow

44-47. Darius is the King and law giver, here he is king for all, came Gaumata the Magian look alike Cambyses, here he is king for all, in this place, the people followed him, we are worry for you he came, alert, afterward, Gaumata the Magian is look alike Cambyses; you can see, Persia, Media and the other provinces, joined him at that time, he become leader instead of you, now

48-50. He is king and law giver, which is meaning war. We are all under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, do not come, alert, do not come, that man, neither a Persian nor a Mede, we are worry about you, you are coming from royal family, we understand, Gaumata the Magian came declared himself as king for all, we saw that was taking your place, his work for us, in this place, is evil doing.

51-54. we are afraid of him, our work, stopped, there are rumor among us, that our famous Bardiya is here, otherwise, those helped, our work, was that rumor among us, came for us without happiness from that time, mankind did not come Bardiya the one


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naiy : Bard

53 iya : amiy : hya : Kûraush : puça : kashciy : naiy : adarshnaush : cishciy : thastana

54 iy : pariy : Gaumâtam : tyam : magum : yâtâ : adam : arasam : pasâva : adam : Aura

55 maz(d)âm : patiyâvahyaiy : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : Bâgayâdaish :

56 mâhyâ : X : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâ :adam : hadâ : kamnaibish : martiyaibi

57 sh : avam : Gaumâtam : tyam : magum avâjanam : utâ : tyaishaiy : fratamâ : mar

58 tiyâ : anushiyâ : âhatâ : Sikayauvatish : nâmâ : didâ : Nisâya : nâ

59 mâ : dahyâush : Mâdaiy : avadashim : avâjanam : xshaçamshim : adam : adînam : va

60 shnâ : Auramazdâha : adam : xshâyathiya : abavam : Auramazdâ : xshaçam : manâ : fr

61 âbara : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : xshaçam : tya : hacâ : amâxam ta

62 umâyâ : parâbartam : âha : ava : adam : patipadam : akunavam : adamshim : gâtha

63 vâ : avâstâyam : yathâ : paruvamciy : avayjâ : adam : akuravam

son of Cyrus, from royal family, there are no dark thinker, from royal family, This one is from Sistan, separatist, Gaumata the Magian came among us, until mankind, I came. After that, mankind I sought help from our Ahuramazda;

55-59. Ahuramazda bore me aid; to stop him and hurt him, before 10 th of the Bâgayâdaish Month, he was in his way at the time to start the fight, alert, you can see, mankind, then I with a few fighter went to fight him, I understand, Gaumata came among us, as Magian, we kiiled him, and now his crown is sold to me, and now he enjoyed the test of his death, this happened, in the fortress named Sikayauvatish, in district named Nisaya, in the province of Media. I took the kingdom from him. No longer will he say I am king for all, mankind, in the end.

60-65. By the favor of Ahuramazda, mankind, he is King and law giver, protect him from war Auramazdâ he is king for all, he is our savior, we are under his shadow. Darius is the king and law giver; he is king for all in this place, we are worry for you, he strive to lead us, alert, this, mankind, he give us that inscriptions, and there are people among us not very wise, he is our human king, believe gâtha and our avâstâ, laws, he is following in his rule, he is saying. Mankind There are people know the right path, there are few come like, Gaumâta magian, only one,


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: âyadan

64 â : tyâ : Gaumâta : hya : magush : viyaka : adam : niyaçârayam : kârahyâ : abi

65 carish : gaithâmcâ : mâniyamcâ : vithbishcâ : tyâdish : Gaumâta : hya :

66 magush : adînâ : adam : kâram : gâthavâ : avâstâyam : Pârsamcâ : Mâdamc

67 â : utâ : aniyâ : dahyâva : yathâ : paruvamciy : avathâ : adam : tya : parâbarta

68 m : patiyabaram : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : ima : adam : akunavam : adam : hamataxshaiy :

69 yâtâ : vitham : tyâm : amâxam : gâthavâ : avâstâyam : yathâ : paruvamciy :

70 avathâ : adam : hamataxshaiy : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : yathâ : Gaumâta : hya : magu

71 sh : vitham : tyâm : amâxam : naiy : parâbara : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyath

72 iya : ima : tya : adam : akunavam : pasâva : yathâ : xshâyathiya : abavam : thâtiy

73 : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : yathâ : adam : Gaumâtam : tyam : magum avâjanam : pa

74 sâva : I martiya : Âçina : nâma : Upadarmahyâ : puça : hauv : udapatatâ

mankind, we did not have choice, we had work to do, some time is painful, following our gaithâ, left for us from the past, the one hurt you, you hurt him, there was Gaumâta.

66-71. the Magian no more, mankind my work is on the gâtha and our avâstâ, to be restored in the Pars and Media, here it is, brought back the country’s laws, to be followed, right now, mankind, he came strive to lead us, I brought back what had been taken away by the favor of Auramazdâha, came, mankind, he was not wise, mankind, he betrayed all of you, Here you are, what come from you, is coming back to you, we are worry, that gâtha and our avâstâ’s laws, are not followed, right now, mankind, he betrayed all of you, by the favor of Auramazdâha’s law, there was Gaumâta the Magian what come from him, goes back to him, we are worry, you do not want to lead us, we are under your shadow, Darius is the king and rules by law.

72-81. come among us, people not wise, afterward, by the law, he is lawful king, but he have to fight outlaws, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, by the law, mankind, Gaumâtam came among us, magian, I slain him, afterwards one man, named Hachins, son of Upadarma -- he rose up in Elam, working, right now as outlaw, mankind, in Elam, he is king and law giver, come, after that,


62

: Ûvjai

75 y : kârahyâ : avathâ : athaha : adam : Ûvjaiy : xshâyathiya : amiy : pasâva : Ûv

76 jiyâ : hamiçiyâ : abava : abiy : avam : Âçinam : ashiyava : hauv : xshâyathiya

77 abava : Ûvjaiy : utâ : I martiya : Bâbiruviya : Naditabaira : nâma : Ainairahy

78 â : puça : hauv : udapatati : Bibirauv : kiram avafi : adurujiya : adam : Nab

79 ukudracara : amiy : hya : Nabunaitahyâ : puça : pasâva : kâra : hya : Bâbiruviya

80 : haruva : abiy : avam : Naditabairam : ashiyava : Bâbirush : hamiçiya : abava : x

81 shaçam : tya : Bâbirauv : hauv : agarbâyatâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâya

82 thiya : pasâva : adam : frâishayam : Ûvjam : hauv : Âçina : basta : anayatâ : abiy : mâ

83 m : adamshim : avâjanam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : adam : Bâ

84 birum : ashiyavam : abiy : avam : Naditabairam : hya : Nabukudracara : agaubatâ

85 : kara : hya : Naditabairahyâ :

entire Elami joined him, started the fight, he should understand, our Hchina, went away, he was king and law giver he fought us in Elam, And now another man, a Babylonian, named Naditabaira, son of Ainaira -- he rose up in Babylon; thus he deceived the people making false claim, a liar, mankind, he said "I am Nebuchadrezzar the son of Nabonidus." Afterwards, he had work, and the Babylonian people all went over to him, with understanding that he is Nidintu-Bel; went to Babylonia became rebellious; he seized the kingdom in Babylon and started the war, king for all, we arrested him, we are under your shadow. Darius is the king and law giver.

82-90. Afterward, mankind, I sent one of my servant to Elam. They arrested Hachina and brought him to our king; he used to be our local king, we slew him, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, Afterward, mankind, he took off went to Babylon, as I understand, that Nidintu-Bel who called himself Nebuchadrezzar. The army of Nidintu-Bel held the Tigris River; as it is, he is ready to fight him, as you can see, he is fighting, not letting us to pass, alert, afterward, mankind, we used, inflated


63

Tigrâm : adâraya : avadâ : aishtatâ : utâ

86 abish : nâviyâ : âha : pasâva : adam : kâram : mashkâuvâ : avâkanam : aniyam : usha

87 bârim : akunavam : aniyahyâ : asam : frânayam : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm

88 : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : Tigrâm : viyatarayâmâ : avadâ : avam : kâram :

89 tyam : Naditabairahyâ : adam : ajanam : vasiy : Âçiyâdiyahya : mâhyâ : XXVI : rau

90 cabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâ : hamaranam : akumâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : x

91 shâyathiya : pasâva : adam : Bâbirum : ashiyavam : athiy : Bâbirum : yathâ : naiy : up

92 âyam : Zâzâna : nâma : vardanam : anuv : Ufrâtuvâ : avadâ : hauv : Nadita

93 baira : hya : Nabukudracara : agaubatâ : âish : hadâ : kârâ : patish : mâm : hamaranam :

94 cartanaiy : pasâva hainaranam akumâ : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Aurama

95 zdâha : kâram : tyam : Naditabairahyâ : adam : ajanam : vasiy : aniya : âpiyâ : âhyatâ : â

96 pidhim : parâbara : Anâmakahya : mâhyâ : II: raucibish : thakatâ : âha :

animal skin and camel-borne to cross the River, he was not smart, there are this thing, that we are not afraid of him, our Ahuramazda helped me to stop him and hurt him, bring him for me. By the favor of Ahuramazda, the Tigris River did not stop us, as it is, understand that my work, paid off, that army of Nidintu-Bel have been defeated exceedingly; mankind the disturbance are stopped, the month Âçiyâdiya 26 days were past, then we fought the battle. Alert, as you can see, we defeated his group and chased them out from the area, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the king and law giver.

91-96. Afterward, mankind, I went off to our Babylon, the revolt of Babylon, was not lawful, he did not come after us, When I had arrived at town named Zazana, we drive them out of that area, beside the Euphrates River-- there this Nidintu-Bel who called himself Nebuchadrezzar came with an army, attacking, then our rewarded was to drive them all out of the area, those road robber. Afterward, there are no other way for them as a group, thereupon we Joined battle; now with the help of our Ahuramazda, we stopped them and hurt them, on other side; by the favor of Ahuramazda I smote that army of Nidintu-Bel exceedingly. Mankind, the disturbance are stopped, we brought them, The rest was jumped into the water, we give them to water, and the water carried it away. This happened in the month of Anâmaka 2 days were past, his path was wrong led to fight then, alert, as


64

avathâ : hamaranam akumâ you can see, we chased them all out, as a group.


65

DB, COLUMN 2:

Text: Translation:1 : thâtiy : Dârayavaush :

xshâyathiya : pasâva : Naditabaira : ha

2 dâ : kamnaibish : asabâraibish : amutha : Bâbirum : ashiya

3 va : pasâva : adam : Bâbirum : ashiyavam : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : utâ Bâ

4 birum : agarbâyam : utâ : avam : Naditabairam : agarbâyam : pasâva : ava

5 m : Naditabairam : adam : Bâbirauv : avâjanam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : x

6 shâyathiya : yâtâ : adam : Babirauv : âham : imâ : dahyâva : tyâ : hacâma : ha

7 miçiyâ : abava : Pârsa : Ûvja : Mâda : Athurâ : Mudrâya : Parthava : Margush : Tha

8 tagush : Saka : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : I martiya : Martiya : nâ

9 ma : Cicixrâish : puça : Kuganakâ : nâma : vardanam : Pârsaiy : avadâ : adâraya :

10 hauv : udapatatâ : Ûvjaiy : kârahyâ : avathâ : athaha : adam : Imanish : amiy : Û

11 vjaiy : xshâyathiya : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : adakaiy :

1-5. We are under his protection, Darius is the King and law giver, afterward that, Nidintu-Bel with a few horsemen fled; he did not stop and continue going to Babylon, afterward, mankind, we are going to Babylon, By the favor of Ahuramazda you can see, we seized Babylon and you can see as I understand, that Nidintu-Bel have been arrested as prisoner. And brought to me, after that, I slew that Nidintu-Bel at Babylon. We are under his shadow, Darius

6-10. is the King and law giver, for you to see mankind Babylon is with the rest of country all of the provinces which became rebellious from me are: Persia, Elam, Media, Assyria, Egypt, Parthia, Margiana, Sattagydia, and Scythia. We are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, one man, named Martiya, son of Cicixrâish – from a town named Kuganakâ, in the province of Persia – He in this place, rose up against us. He is saying, he have work to do in Elam; as you can see, he is outlaw, mankind, he is calling himself Imanish of Elam

11-13. declaring himself as king and law giver, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law


66

adam : ashna

12 iy : âham : abiy : Ûvjam : pasâva : hacâma : atarsa : Ûvjiyâ : avam : Marti

13 yam : agarbâya : hyashâm : mathishta : âha : utâshim : avâjana : thâtiy : D

14 ârayavaush : xshayathiya : I martiya : Fravartish : nâma : Mâda : hauv : udapatat

15 â : Mâdaiy : kârahyâ : avathâ : athaha : adam : Xshathrita : amiy : Uvaxshtrah

16 yâ : taumâyâ : pasâva : kâra : Mâda : hya : uithâpatiy : hauv : hacâma : hamiçiya : a

17 bava : abiy : avam : Fravartim : ashiyava : hauv : xshâyathiya : abava : Mâdaiy :

18 thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : kâra : Pârsa : utâ : Mâda : hya : upâ : mâm : â

19 ha : hauv : kamnam : âha : pasâva : adam : kâram : frâishayam : Vidarna : nâma : Pârsa : man

20 â : badaka : avamshâm : mathishtam : akunavam : avathâshâm : athaham : paraitâ : avam : k

21 âram : tyam : Mâdam : jatâ : hya : manâ : naiy : gaubataiy : pasâva : hauv : Vidarna : ha

22 dâ : kârâ : ashiyava : yathâ : Mâdam : parârasa : Mârush : nâma :

giver, he is claiming, mankind, to be friend of king, and he will have Elam, afterward, in that place, Elamian people afraid of me; as I know, our man, seized him, for the king, e was chief of the fighter, alert, our king killed him, we are under your shadow.

14-17. Darius is the King and law giver, one man, named Phraortes, a Median -- he rose up in Media. He was working for me, right now he is outlaw, mankind; he is saying I am king of kings, coming from the family of Cyaxares. Thereafter he had work in Media, but now he separated, in that place, he became rebellious from me, and everyone went over to him. He became king in Media, and declared war, I understand, our Phraortes, went away, as king of kings leading the war in Media against us.

18-28. we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, works, He is Persian and as you can see, he is Median too, he is for all of us, him was unknown, alert, afterward, mankind, my worker by name of Vidarna, Persian, loyal to me, him been appointed as local king of Media, he lead our military, now those separated from us are not wise, as you can see our local king, separated from as, revolted as I understand, our work in Media, belong to you, the army over there is not mine, afterward, belong to Vidarna right away, went to his work, to rebuild law and order in Media, very fast he reached town named Mârush, in Media -- there he joined battle with the Medes. He defeated the Medes, he was


67

vardanam : Mâ

23 daiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunaush : hadâ : Mâdaibish : hya : Mâdaishuva

24 : mathishta : âha : hauv : adakaiy : naiy : avadâ : âha : Auramazdâmaiy : u

25 pastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : t

26 yam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Anâmakahya : mâhyâ : XXVII : raucabish : thakat

27 â : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : pasâva : hauv : kâra : hya : manâ : Kapada : nâm

28 â : dahyâush : Mâdaiy : avadâ : mâm : amânaiya : yâtâ : adam : arasam : Mâda

29 m : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : Dâdarshish : nâma : Arminiya : man

30 â : badaka : avam : adam : frâishayam : Arminam : avathâshaiy : athaham : paraidiy : kâ

31 ra : hya : hamiçiva : manâ : naiy : gaubataiy : avam : jadiy : pasâva : Dâdarshi

32 sh : ashiyava : yathâ : Arminam : parârasa : pasâva : hamiçiyâ : hagmati : parai

33 tâ : patish : Dâdarshim : hamaranam : cartanaiy : Zûzahya : nâma

not smart, brought pain to Medes, Median is paying for his fight, he used to be their leader, alert, his claim did not come true, alert, by the favor of Ahuramazda stopped him and hurt him, bring him for me, by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army exceedingly. The disturbances stopped as of the month Anâmakahya 27 days were past, and then the battle was fought by them. Thereafter this army of mine, a district named Kapada, in Media -- there it waited for me until I arrived in Media.

29-37. we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, An Armenian by name of Dâdarshish, my loyal servant -- I sent him forth to our Armenia. I said to him: "the outlaw’s becoming king, separated working, everyone not with me anymore, including military personnel; I understand there are rumors, afterward, he is going forward, and thereupon Dâdarsh marched off. To put the laws in our Armenia on right path, afterward, everyone is gone, meeting together those separated from us, the rebels assembled came out against our Dâdarsh. A place named Zûzahya, in Armenia -- there they joined battle. He defeated them all, they are not wise, our Ahuramazda bore me aid; to stop them and hurt them, by the favor of


68

: âvahanam : A

34 rminiyaiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : a

35 bara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam :

36 aja : vasiy : Thûravâharahya : mâhyâ : VIII : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avath

37 âshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : patiy : duv

38 itîyam : hamiçiyâ : hagmatâ : paraitâ : patish : Dâdarshim : hamaranam : carta

39 naiy : Tigra : nâmâ : didâ : Arminiyaiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava : A

40 uramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : a

41 vam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Thûravâharahya : mâhyâ : XVIII

42 : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dâraya

43 vaush : xshâyathiya : patiy : çitîyam : hamiçiyâ : hagmatâ : paraitâ : pat

44 ish : Dâdarshim : hamaranam : cartanaiy : Uyamâ : nâmâ : didâ :

Ahuramazda my worker, as I understand they have to do our work, those rebelled against us, everywhere, stopped now; as of the month of Thûravâhara 8 days were past, then the battle was fought by them. Alert, you can see, our king defeated them all, the work is done, and we are under your shadow. Darius is the king and law giver, for the second time they separated.

38-42. The entire separated people gathered again and came out against our Dâdarsh to join battle. The thieve did not come, his name is Tigra, calling Armenia is our Armenia—he want to chase us out, he was not wise, Ahuramazda bore me aid; to stop him and hurt him, bring him for me, by the favor of Ahuramazda we have work to do, I understand, our work is those deserted us must stop now; as of the month Thûravâhara 18 days were past, then the battle was fought by them at that time. Alert, as you can see, our king defeated them all, we are under his shadow.

43-48. Darius is the King and law giver, separatist, road robbers, all went to mountain meeting gathering, the rebels assembled and came out against our Dâdarsh to join battle. A fortress named Uyamâ, in Armenia -- there


69

Arminiyaiy : a

45 vadâ : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Aurama

46 zdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Thâigarca

47 ish : mâhyâ : IX : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : pasâva

48 : Dâdarshish : citâ : mâm : amânaya : Arminiyaiy : yâtâ : adam : arasam : Mâ

49 dam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : Vaumisa : nâma : Pârsa : manâ : ba

50 daka : avam : adam : frâishayam : Arminam : avathâshaiy : athaham : paraidiy : kâra :

51 hya : hamiçiya : manâ : naiy : gaubataiy : avam : jadiy : pasâva : Vaumisa : a

52 shiyava : yathâ : Arminam : parârasa : pasâva : hamiçiyâ : hagmatâ : paraitâ : pa

53 tish : Vaumisam hamaranam : cartanaiy : Izalâ : nâmâ : dahyâush : Athurây

54 â : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm abara : vashnâ : Au

55 ramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja :

they joined battle. They are not wise, Ahuramazda bore me aid to stop them and hurt them; bring them, by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army exceedingly, the disturbances stopped, this happened in the month Thâigarcaish 9 days were past, then the battle was fought by them. Alert, right now our King, defeated all of them, the work thereafter Dâdarsh fighter, waited for me until I arrived in our Media.

49-56 We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, thereafter a Persian named Vaumisa, my loyal wise man and my servant, I sent forth to Armenia as local king. Thus I said to him, there are outlaws, separated, working against me, everywhere, their army is not loyal to me, I understand they are there, afterward Vaumisa went to reinstate laws in Armenia and rescue them, afterward, all of them gone to separatist meeting, they attacked, Vaumisa to join battle. A district named Izalâ, in Assyria – there they joined battle, they are not smart. Ahuramazda bore me aid to stop them and hurt them; bring them, by the favor of Ahuramazda my army have work to do, I understand we have work to do, all of them run to mountains, the disturbances are stopped, this happened in the month Anâmaka 15 days were past, then the battle was fought by them, alert, as you can see


70

vasiy :

56 Anâmakahya : mâhyâ : XV : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam :

57 kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : patiy : duvitîyam : ham

58 içiyâ : hagmatâ : paraitâ : patish : Vaumisam : hamaranam : cartanaiy : Au

59 tiyâra : nâmâ : dahyâush : Arminiyaiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava :

60 Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : ma

61 nâ : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Thûravâharahya : mâh

62 yâ : jiyamnam : patiy : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : pasâva : Vaumisa

63 : citâ : mâm : amânaya : Arminiyâiy : yâtâ : adam : arasam : Mâdam

64 : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : adam : nijâyam : hacâ :

65 Bâbiraush : ashiyavam : Mâdam : yathâ : Mâdam : parârasam : Kudurush : nâma :

66 vardanam : Mâdaiy : avadâ : hauv : Fravartish : hya : Mâdaiy : xshâyathiya : a

67 gaubatâ : âish : hadâ : kârâ :

our king defeated them all.

57-63. Our work is done, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the king and law giver. Again for the second time everyone runs to mountains meeting, the rebels assembled and came out against Vaumisa to join battle, everyone joined declaring war. In the district named Autiyâra, in Armenia -- there they joined battle, not wise. Ahuramazda bore me aid to stop them and hurt them; bring them, by the favor of Ahuramazda my army was working, I understand, that our work is to stop violence, this happened in the month Thûravâhara, our life not left for us, in hand of separatist, as you can see, our local king, defeated them. The work is done, after that, Vaumisa, waited for me in Armenia until I arrived in Media.

64-69. We are under your protection, and Darius is the king and law giver, thereafter, people can live in that place, I went away from Babylon and arrived in our Media. When I arrived in Media, a town named Kudurush, over there in Media -- there this Phraortes who called himself king and law giver in Media came with an army against me to join battle as separatist, everyone was with him, he declared war. Thereafter we joined battle, as hole. Ahuramazda bore me


71

patish : mâm : hamaranam : cartanaiy : pasâva hamarana

68 m : akumâ : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâram

69 : tyam : Fravartaish : adam : ajanam : vasiy : Adukanaishahya : mâhyâ : XXV : ra

70 ucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâ : hamaranam : akumâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : x

71 shâyathiya : pasâva : hauv : Fravartish : hadâ : kamnaibish : asabâraibish : amutha : Ra

72 gâ : nâmâ : dahyâush : Mâdaiy : avaparâ : ashiyava : pasâva : adam : kâram : f

73 râishayam : nipadiy : Fravartish : âgarbîta : anayatâ : abiy : mâm : ada

74 mshaiy : utâ : nâham : utâ : gaushâ : utâ : hazânam : frâjanam : utâsha

75 iy : I casham : avajam : duvarayâmaiy : basta : adâriya : haruvashim : k

76 âra : avaina : pasâvashim : Hagmatânaiy : uzmayâpatiy : akunavam

77 : utâ : martiyâ : tyaishaiy : fratamâ : anushiyâ : âhatâ : avaiy : Ha

78 gmatânaiy : atar : didâm : frâhajam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xsh

79 âyathiya : I martiya : Ciçataxma :

aid stopped them and hurt them; bring them, by the favor of Ahuramazda that army of Phraortes I smote exceedingly; the disturbances stopped, in the month of Adukanaisha 25 days was past.

70-76. Then we fought the battle, alert, right now, we defeated them all as a group, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, thereafter this Phraortes with a few fighter and horsemen fled; to a district named Ragâ, in Media – his forces fall apart, he went off. Thereafter, people were working for me, I sent an army in pursuit, he disappeared; Phraortes, seized, was led to me. He was suppose to be my local king, right now, I am, as you can see, cut off his ears, his nose, and take out one of his eye; he was alive, kept bound at my palace entrance path, where I was going to work, to see, Afterward I impaled him at Ecbatana; and the men who were his foremost followers, those at Ecbatana within the fortress I (flayed and) hung out (their hides, stuffed with straw) for people to see, he was not smart.

77-90. As you can see, he is dead, he sold out his kingdom to me, I enjoy that, for you people of Ecbatana, from now on, your welfare belong to me a lot. We are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, One


72

nâma : Asagartiya : hauvmaiy : hamiçiya :

80 abava : kârahyâ : avathâ : athaha : adam : xshâyathiya : amiy : Asagarta

81 iy : Uvaxshtrahyâ : taumâyâ : pasâva : adam : kâram : Pârsam : ut

82 â : Mâdam : frâishayam : Taxmaspâda : nâma : Mâda : manâ : badaka : avam

83 shâm : mathishtam : akunavam : avathâshâm : athaham : paraitâ : k

84 âram : hamiçiyam : hya : manâ : naiy : gaubâtaiy : avam : jatâ : pas

85 âva : Taxmaspâda : hadâ : kârâ : ashiyava : hamaranam : akunaush : had

86 â : Ciçataxmâ : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramaz

87 dâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : utâ : C

88 içataxmam : agarbâya : anaya : abiy : mâm pasâvashaiy : adam : utâ : n

89 âham : utâ : gaushâ : frâjanam : utâshaiy : I casham : avajam : duvarayâ

90 maiy : basta : adâriya : haruvashim : kâra : avaina : pasâvashim Arbairâyâ :

91 uzmayâpatiy : akunavam : thatiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ima : tya : ma

92 nâ : kartam : Mâdaiy : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : Parthava :

man named Ciçataxma, a Sagartian -- he became rebellious to me; thus he said to the people, "I am king in Sagartia, came from the family of Cyaxares." Thereupon I sent off a Persian and Median army; a Mede named Taxmaspâda, my loyal subject -- I made him chief of them. I said to them those who want to fight us, are stupid, you can see our local king, revolted from us, seperated, every one there are against me, his military as I understand ready to fight you, thereupon Taxmaspâda with the army went off; he joined battle with Ciçataxma who was without mind. Ahuramazda bore me aid to stop him and hurt him; bring him, by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army and took Ciçataxma prisoner, was led to me. He was suppose to be my local king, right now, I am, as you can see, cut off his ears, his nose, and take out one of his eye; he was alive, kept bound at my palace entrance path, where I was going to work, to see, Afterward I impaled him; and the men who were his foremost followers

91-98. I (flayed and) hung out (their hides, stuffed with straw) for people to see, he was not smart, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, this is what was


73

utâ : Var

93 kâna : hamiçiyâ : abava : hacâma : Fravartaish : agaubatâ : Vishtâspa : manâ : pitâ : ha

94 uv : Parthavaiy : âha : avam : kâra : avaharda : hamiçiya : abava : pasâva : Vishtâspa :

95 ashiyava : hadâ : kârâ : hyashaiy : anushiya : âha : Vishpauzâtish : nâma : varda

96 nam : Parthavaiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunaush : hadâ : Parthavaibish : Auramazdâmaiy

97 : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : Vishtâspa : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiya

98 m : aja : vasiy : Viyaxnahya : mâhyâ : XXII : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam

done by me in Media. We are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, Parthia and Hyrcania became rebellious from me, called themselves (adherents) of Phraortes. Hystaspes my father -- he was in Parthia; him the people abandoned, became rebellious. Thereupon Hystaspes went forth with the army which was faithful to him. A town named Vishpauzât, in Parthia -- there he joined battle with the Parthians. Ahuramazda bore me aid; by the favor of Ahuramazda Hystaspes smote that rebellious army exceedingly; of the month Viyaxna 22 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them. Alert, as you can see our king dfeated them all, and the work is done.


74

DB, COLUMN 3:


xshâyathiya : pasâva : adam : kâra

2 m : Pârsam : frâishayam : abiy : Vishtâspam : hacâ : Ragâ

3 yâ : yathâ : hauv : kâra : parârasa : abiy : Vishtâspam

4 : pasâva : Vishtâspa : âyasatâ : avam : kâram : ashiyava : Patigraba

5 nâ : nâma : vardanam : Parthavaiy : avadâ : hamaranam : akunaush : hadâ :

6 hamiçiyaibish : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramaz

7 dâha : Vishtâspa : avam : kâram : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Ga

8 rmapadahya : mâhya : I : rauca : thakatam : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : ka

9 rtam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : dahyâush : ma

10 nâ : abava : ima : tya : manâ : kartam : Parthavaiy : thâtiy : Dârayavau

11 sh : xshâyathiya : Margush : nâmâ : dahyâush : hauvmaiy : hamiçiyâ : abava

12 : I martiya : Frâda : nâma : Mârgava : avam : mathishtam :

1-8. We are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that I sent forth a Persian army to Hystaspes, from Raga. When this army came to Hystaspes, thereupon Hystaspes took that army (and) marched out. A town by name Patigrabana, in Parthia - there he joined battle with the rebels. Ahuramazda bore me aid; by the favor of Ahuramazda Hystaspes smote that rebellious army exceedingly; of the month Garmapada 1 day was past -- then the battle was fought by them. Alert, our king defeated them all, the work is done.

9-16. We are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that the province became mine. That fight come to us and now, this is what was done by me in Parthia. We are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, A province named Margiana -- it became rebellious to me. One man named Frâda, a Margian – I understand he is wanted to fight us, he is not with us. Thereupon I sent forth against him a Persian named Dâdarsh, my loyal subject, appointed him as satrap in Baxtria. He


75

akunavatâ : pasâ

13 va : adam : frâishayam : Dâdarshish : nâma : Pârsa : manâ : badaka : Bâxtriy

14 â : xshaçapâvâ : abiy : avam : avathâshaiy : athaham : paraidiy : ava

15 m : kâram : jadiy : hya : manâ : naiy : gaubataiy : pasâva : Dâdarshish : hadâ : k

16 ârâ : ashiyava : hamaranam : akunaush : hadâ : Mârgavaibish : Auramazd

17 âmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram

18 : tyam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Âçiyâdiyahya : mâhyâ : XXIII : raucabi

19 sh : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavau

20 sh : xshâyathiya : pasâva : dahyâush : manâ : abava : ima : tya : ma

21 nâ : kartam : Bâxtriyâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâya

22 thiya : I martiya : Vahyazdâta : nâma : Târavâ : nâma : vardanam

23 : Yautiyâ : nâmâ : dahyâush : Pârsaiy : avadâ : adâraya : ha

24 uv : duivitîyam : udapatatâ : Pârsaiy : kârahyâ : avathâ

25 : athaha : adam : Bardiya : amiy :

understands that our local king is revolted as separatist, with his army After that, Dadarshi marched out with the army; he joined battle with the Margians. Ahuramazda.

17-21. Bore me aid to stop them and hurt them; by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army exceedingly; the disturbances ended, of the month Âçiyâdiya 23 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them. Alert, as you can see our king defeated them all, our work is done, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the king and law giver, afterward, the country fought me, is now mine, our work is done in Baxtria, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the king and law giver.

22-28. One man named Vahyazda -- a town named Târavâ, a district named Yautiyâ, in Persia -- there in that region. He made the second uprising in Persia. To the people he said thus: "I am Bardiya, the son of Cyrus." Thereupon the Persian army which (was) in the palace, (having come) from Anshan previously -- it became


76

hya : Kûraush : puça : pasâva

26 : kâra : Pârsa : hya : Vithâpatiy : hacâ : Yadâyâ : frataram : ha

27 uv : hacâma : hamiçiya : abava : abiy : avam : Vahyazdâta

28 m : ashiyava : hauv : xshâyathiya : abava : Pârsaiy : thâ

29 tiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : adam : kâram : Pârsa

30 m : utâ : Mâdam : frâishayam : hya : upâ : mâm : âha : Artavard

31 iya : nâma Pârsa : manâ : badaka : avamshâm : mathishtam : aku

32 navam : hya : aniya : kâra : Pârsa : pasâ : manâ : ashiyava : Mâ

33 dam : pasâva : Artavardiya : hadâ : kârâ : ashiyava : Pârsam

34 : yathâ : Pârsam : parârasa : Raxâ : nâma : vardanam : Pârsaiy : a

35 vadâ : hauv : Vahyazdâta : hya : Bardiya : agaubatâ : âish :

36 hadâ : kârâ : patish : Artavardiyam : hamaranam : cartanaiy : pas

37 âva : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : va

38 shnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tyam : Vahya

39 zdâtahya : aja : vasiy :

rebellious from me, went over to that Vahyazdâ. He became king in Persia.

29-39. We are under his shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, Thereupon I sent forth the Persian and Median army which was loyal to me. A Persian named Artavardiya, my subject -- I made him chief of them. There are some people not wise; the rest of the Persian army went forth behind me to Media. Thereupon Artavardiya with his army went forth to Persia. When he arrived in Persia, a town named Raxâ, in Persia -- there this Vahyazdata who called himself Bardiya came with his army against Artavardiya, to join battle. Thereupon they joined battle. Ahuramazda bore me aid stopped him and hurt him; by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that army of Vahyazdata exceedingly; the disturbances ended, of the month Thûravâhara 12 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them.


77

Thûravâharahya : mâhyâ : XII : raucabish : thaka

40 tâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xsâyathi

41 ya : pasâva : hauv : Vahyazdâta : hadâ : kamnaibish : asabâraibish : a

42 mutha : ashiyava : Paishiyâuvâdâm : hacâ : avadasha : kâram : âyasa

43 tâ : hyâparam : âish : patish : Artavardiyam : hamaranam : cartana

44 iy : Parga : nâma : kaufa : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâma

45 iy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : ava

46 m : kâram : tyam : Vahyazdâtahya : aja : vasiy : Garmapadahya : mâh

47 yâ : V : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : utâ : ava

48 m Vahyazdâtam : agarbâya : utâ : martiyâ : tyaishaiy : fratam

49 â : anushiyâ : âhata : agarbâya : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xsh

50 âyathiya : pasâva : adam : avarn : Vahyazdâtam : utâ : martiyâ :

51 tyaishaiy : fratamâ : anushiyâ : âhata : Uvâdaicaya : nâma : var

52 danam : Pârsaiy : avadashish :

40-48. Alert, as you can see, our king defeated them all, the work is done, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that, this Vahyazdâta with a few fighters and horsemen fled; he went off to Paishiyâuvâdâ. From there he got an army; later he came against Artavardiya to join battle. A mountain named Parga, with caves -- there they joined battle. Ahuramazda bore me aid stoped them; by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that army of Vahyazdâta exceedingly; the disturbances are stopped of the month Garmapada 5 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them, alert, as you can see our king defeated them all, and that Vahyazdâta is dead and they took prisoner, who were his foremost followers they captured.

49-53. They test what they fought for, right now all have been arrested, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that I took that Vahyazdât and those who were his foremost followers -- a town named Uvâdaicaya, in Persia -- there I impaled them. And hang stuffed body for people to see. Those separated from


78

uzmayâpatiy : akunavam : thâ

53 tiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ima : tya : manâ : kartam : Pârsaiy

54 thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : hauv : Vahyazdâta : hya : Bardiya

55 : agaubatâ : hauv : kâram : frâishaya : Harauvatim : Vivâna :

56 nâma : Pârsa : manâ : badaka : Harauvatiyâ : xshaçapâvâ : abiy : ava

57 m : utâshâm : I martiyarn : mathishtam : akunaush avathâshâm : a

58 thaha : paraitâ : Vivânam : jatâ : utâ : avam : kâram : hya : Dâraya

59 vahaush : xshâyathiyahyâ : gaubataiy : pasâva : hauv : kâra : ashiya

60 va : tyam : Vahyazdâta : frâishaya : abiy : Vivânam : hamaranam : cartanaiy : K

61 âpishakânish : nâmâ : didâ : avadâ : hamaranarn : akunava : Auramazdâmai

62 y : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : tya

63 m : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Anâmakahya : mâhyâ : XIII : raucabish : thakatâ : âha : a

64 vathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : patiy : h

us are not wise; we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, this is what was done by me in Persia.

54-63. We are under his shadow, and Darius is the king and law giver, this Vahyazdâta who called himself Bardiya had sent an army to Arachosia -- a Persian named Vivâna, my subject, satrap in Arachosia -- against him; and he had made one man their chief. Thus he said to them: "Go forth; smite Vivana and that army which calls itself King Darius's!" Thereupon this army marched off, which Vahyazdata had sent forth against Vivâna to join battle. A fortress named Kâpishakân -- there they joined battle. Ahuramazda bore me aid stopped them; by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army exceedingly; of the month Anamaka 13 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them. Alert.

64-68. As you can see, our king defeated them all, our work is done, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, again later the


79

65 yâparam : hamiçiyâ : hagmatâ : paraitâ : patish : Vivânam : hamaranam : cartana

66 iy : Gadutava : nâmâ : dahyâush : avadâ : hamaranam : akunava : Auramazdâma

67 iy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : kâra : hya : manâ : avam : kâram : t

68 yam : hamiçiyam : aja : vasiy : Viyaxnahya : mâhyâ : VII : raucabish : thakatâ :

69 âha : avathâshâm : hamaranam : kartam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya :

70 pasâva : hauv : martiya : hya : avahyâ : kârahyâ : mathishta : âha : tyam : Va

71 hyazdâta : frâishaya : abiy Vivânam : hauv : amutha : hadâ : kamnaib

72 ish : asabâraibish : ashiyava : Arshâdâ : nâmâ : didâ : Harauvatiyâ : a

73 vaparâ : atiyâish : pasâva : Vivâna : hadâ : kârâ : nipadiy : tyaiy : ashiya

74 va : avadâshim : agarbâya : utâ : martiyâ : tyaishaiy : fratamâ : anushiyâ :

75 âhatâ : avâja : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : pasâva : dahyâush : ma

76 nâ : abava : ima : tya : manâ :

rebels assembled and came out against our Vivâna to join battle. A district named Gandutava -- there they joined battle. Ahuramazda bore me aid stopped them and hurt them; by the favor of Ahuramazda my army smote that rebellious army exceedingly; the disturbances ended, of the month Viyakhna 7 days were past -- then the battle was fought by them.

69-74. Alert, as you can see our king defeated them all, our work is done, we are under his shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that, this man who was the chief of that army which Vahyazdâta had sent forth against Vivâna -- he fled with a few horsemen and got away. A fortress named Arshâdâ; in Arachosia -- past that he went. Afterwards Vivâna with his army went off in pursuit of them; there he took him prisoner and the men who were his foremost followers, and slew them test what they fought for.

75-83. This happened what he is saying, we are under your shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, after that the province became mine. The fight came and this is what was done by me in Arachosia. We are under his shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver, while I was in Persia and Media, again a second time the Babylonians


80

kartam : Harauvatiyâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâ

77 yathiya : yâtâ : adam : Pârsaiy : u(t)â : Mâdaiy : âham : patiy : duvitîyam :

78 Bâbiruviyâ : hamiçiyâ : abava : hacâma : I martiya : Arxa : nâma : Armini

79 ya : Halditahya : puça : hauv : udapatatâ : Bâbirauv : Dubâla : nâmâ : dahyâ

80 ush : hacâ : avadasha : hauv : kârahyâ : avathâ : adurujiya : adam : Nabukud

81 racara : amiy : hya : Nabunaitahya : puça : pasâva : kâra : Bâbiruviya : hacâma : ha

82 miçiya : abava : abiy : avam : Arxam : ashiyava : Bâbirum : hauv : agarbâyat

83 â : hauv : xshâyathiya : abava : Bâbirauv : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathi

84 ya : pasâva : adam : kâram : frâishayam : Bâbirum : Vidafarnâ : nâma : Pârsa : manâ

85 : badaka : avamshâm : mathishtam : akunavam : avathâshâm : athaham : paraitâ : avam : kâram

86 : Bâbiruviyam : jatâ : hya : manâ : naiy : gaubâtaiy : pasâva : Vidafarnâ : hadâ : kâr

87 â : ashiyava : Bâbirum :

became rebellious from me. One man named Arxa, an Armenian, son of Haldita -- he rose up in Babylon. A district named Dubâla -- from there he thus lied to the people: "I am Nebuchadrezzar the son of Nabonidus." Thereupon the Babylonian people became rebellious from me, and went over to that Arxa. He seized Babylon; he became king in Babylon. Ready to fight, in Babylonian, we are under his shadow, and Darius is the King and law giver.

84-92. Thereupon I sent forth an army to Babylon. A Persian named Vidafarnâ, my loyal subject -- him I made chief of them. Thus I said to them: "Go forth; that Babylonian army smite, which shall not call itself mine!" Thereupon Vidafarnâ with the army marched off to Babylon. Ahuramazda bore me aid stopped them and hurt them; by the favor of Ahuramazda Vidafarnâ smote the Babylonians and led them in bonds; of the month Varkazana 22 days were past -- then they joined battle, that Arxa who


81

Auramazdâmaiy : upastâm : abara : vashnâ : Auramaz

88 dâha : Vidafarnâ : Bâbiruviyâ : aja : utâ : bastâ : anaya : Varkazanahya : mâhyâ : XXII : ra

89 ucabish : thakatâ : âha : avathâ : avam : Arxam : hya : Nabukudracara : duruxtam : a

90 gaubatâ : utâ : martiyâ : tyaishaiy : fratamâ : anushiyâ : âhatâ : agarb

91 âya : niyashtâyam : hauv : Arxa : utâ : martiyâ : tyaishaiy : fratamâ : an

92 ushiyâ : âhatâ : Bâbirauv : uz(ma)yâpatiy : akariyatâ

falsely called himself Nebuchadrezzar and the men who were his foremost followers he took prisoner. I issued an order: this Arxa and the men who were his foremost followers were dead and impaled at Babylon. Those who are separated from us are not smart.


82

DB, COLUMN 4:


xshâyathiya : ima : t

2 ya : manâ : kartam : Bâbirauv : thatiy : D

3 ârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ima : tya : adam : akuna

4 vam : vashna : Auramazdâha : hamahyâyâ : thar

5 da : pasâva : yathâ : xshâyathiya : abavam : XIX : hamaran

6 â : akunavam : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : adamshish : a

7 janam : utâ : IX : xshâyathiyâ : agarbâyam : I Gaumâta :

8 nâma : magush : âha : hauv : adurujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam :

9 Bardiya : amiy : hya : Kûraush : puça : hauv : Pârsam : ha

10 miçiyam : akunaush : I Âçina : nâma : Ûvjiya : hauv : adu

11 rujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam : xshâyathiya : amiy : Ûvjaiy

12 : hauv : Ûvjam : hamiçiyam : akunaush : manâ : I Naditabaira : n

13 âma : Bâbiruviya : hauv :

1-5. We are under his shadow and Darius is the King and law giver, this is what was done by me in Babylon. We are under his shadow and Darius is the King and law giver, among us some people are not wise, by the favor of Ahuramazda so far this is what I had accomplished below, afterward, here it is, he is king and law giver, he fought 19 wars defeated them all.

6-10. They were not wise, by the favor of Ahuramazda, I fought and killed 9 local kings. As you can see, they said, they are lawful king with military, One was named Gaumata, a Magian; alert, he was lied, as known, he was outlaw, and said, "I am Bardiya (Smerdis), the son of Cyrus;" he rebelled, the Persian and everyone left us, now known he was without mind, one, named Âçina, an Elamite; lied.

11-15. As known now, he was outlaw, said I am king and law giver in Elam, in Elam everyone joined him, and now known he was without mind. One, named Nidintu-Bel, a Babylonian; lied, as known now, he was outlaw, and said, "I am Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabonidus; he made Babylon rebellious. He was without mind. One,


83

adurujiya : avathâ : athaha :

14 adam : Nabukudracara : amiy : hya : Nabunaitahya : puça :

15 hauv : Bâbirum : hamiçiyam : akunaush : I Martiya : nâ

16 ma : Pârsa : hauv : adurujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam : Imani

17 sh : amiy : Ûvjaiy : xshâyathiya : hauv : Ûvjam : hamiçiya

18 m : akunaush : I Fravartish : nâma : Mâda : hauv : adurujiya

19 : avathâ : athaha : adam : Xshathrita : amiy : Uvaxshtrahya : taumây

20 â : hauv : Mâdam : hamiçiyam : akunaush : I Ciçataxma : nâma : Asa

21 gartiya : hauv : adurujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam : xshâyath

22 iya : amiy : Asagartaiy : Uvaxshtrahya : taumâyâ : hauv

23 : Asagartam : hamiçiyam : akunaush : I Frâda : nâma :

24 Mârgava : hauv : adurujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam :

25 xshâyathiya : amiy : Margauv : hauv : Margum : hamici

26 yam : akunaush : I Vahyazdâta : nâma : Pârsa : hauv : a

27 durujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam

named Martiya.

16-23. A Persian; he lied, as known now, he was outlaw, the man was Imanish, came from Elam as king and law giver, in Elam;" he made Elam rebellious, not wise. One, named Phraortes, a Mede; he lied, as known he was outlaw, the man said, "I am king of kings, coming from the family of Cyaxares;" he made Media rebellious, he was not wise. One named Ciçataxma, a Sagartian; he lied and said, "I am king in Sagartia. Came from the family of Cyaxares;" he made Sagartia rebellious, not very wise. One, named Frâda,

24-30. a Margian; he lied as known he was outlaw, and said, "I am king in Margiana;" he made Margiana rebellious, not very wise. One, named Vahyazdâta, a Persian; he lied, as known he was outlaw, and said, "I am Bardiya (Smerdis), the son of Cyrus;" he made Persia rebellious, not very wise. One named Arxa, an Armenian; he lied, as known he was outlaw and


84

: Bardiya : amiy : hya : Kû

28 raush : puça : hauv : Pârsam : hamiçiyam : akunaush : I Ar

29 xa : nâma : Arminiya : hauv : adurujiya : avathâ : athaha : adam : Nab

30 ukudracara : amiy : hya : Nabunaitahya : puça : hauv : Bâbirum : ham

31 içiyam : akunaush : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : imaiy :

32 IX : xshâyathiyâ : adam : agarbâyam : atar : imâ : hamaranâ

33 : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : dahyâva : imâ : tyâ : hamiçiy

34 â : abava : drauga : dish : hamiçiyâ : akunaush : tya : imaiy : kâram : adur

35 ujiyasha : pasâva : dish : Auramazdâ : manâ : dastayâ : akunaush : yathâ : mâm : k

36 âma : avatha : dish : akunavam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathi

37 ya : tuvam : kâ : xshâyathiya : hya : aparam âhy : hacâ : draugâ : darsham :

38 patipayauvâ : martiya : hya : draujana : ahatiy : avam : ufrashtam : parsâ : ya

39 diy : avathâ : maniyâhaiy : dahyâushmaiy : duruvâ : ahati

said: "I am Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabonidus;" he made Babylon rebellious

31-36. Not very wise, we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, these 9 kings I took prisoner, farther defeated them all. We are under your shadow; Darius is the King and law giver. These are the provinces which became rebellious. The Lie (druj) made them rebellious; we had many unwise people, so that these (men) deceived the people. Afterwards Ahuramazda put them into my hand; they were not wise, as you can see, that was my desire, which is not much, enemies’, came out to not be wise. We are under his shadow; Darius is the King and law giver

37-42. You acknowledge him, he is king and law giver, now, and there are a lot among us, in this Liar, not following our king; they are separatist, there are many who Lie-as follower, I understand, him sell out, the questions are, coming, as you can see, there are some of them left over, his country is mine, but they are double face, as known, we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, coming among us people not wise, by


85

40 y : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xsâyathiya : ima : tya : adam : akunavam :

41 vashnâ : Auramazdâha : hamahyâyâ : tharda : akunavam : tuvam : kâ : hya

42 : aparam : imâm : dipim : patiparsâhy : tya : manâ : kartam : varnavatâm

43 : thuvâm : mâtya : draugam : maniyâhay : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâ

44 yathiya : Auramazdâha : ragam : vartaiyaiy : yathâ : ima : hashiyam : naiy : duru

45 xtam : adam : akunavam : hamahyâyâ : tharda : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâya

46 thiya : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : utâmaiy : aniyashciy : vasiy : astiy : karta

47 m : ava : ahyâyâ : dipiyâ : naiy : nipishtam : avahyarâdiy : naiy : n

48 ipishtam : mâtya : hya : aparam : imâm : dipim : patiparsâtiy : avah

49 yâ : paruv : thadayâtaiy : tya : manâ : kartam : naishim : ima : varnavâtaiy : d

50 uruxtam : maniyâtaiy : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : tyaiy

51 : paruvâ : xshâyathiyâ : yâtâ : âha : avaishâm : avâ : naiy : astiy : kar

52 tam : yathâ : manâ : vashnâ :

the favor of Ahuramazda, these are my accomplishment to this time, there are unwise people, you should understand that, there are a lot among us, it is my desire, be hold for us, the separatist is my question for work to be done, let’s not live the unknown road.

43 -50. Those with to us, among them liar to us, some of them are out there, We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, Auramazdâha, my path is your path, right now, come our king, he is not going to lie and betray us, there are people not wise, among all of us, to the point, we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, By the favor of Ahuramazda, he come now, others did not come from royal family, they stopped when I come, my work is done, now, whatever was there for me to do, so the thing won’t come to an end or inscribed this inscription on that post, come on it, is page of our history; this for me, is a gift for us, this for us, we follow, we will implement what in it, my work is done, without pain, but came, those not follow your path, double face and betrayed people, among us. We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, we are your

51-56. Follower, you are king and law giver, as you can see, alert, he become our king, if he did not come,


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Auramazdâha : hamahyâyâ : tharda : kartam : thâ

53 tiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : nûram : thuvâm : varnavatâm : tya : man

54 â : kartam : avathâ : kârahyâ : râdiy : mâ : apagaudaya : yadiy : imâm :

55 hadugâm : naiy : apagaudayâhy : kârahyâ : thâhy : Auramazdâ : thuvâm :

56 daushtâ : biya : utâtaiy : taumâ : vasiy : biyâ : utâ : dargam : jîvâ

57 thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : yadiy : imâm hadugâm : apagaudayâ

58 hy : naiy : thâhy : kârahyâ : Auramazdâtay : jatâ : biyâ : utâtaiy : taum

59 â : mâ : biyâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ima : tya : adam : akunavam :

60 hamahyâyâ : tharda : vashnâ : Auramazdâha : akunavam : Auramazdâmaiy : upas

61 tâm : abara : utâ : aniyâha : bagâha : tyaiy : hatiy : thâtiy : Dârayavau

62 sh : xshâyathiya : avahyarâdiy : Auramazdâ : upastâm : abara : utâ : ani

the work stopped without being done, now by the favor of Ahuramazda all of the work are done by me to this point, we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, looking, he is with us, the path is not dark, anything come to me is done, right now If there are way to take action, I give my permission, those are done you can see, remind all of them, so they do not talk about me, If there was way to take action, and possible to be done, I give permission, Ahuramazda he is with us, he is your king, you want him to come, as you can see he is here, you want him for us, it happened, he came, as you can see, our door is open for him to live.

57-61. We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, remind the entire population, so they do not talk about me, those are done you can see, those are not done will be done, may Auramazdâ, punish and smite those spreading rumors about me. We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, among us there some not wise, I accomplish everything possible to this point by the favor of Ahuramazda I did; there are people not wise, Ahuramazda bore me aid to stop them, bring him, as you can see, my desire, tell them whatever he says he will do, it came. We are under your shadow, Darius is the

62-69. King and law giver, the one helped him is Auramazdâ, to stop them, brought him, as you can see, whatever


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63 yâha : bagâha : tyaiy : haijy : yathâ : naiy : arika : âham : naiy : draujana : âham : na

64 iy : zûrakara : âham : naiy : adam : naimaiy : taumâ : upariy : arshtâm : upariy

65 âyam : naiy : shkaurim : naiy : tunuvatam : zûra : akunavam : martiya : hya : hamata

66 xshâta : manâ : vithiyâ : avam : ubartam : abaram : hya : viyanâthaya : avam : ufrasta

67 m : aparsam : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : tuvam : kâ : xshâyathiya :

68 hya : aparam : âhy : martiya : hya : draujana : ahatiy : hyavâ : zurakara : ahat

69 iy : avaiy : mâ : daushtâ : biyâ : ufrashtâdiy : parsâ : thâtiy : Dâra

70 yavaush : xshâyathiya : tuvam : kâ : hya : aparam : imâm : dipim : vainâhy : ty

71 âm : adam : niyapaisham : imaivâ : patikarâ : mâtya : vikanâhy : yâvâ : u

72 tava : âhy : avathâshatâ : paribarâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : ya

73 diy : imâm : dipim : vainâhy : imaivâ : patikarâ : naiydish : vikanâhy :

he says, come to be implementation, right now, there are no wrong doing, and he is not liar, and he is not dictator, also-- neither him nor within his family were outlaw, if one of them were outlaw is not belong to my court. Those wish to be outlaw from my family won’t be thanked by me, members of my family are not allowed to abuse or force others, that person is not wise, the man is king for all, the one with shadow to protect us, smart, he is our gift, bring him to us, there are those, I not have shadow for them, I understand, abuse a lot, we question them, we are under your shadow, Darius is the king and law giver, try to understand him, he is king by law, there are people separated, there are good man, there are liar, since he come, there are some who like to abuse others using force, since he come, to us, now he is your king, came, he is kind to us, he is Persian, in short, according to righteousness I conducted myself. Neither to the weak nor to the powerful did I do wrong. The man who cooperated with my house, him I rewarded well; those did injury, him I punished well. We are under his shadow.

70-75. Darius is the King and law giver, try to understand him, , now he is a lot came for us, it is giving vision, to our people, behold this inscription which I have inscribed, or these sculptures, do not digging it out or be destroyed, it is belong to you, right now your king is leading you, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, he come for us, give us vision, the inscription and sculptures not be destroyed, or digging it out, whatever in it is for you, here it is, protect it as your leader do not destroy them, may Ahuramazda be with you and be your


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utâ

74 taiy : yâvâ : taumâ : ahatiy : paribarâhadish : Auramazdâ : thuvâm daushtâ : biy

75 â : utâtaiy : taumâ : vasiy : biyâ : utâ : dargam : jîvâ : utâ : tya : kunavâhy

76 : avataiy : Auramazdâ : ucâram : kunautuv : thâitiy : Dârayavaush : xshâ

77 yathiya : yadiy : imâm : dipim : imaivâ : patikarâ : vainâhy : vikanâhadish : ut

78 âtaiy : yâvâ : taumâ : ahatiy : naiydish : paribarâhy : Auramazdâtaiy : jatâ : b

79 iyâ : utâtaiy : taumâ : mâ : biyâ : utâ : tya : kunavâhy : avataiy : Auramazd

80 â : nikatuv : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : imaiy : martiyâ : tyaiy

81 : adakaiy : avadâ : âhatâ : yâtâ : adam : Gaumâtam : tyam : magum : avâjanam :

82 hya : Bardiya : agaubatâ : adakaiy : imaiy : martiyâ : hamataxshatâ : anushiyâ : man

83 â : Vidafarnâ : nâma : Vâyaspârahyâ : puça Pârsa: Utâna : nâma : Thuxrahyâ

84 : puça : Pârsa : Gaubaruva : nâma : Marduniyahyâ : puça : Pârsa :

friend, he is your king, come, he came for you, you, him and us, are alive, as you can see, may you live long,

76-79. As you wish and what you shall do, that may Ahuramazda make successful for you! You are on right path, may prolong your life, we are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, reminding you he give us the inscription and these sculptures, to open our eyes, protect them to not be destroyed, it is for you, I am telling you, whatever in it, not to be destroyed, the one lead you and guide you is Ahuramazda, if you destroy these things God will punish you, your family not be to you, and what you shall do, that for you may Ahuramazda utterly destroy!

80-86. Now is written, we are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, these are the men who were there at the time when I slew Gaumata the Magian who called himself Bardiya (Smerdis), he had military, and said he is king of kings, deserve what he got; at that time these men cooperated as my followers: Intaphernes by name, son of Vayaspara, a Persian; Otanes by name, son of Thukhra, a Persian; Gobryas by name, son of Mardonius, a Persian; Hydarnes by name, son of Bagabigna, a Persian; Megabyzus by name, son of Datuvahya, a Persian; Ardumanish by name, son of Vahauka, a Persian. We are under your shadow; Darius is the


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Vidarna : nâma : Ba

85 gâbignahyâ : puça : Pârsa : Bagabuxsha : nâma : Dâtuvahyahyâ : puça : Pârsa :

86 Ardumanish : nâma : Vahaukahyâ : puça : Pârsa : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyath

87 iya : tuvam : kâ : xshâyathiya : hya : aparam : âhy : tyâm : imaishâm : martiyânâ

88 m : taumâm : uba(r)tâm : paribarâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : vashnâ : Au

89 ramazdâha : i(ya)m : dipîmaiy : ty(âm) : adam : akunavam : patisham : ariyâ : âha : utâ : pavast

90 âyâ : utâ : carmâ : grathitâ : âha : patishamaiy : patikaram : akunavam : patisham : uvadâ

91 m : akunavam : utâ : niyapithiya : utâ : patiyafrasiya : paishiyâ : mâm : pasâva : i(mâ)m : d

92 ipim : adam : frâstâyam : vispadâ : atar : dahyâva : kâra : hamâtaxshatâ

King and law giver,

87-92. The one you give us, is the king and law giver, he is a lot for come from us, he is our king, the one is not from us, do not bring us, by your favor he is the leader, We are under his shadow, Darius is the king and law giver, by the favor of Auramazdâha this is the inscription which he made. There are people among us not very wise, it is our reward written in Aryan language, alert, as you can see right now, he is committed, as you can see, his declaration is true, alert, our reward is on sculpture, there are some not so wise, our reward, he give to us, those not so wise, are not coming under his shadow, as you can see, inscription I sent off, his work is known. Afterwards this inscription I sent off everywhere among the military, farther provinces, wherever they are belonging to our king.


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DB, COLUMN 5:


xshâyathiya :

2 ima : tya : adam : akunavam : duvitîyâ

3 mca : çitâmcâ : thardam : pasâva : yathâ : xshâya

4 thiya : abavam : Ûvja : nâmâ : dahyâush : hau

5 v : hamiçiyâ : abava : I martiya : Atamaita : nâma : Û

6 vjiya : avam : mathishtam : akunavatâ : pasâva : ada

7 m : kâram : fraishayam : I martiya : Gaubaruva :

8 nâma : Pârsa : manâ : badaka : avamshâm : mathishtam : aku

9 navam : pasâva : Gaubaruva : hadâ : kârâ : ashiyava :

10 Ûvjam : hamaranam : akunaush : hadâ : Ûvjiyaibish : pas

11 âva : Gaubaruva : Ûvjiyâ : avâja : viyamarda :

12 utâ : tyamshâm : mathishtam : agarbâya : anaya : abi

13 y : mâm : utâshim : adam :

1-14. We are under your shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, there are people among us are not wise, for the second time here in this place. This is what I did in fourth year to this point after I became king by law. A province named Elam became rebellious every one joined them. The fight started by one man named Atamaita, an Elamite – I understand they made him chief; he is not loyal to me, afterward, thereupon I sent forth an army. One man named Gobryas, a Persian, my loyal subject -- I made him chief of them. There are some not wise, after that, Gobryas with the army marched off to Elam; he joined battle with the Elamites, defeated them all, he did not have knowledge, brought fight to Elam. Thereupon Gobryas smote and crushed the Elamites, and captured the chief of them; he led him to me, and I killed him. After that fight the province became mine. We are under your shadow; Darius is the King and law giver.


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avâjanam : pasâva : dahyâ

14 ush : manâ : abava : thâtiy Dârayavaush : xshâyathi

15 ya : avaiy : Ûvjiyâ : arikâ : âha : utâshâm : Aurama

16 zdâ : naiy : ayadiya : Auramazdâm : ayadaiy : vashnâ : A

17 uramazdâha : yathâ : mâm : kâma : avathâdish : akunavam

18 : thâtiy Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : hya : Auramazdâ

19 m : yadâtaiy : yânam : avahâ : ahatiy : utâ : jîvah

20 yâ : utâ : martahyâ : thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xsh

21 âyathiya : pasâva : hadâ : kârâ : adam : ashiyavam : abiy : Sak

22 âm : pasâ : Sakâ : tyaiy : xaudâm : tigrâm : barati

23 y : imaiy : Sakâ : hacâma : âisha : yadiy : abiy : draya : a

24 vârasam : parashim : avadâ : hadâ : kârâ : visâ : viyatara

25 yam : pasâva : adam : Sakâ : vasiy : ajanam : aniyam : aga

26 rbâyam : hauv : basta : anayatâ : abiy : mâm : ut

27 âshim : avâjanam : mathishtashâm : Skuxa : nâma : avam :

15-20. Those Elamites were faithless, alert, as you can see, they told our king, and Ahuramazdâ was not worshipped. I worshipped Ahuramazda; by the favor of Ahuramazda, as you know, for us is not much, he did hurt those, who are not wise. We are under his shadow, Darius is the King and law giver, as you know our Auramazdâ, he always worship you, and he is our hope, this is our desire, as you can see, as long as we alive, as you can see we follow your path, we are under his shadow. Darius is the King

21-30. And law giver, afterwards with an army I went off to Scythia, after the Scythians who wear the pointed cap. These Scythians went from me. When I arrived at the Tigris River, which hold us, came Scythian attack us in that place, remember, become sea, to help us, I have question for them, the one his work stopped, they helped us, afterward, I smote the Scythians exceedingly; another leader I took captive; this one was led bound to me, and I slew him. The chief of them, by name Skunkha – him they seized and led to me, I killed him. Then I made another their chief, as was my desire. After that, the province became mine. After the fight, we are under his shadow; Darius is the king and law giver.


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aga

28 rbâya : utâ : anaya : abiy : mâm : avadâ : aniyam : math

29 ishtam : akunavam : yathâ : mâm : kâma : âha : pasâva : da

30 hyâush : manâ : abava : thâtiy Dârayavaush : xshâya

31 thiya : avaiy : Sakâ : arikâ : âha : utâ : naiy : Auramazd

32 âshâm : ayadiya : Aurmazdâm : ayadaiy : vashnâ : Aurama

33 zdâha : yathâ : mâm : kâma : avathâdish : akunavam : thât

34 iy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : hya : Auramazdâm : yadâta

35 iy : avahyâ : yânam : ahatiy : utâ : jîvahyâ : utâ

38 : martahyâ

31-38. Those Scythians, not good, alert, as you can see, they are not following our Auramazdâ-shâm, we worship him, our Auramazdâ, remember us, by the favor of Auramazdâ, right now for us, anyone hurting us, is not wise, we are under his shadow, Darius is the king and law giver, always he worship our Auramazdâ, he is saying that name give us life, as you can see, we have life, as you can see that man is dead.


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In Conclusion

We have three different sets of Latin alphabets used for our language now, plus the Arabic alphabet

For every problem there are solutions, if one wants to unite people instead of dividing them. Kurdish people are Airyanem and Airyanem people are the owners of 12,000 years of civilization. The Airyanem people started human civilization before the Phoenecians’ (written Arabic alphabet came from them) existence. For that reason the Arabic alphabet should be eliminated for Kurdish and Airyanem languages.

Below out of the three sets of the latin alphabet, it is suggested one set be used for the Airyanem languages of more than five hundred million people; Kurdish, Persian and others are just dialects within that Airyanem langauge.

Solution

The Latin alphabet used to write Prophet Zoroaster’s songs (Gathas)

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ô, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Û, V, X, Y, Z

a, â, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, r, s, sh, t, th, u, û, v, x, y, z

The modern alphabet of the Kurmanji Kurdish dialect contains 31 letters below:

A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, û, v, w, x, y, z

While our old Airyanem Vaejah language does not have letters (Q, E, Ê, O and W) in the Emperor Darius the Great’s Behishtan inscriptions there are letters for sh and th like English, using two letters for one sound.

The alphabet of the Airyanem Vaejah language contains 29 letters below without the Q of Arabic:

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Û, V, X, Y, Z


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a, â, b, c, ç, d, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, th, u, û, v, x, y, z

Out of the three sets of alphabet namely from the Prophet Zoroaster’s songs, the modern Kurmanji Kurdish dialect and the Aryan language of Darius the Great, which had been used to write ancient and modern Kurdish languages, one set of alphabet letters as below is the most clear and efficient.

Here are the 33 letters for a standard alphabet to be used for a Unified Kurdish Language and by other Airyanem people from Pakistan to Turkey and from

Kurdistan to the former Soviet Union countries.

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, Th, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, â, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, th, u, û, v, w, x, y, z


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Author’s Afterword

With limited resources, we are able to produce only a small document; in fact to complete the project by compiling a Unified Kurdish Language Dictionary

access to some of the vast wealth of our Kurdish people’s money, appropriated by a few powerful families’ corrupt schemes, is needed. These resources will supply Kurdish people with a unified alphabet and guidelines for a Kurdish language for communication and study in one language for all the Airyanem Vaejah people.


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References

1. Grecian historians and the Histories of Herodotus (c. 440 BC) Plus historians like Aristotle, Odoxous, Pollianus, Hermitus, Plutarch, Theopompous, Suidas, Eskoloiyon and Laktantius

2. The DAWN Political Teaching of the Book of Esther3. The Kurds: A Concise Handbook4. The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)5. Avesta—Zoroastrian Archives6. 7000 Years of World History7. Behistun cuneiform inscriptions—by the Achaemenid Emperor,

Darius the Great (522–486 BCE)8. Greek Historian Xenophon’s (Anabasis) books9. Greek Herodotus’ books10. The Book of Queen Esther11. Josephus’ History, Josephus (AD 37–c. 100). He was also known as

Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph, son of Matthias) the Jewish historian who wrote a history of the Roman Empire

12. Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism. Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism and postmodernism. His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. His key ideas include the death of God, perspectivism, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of ‘life-affirmation’, which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be. Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. At the age of 24 he was appointed to the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel (the youngest individual to have held this position), but resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life. In 1889 he became mentally ill, possibly due to atypical general paresis attributed to tertiary syphilis.He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897, then under the care of his sister until his death in 1900.


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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

13. The Latin alphabet used to write Prophet Zoroaster’s songs (Gathas)

A, Â, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ô, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Û, V, X, Y, Za, â, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, r, s, sh, t, th, u, û, v, x, y, z


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Authors

Two authors from different backgrounds – one who grew up in the Middle East with the educational privileges granted men in a Muslim society, the other a woman raised in Christian Western culture - have combined particular aspects of their knowledge and experiences to produce Vashti, Queen of the Ancient Medes, Esther Mystery Queen of the Medes and now, The Unified Kurdish Language.

Alison Buckley

After years of questioning the cursory treatment of female heroes of the Jewish Old Testament particularly Queen Vashti and Queen Esther, Alison finally found Hamma Mirwaisi’s name under a google search for Vashti. Much to her amazement and delight he was able to fill in the massive gaps in the vanquished queen’s story, the result being the first historical novel in the Airyanem series. Since Queen Esther featured in the account it was logical that the real story of her life be extracted from misguided interpretations of it. Ahead lies the literary challenge of writing the rest of the history of Kurdistan in novel form, which will not be left in obscurity for too much longer.

Alison still finds time to write a couple of articles a year for the Australian monthly magazine ‘Signs of the Times’ and with Hamma also produces articles for online political journals and newspapers.

A high school teacher, Alison credits her Bachelor’s Degrees in politics, history, counselling and human services and her Graduate Diplomas in law, education and English for many of the skills and knowledge which she uses to write about her rapidly expanding interest in the Middle East.


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Hamma Mirwaisi

After fleeing with his young family from Kurdistan to the US as a refugee, Hamma Mirwaisi completed a Masters in Electrical Engineering and worked as a communications engineer and businessman. Seconded by the US government to translate for the military in the Iraq War, he accessed documents in his native language that provided answers to some of his many questions about the history of Kurdistan. He also completed a unique and more accurate translation from one of the Behistun Inscription’s languages, giving a more revealing account of Middle Eastern imperial life in the late sixth and seventh centuries BCE. Returning to his adopted country, he dedicated his retirement years to further research for his first book, Return of the Medes, a commentary on Kurdish history.

Along with his contributions to two historical novels Hamma’s research and writing for online journal articles and newspapers further focuses on his campaign to assist his countrymen and women to gain the freedoms and political independence to form their own nation. His tireless work for peace for Kurdistan through personal representations and pleas to influential political figures and their governments is also reflected in his plans for the Airyanem civilisation series which will tell the stories of Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great.

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Documents

uc berkeley site

hamma mirwaisii aug1

hamma mirwaisi

friedrich wilhelm nietzsche

behistun cuneiform inscriptions

unified kurdish language

airyanem vaejah language

zoroastrian philosophy entered