Town plan – Ostia

Forum baths 193-225 AD

Ostia – Capitolium120 AD

Ostia – Forum 117 – 138 AD

Piazazale delle corporazioni First century AD

Wall around – built 80 BC

GREEN INDICATES ORGINAL

Decumanus maximus

Via della foce

Decumanus Maximus

Cardo Maximus

Ostia town plan notes• Originally roman military base (87BC civil war)• Key to defense and trading ability• Became main harbor – originally not because didn’t offer

natural protection to ships• Went on developing into 3rd century BC• Mouth of the Tiber• 30 miles west of Rome• Two-way phase development during early years BC• Ostia spread south and west from small rectangular shape• Surrounded by defensive walls w/ 3 city gates• Eastern development following population increase• Width of street varies (private property etc)• Porticoes flanking the streets – identical facing porticos =

beautiful!!• Small rectangular settlement around forum spilt exactly by

main N-S and W-E road• Initial period of growth – involved spreading streets west and

south irregularly• 80 BC walls built enclosing extended town• Trajans harbour = commerical opportunities• Forum sidelined by the growing infulence of the new square

of corportations in the new city

Water supply!Originally drew from wells and rivers Aqueduct – first half of 1st century ADSystem of storage tanks w/ pipes to street fountains and wealthy housesMore modern system than PompeiiReceived aqueduct after Pompeii

Forum at OstiaCapitolium dominates the northern117-138 AD

Square surrounded by 4 major buildings – Capitolium (N) temple of Rome and Augustus (S), curia (NW)and basilica (SE)

Decumanus Maximus continues through the square

Pedestrians could only enter from north and south

Square covered in concrete

W + E sides have hadrianic porticoes

W/ granite columns and marble pavement

Alter of Concordia (somewhere)

Capitolium – Ostia

Northern end of the forumPositioned on the area previously occupied by the hole, the intersection of the cardo and decumanus maximus

Largest temple in Ostia

Overlooked the forum

High podium (imitation of temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill in Rome)

Prostyle hexastyle (columns at the front)

35m long

15.5m wide 20m high

Under the podium – 3 rooms accessible from the rear (seat of treasury citizen)

Rectangular plan – brickwork (unlike other Capitola)

Statues of 3 deities in 3 niches at bottom

Cell covered by slabs of white and colorful marble

Entrance portal of cell – bronze door (similar to Pantheon)

Cella traces of african marble

Marble freize and cornice remain

Usual alter to the front (african marble)

Honor the triadFreestanding hexastyle with flued white marble columns

Ostia – Forum baths

• 3200 square meters• Third quarter of second century• 193 – 225 AD• Marble three meters high; plaster

above• Black and white geometric floor• Cold rooms northern – cross vaults• South – warm rooms; 17-19 had

barrel vaults• South designed in a way it would

receive light in the afternoon from west – huge windows, one room dedicated to sunbathing (room 15)

• 2 entrances – 2 and 14• Frigidarium (6) cold bat – large

marble columns – 15m high; niches in the back and side walls, holes and imprints of lead pipes show there was a jet of water below each niche

• Room 19 – 3 basins – hairpins found – proving existence of women's baths (like Pompeii’s Stabian baths)

• Along east side runs corridor – wheels with a diameters of 10 meters – slaves lifted water collected in cistern

• Early fourth century different kinds of marble and granite columns added

• South-west part of the palaestra ½ small temples• Southwest of the shrines is a large latrine w/ 20

seats

Ostia – theatre – Piazzale delle Corporazioni

• Built 1st century AD when city growth justified

• City rose in status in the Augustan era as port of Rome – propaganda under Augustus

• Integral in new town center; not separated out to impress but dual-purpose allowing access to shops

• 4,000 capacity – despite larger population than Pompeii

• No great attempts to impress w/ size

• Statement reflecting values of Augustan ara

• Increased capacity 4k to 6k suggests growing influence and status symbol rather than mass entertainment

• Bst materials• Exterior functional – arches

allowed shops

• Blended in with square• Designed w/ new opportunities created by

concrete• Full use of marble to adorn basic tufa• Arcades contained shops – fundamentally linked

w/ buildings around it• 2 easy ground floor access points plus steps to

higher level after rebuilding ensured safety

Pompeii Town Plan

Pompeii Forum – 2nd century BC

Pompeii large theatre – rebuilt 80 BC

Small theatre – 80 BC Amphitheatre – 80 BC

Stabian baths – 4th BC

POMPEII

Pompeii town plan notes Water supply!Source – Starno river – wells helped until demand outstripped supplyNo aqueducts in early days, Sulla’s Romanization of 80 BC = aqueducts provided from Avella1st century AD Augustus added new aqueduct – Serino which replaced orginal and served wider area = droop in amount of water received by PompeiiSystems of storage tanks w/ pipes to street fountains and the wealthy houses – water supply earlier than Ostia.Public baths – distribution tanks; effect on demand of water Stabian baths dependent on wells/ran water; Early hypocaust system, eventually gender suitesPROBLEMS DEALT W/ - primitive drainage system pre-roman – sewage removal left running down streets

• Greek settlement – greek influence• Colony in 80 BC – soldiers home etc• Mix of orderly and less orderly planning• Greek background meant roman grid-plan came after

period of less organized growth• Development cut off 79 BC – VOLCANO• STREET PLANS: 2 way phase development during early

years, spread North east from Greek settlement• Surrounded by defensive walls w/ 7 gates• Population growth = growth to the east• Final stage encompassed area of main north south

street; developed on regular roman grid plan to this road

• By 3rd century BC the town was at its final size• Commercial – based around forum, rendered off by

eastward developments, houses key political and religious buildings. Baths + theatres eastward

• Political – forum; cura• Population growth – domus expansions – 80 BC

gradual growth, destruction of 79 AD froze• Leisure – standard facilities, 2 theatres from early,

improvements included large Amphitheatre

Forum - Pompeii Forum

Temple of Jupiter – Northern – closes forum off from the North.Dominated

Narrow – 142m x 38m Open piazza with 2-storey portico around West, South and East Sides

Open central areaFilled with statues, platforms and notice boards

Gathering spaceForum baths just behind

Laid out 2nd century BC

Three civil offices – Thought to be comitia, curia and junior magistrates offices

Covered market

South west corner of the city

Central when builtLater Roman development to the North and East left the forum in the original (irregularly planned) south west corner of the city

Temple of Jupiter – Pompeii

37m x 17m 3m high

Tetrastyle pronaos 4 x 7 fluted columns

Triumphant arches (Nero and Tiberus)

Triple cella contains 3 deities (room in the middle)

Black wall veneered in marble.

Double flight of steps

Hexastyle design BUT

Corinthian columns

Temple of Apollo – Pompeii

Iconic column w/ sundial

White marble on travertine base.

Own precinct of 48 columns.

Single cella Fronted with 6 Corinthian columns

Doric architrave

Metopes and triglyphs originallyLater replaced w/ frieze w/ griffins and foliage

Colonnade of tufa

Statues of Apollo and Diana in forecourt

Dark interior

Surrounded on all sides by local tufa columns

Towns weights and measures sorted nearby but no direct link

Pompeii – Stabian Baths

Pompeii – Stabian Baths

• Original source of water – deep well on site• Well positioned – east of forum but central at

junction of main NS and WE roads• Available in basic form from 4th BC, enhanced late 2nd

century, and again 80BC w/ aqueduct • Central palaestra – exercise• Portico on 3 sides w/ tufa columns (later decorated

w/ stucco)• Mens east, womens north, supporting facilities like

latrines etc• MENS BATHS - Apodyterium linked to peidarium

(warm room) to allow acclimatisatio; caladarium (hot room) next to furnase was a large apsed hall w/ tank for bathing and fountain to cleanse hands; flavian period stucco decoration on walls and vaulting; barrel-vaulted cielings; frigidarium (cold room) accessed directly from changing room had concrete dome

• Natation (pool) added late 1st century AD• WOMENS – smaller and limited, remained same until

79 AD

Pompeii Large theatre and gladiatorial barracks

• Provided in 80 BC – population increased because it was made a colony

• Pre-roman (first half of 2nd century) but rebuilt in 80 BC• Unimposing position by the original Greek forum • Built into hillside• Capacity 3k – roman rebuilding added 2k = 5k• Functional rather than a political statement• Provision of new access at the top• Removal of the gathering piazza outside to provide

gladiator barracks in support of the new Amphitheatre• All deliberate to emphasize new roman city• Local stone used w/ little decoration• Enlargement of 80 BC = marble to impress (paid by

local merchants)• Safety provided by adding top tier access from old

forum to access lower tiers (from either side of orchestra w/ five rows of stairs)

• Cover against weather provided by awning on temporary basis as needed

• Safe given small capacity

Pompeii Small theatre• Provided 80 BC• Local chiefs sponsored – Valgus and Porcius paying

for this and Amphitheatre • Capacity of 1k• Attractive but hidden behind large theatre• Hard to see from outside• Impressive by its existence – magistrates seeking to

influence rich minority • All-over roof extravagant – acoustic reasons?• Aimed at small minority – exclusive• Permanent roof made of wood – improve quality of

sound• Personal performances such as concerts, recitals and

mimes

Pompeii Amphitheatre • 80 BC samnite influence seen off by Sulla; new

rulers wanted to put stamp on city• 2 magistrates paid for construction• Eastern part – well away from original town

center• Providing games = support• 20,000 capacity by 79 AD• Eastern side of city – new focus among the

buildings of new roman town which grew around it

• Basic materials • No attempt to face w/ marble concrete• Faced w/ opus incetum instead – giving strength• Later techniques of support; vaulted passages or

subterranean cells• Buttresses used and building onto city walls gave

further strength• Basic frame of arches but blind offering no access

to interior• Steps of exterior steps narrow

• 2 small tunnels led to small circulation area and railed off rows for elite

• Cramped for everyone• Set into ground – no dominance

from height• Use of local stone and

embellished appearance more function

• First arena made of masonry – impressed

• Arches w/ outside staircases gave impression of style!!!

WATER SUPPLY BASICSROMAN WATER SUPPLY

Rome water supply• River tiber water supply – fine for

original town but couldn’t cope w/ increasing demand

• Aqueducts and associated water channels

• Aqua Appia 392 BC• Three more built before 100 BC –

three shorter ones followed during Augustan era; finally there was 11 total over 500 miles

• Public baths: supplied from distribution tanks direct from own aqueduct

• Aqua Marcia in the case of the baths of Caracalla

• Caracalla had major impact on the demand for water – 1600 bathers a minute!!!!

How the problems were dealt with…CLOACAO MAXIMA – SEWAGE SYSTEM!!!!!

• Water supply wasn’t originally top priority in any city

• Rome had population over over 1 million by 1st century AD

• All cities had availability of some natural water sources (wells and rivers)

• Aimed to provide drinking water; settling chambers and reception reservoirs used to offload from aqueducts in both cities

• Water pumped into distribution tanks, often ornate in appearance, from here pipes led to public fountains to supply the poor

• Rain collected in impluvia supplemented individual houses

PROBLEMS• Leakage, conflict between practical and

aesthetic issues at city approaches, difficulties in maintaining underground channels

Roman introduction to theatres….

• Had to make do w/ temporary wooden theatres which were inadequate after great population growth of 1st century BC

• One great theatre and one amplitheatre allowed population enjoy TOP entertainment for the first time

• Early theatres – small and temporary• Only major venue was theatre of Pompey 61 BC • Increase in population = demanded bigger central theatre• Caesar’s rivalry = theatre of Marcellus

13 BC

THE COLLOSEUM

70 – 80 AD

THEATRES – THEATRE OF MARCELLUS• WHY: Triumph for Augustus • Commissioning: started 11 BC as part of Augustus’ renewal of Rome• Position: Between capitol hill and river Tiber• Size: 20k capacity, three-tired freestanding structure in prime position• Built same time as Ostia theatre• Materials: exterior design allowed easy access and facilities provided for audience; full

attention to appearance – free-standing and central, elaborate substructures providing good support w/ reticulate-faced concrete and concrete barrel-vaults; forming outer corridor and acted as buttresses; all faced w/ marble.

• Comfort/safety: free-standing nature allowed large number of arched entrances to ease access and ensure social segregation

• Open air theatre• Built in closing years of Roman Republic• Watch performances of drama and song• Named after Marcus Marcellus – Augustus’ nephew who died 5

years prior• Space for theatre cleared by Caesar – murdered prior• 111m in diameter• Mainly built of tuff, and concrete faced w/ stones in a pattern

known as opus reticulatum, completely sheathed in white travertine.

• Network of arches, corridors, tunnels and ramps gave access to interiors – engaged columns in greek orders – doric at base, ionic in middle and corinthian upper level

THEATRES – COLLOSEUM

ROME - COLOSSEUM

• WHY? To secure Flavians dynasty• 70 AD – Vespasian proposed biggest and grandest amphitheater – son Titus saw it

important to finish.• 80 AD – Built – Titus – travertine, tufa, concrete, brick, marble, gravel, wood and sand.

Oval shape.• Built after theatre of Marcellus – population increase• Capacity – 80k – reflecting needs of city w/ population of 1 million• Fine central site dominating forum• 188 x 156 metres• 48 metres high• Exterior design enabled easy access and provide facilities for audience• Supported by huge elliptical ring of concrete topped w/ blocks of travertine – supporting

piers rise from here; outer walls built to impress • Four storeys – greek column order (doric – ionic – corinthian – top floor)• 80 arches flanked by engaged columns on each of lower floors – marble faced w/ statues

in doorway• Accessed via large number of arched entrances on lower floor• Wide circulation passages within led to lower seats and wide staircases to higher levels• Top level – reserved for poor – wooden• Best seats bottom – separate access • Awning kept the direct sun of spectators• Replaced Nero’s private garden w/ attractive public recreational facility

Forum of Augustus - Rome

Built 25-22 BCNorth to main forumSimilar to forum of Pompeii – basic layoutEntry from SW – view of templeColonnades down two longer sidesCross-axis formed by pair of semi-circular recesses emphasized symmetrical shapeMarble everywhereHuge rear wall – exclusivity Land originally owned by Augustus himself – initial plans called for more space than he had = alterations Asymmetry apparentEastern corner of precinct – couldn’t take houses – “good deed” or money saverBuilt of ashlar blocks of peperino tufa with carrara marbleColonades made of africano and pavonazzetta – from all over empireEnclosing walls – local roman stone

Built to house temple and other legal proceedings as roman forum was crowded

Filled with rich tapestry of statues – Augustus in military outfit in the center, and mars and Venus in the temple. 108 portrait states total.

Temple of Mars the Avenger - ROME 2BC

High podium – more roman style by AugustusPropaganda at home

Fully integrated into the design of forum of augustus

Steep steps to approachAsymmetry apparent – houses in east corner

Square plan

Frontal focus

Long cellaLeading to statues of Mars and Venus

Senate met hereYoung men accepted their toga virillis

First roman temple made entirely of marble

Abutting on to tufa back wall of forum that had to be incorpated

Pediment and decoration lost

8 solid white marble Corinthian columns on sides backing to precint wall

Rome Pantheon27 BC Renovated at the same time as

the temple of trajan

Formal gateway

Forecourt – 44m x 60m wide

Size spoke for itself – no podium neededTraditional frontage of 8 unfluted corinthian pillars (14m)Two more at each sidePronaos of 3 vaulted corridors divided by further 8 red inner columnsInterior surprise! RotundaRotunda consisted of circular drum topped by hemispherical domeOculus for lightSign of roman technological progress + confidence Temple for ALL gods

Granite columns in forecourt

Outer structure was tufa faced w/ white marble

Interior marble and granite

Coffered ceiling of light pumice lined with lead sheets

43m concrete domeLower section of dome was actually core structure

Weight distribution – 8 giant pillars

Bronze eagle in wreath

Inscription naming M.Agrippa builder

Front suggested rectangular structure

Gilded tiles from rotunda visible from above

PantheonInterior a surprise

Oculus for light

Floor of marble and granite slabs

Screens of pilasters

Columns in various marbles from all over the empire

Oculus at dome’s apex for light and to cool and ventilate

Rome – Portunis Dediicated to God Portunus

Ionic order

Located in Forum Boardium by the Tiber

Tetrastyle portico and cella

High podium – flight of steps

Like Maison Carree; pronaos portico of 4 ionic columns across and 2 columns deep

Columns of portico – free-standing

5 columns on long sides and 4 columns at rear are engaged along the walls of the cella

Built of tuff and travertine with a stucco surface

Frieze decorated with garlands

First century BC

Converted to Christian church in the 9th century

38 m high

106 – 113 AD

North west of main forum

Main square – flanked by 2 porticoes (112m long)

Marble paving in square

Market nearby – not part of it

Designed to surpass forum of Augustus

Basilica w/ civil buildings 2 storeyed buildingEntrance screened by 10 columns

Huge project to dig out Quirinal Hill to build

On the via dei fori imperiali

Opposite end to Colosseum

Cobbled w/ rectangular blocks of white marble

Built from stoa-lined piazza 200mx120m

Exedrae on each side

Forum and Market of Trajan

Temple of Trajan

125 AD

Placed by Trajan’s adoptive son Hadrian

Dedicated to Trajan and wife

Known from coin

Building surrounded by a portico situated on edge of Trajan’s forum

Octastyle building

Huge podium

Flanked w/ distyle colonnades which curved behind cella

On the site of Palazzo Valentini and that it used stone from the temple in its construction

Only survivals from temple are a dedicatory inscription and 1 granite column (2m diameter) with white marble capital

Temple of Vesta

Located in the Roman forum near the Regia and house of the vestal virgins

Greek architecture w/ Corinthian columns

Marble

Central Cella

20 Corinthian columns built on a podium 15m in diameter

Roof had vent at the apex to allow smoke release

Eastern entrance to symbolize connection between Vesta’s fire and sun as sources of life

Cult activity as far back as 7th century BCE

Built by Pompollius w/ Regia and house of Vestal Virgins

Temple stood in Sacred Grave - graveyard

One of the earliest structures in the Roman Forum

Instead of cult statue in the cella there was a hearth which held the sacred flame

Storehouse for legal wills and documents of Roman senators + cult objects (e.g. palladium)

Romans believed the sacred flame’s extinction as a portent of disaster

Burnt down twice (not because of hazards flame though) – 64 great fire of Rome

BATHS OF CARACALLA

BATHS OF CARACALLA

• Built 211-216 AD by Caracalla as statement of imperial power to cement position to the people

• Population growth led to hygiene problems

• 100,000 square metres; main hall w/ 4 different entrnaces, cross vaulted in 3 bays w/ huge piers to support

• 225 x 185 x 35 meters high • Central imposing block with natation,

frigidarium and circular caldarium aligned on central axis

• Elegant balance of added structured 235 AD

• 9,000 workmen 5 years• Flattening existing buildings, removal

of 150,000cm of earth; provision of earth, stone and mortar for foundations

• Creation of substructures• 280,000cm of tufa and mortar and

15 million pieces of brick

• Cranes to raise walls and vaults of concrete

• 815,000 whole bricks• Creation of orante columns not struturally

necessary – architectural statement• Baths made of granite, basalt and

alabaster

8.2 million litre capacity OMG

BATHS OF CARACALLA EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DECORATION

• New street created parallel to via appai = full effect of baths

• Use of marble and granite (252 full column shafts)• Décor in main rooms – mix of statues, exotic marble

facing and mosaic work• Interior of bathsfocal point of style but exterior not

neglected

EXTERIOR• Multi-tiered ranks of columns and niches recall

theatre frontages• Spiritually uplifting

Facilities provided• Baths – giant frigidarium at center (3 cross vaults,

bays in each corner w/ plunge baths – decorated w/ 2 columns)

• Circular caldarium = unique• Palaestra in east wing open to the sky with portico of

Corinthian columns on 3 sides• Libraries, shops, gardens etc• Fresh air and open spaces

Cosa – Capitolium 2nd BC

Good site

Levelled ground but above city rather than in forum

Stone steps up to high podium (3.7m)

Surrounded by stone wall

Brick-built temple

4 widely spaced Tuscan columns fronted the porch

Back half was enclosed (allowed entrants light to dark effect)

Shallow ridge roof hung over entablature and porch as well as sides – weather protection

Brick but substructure and roof framework of WOOD

Triple cella at the back

Decorations of terracotta but only at the front

No freize all around

Deep porch with façade of tuscan columns projecting side walls at cella end of porch

Triple cella had statues of capitoline triad

Terracotta roof

Building had blank walls

Maison Carree – Nimes (square house)One of the best persevered temples

Completed 16 BC

Augustan formal style

Greek influence

Courtyard

2.85m podium

Lack of frontal emphasis

Pseudoperipteral appearance

Built by Agrippa (patron for pantheon) and dedicated/re-dedicated to sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar

Regular layout26m x 14m

Local limestone

Marble for pillars and facing

Hexastyle w/ corinthian columns

Six columns at front, 11 to side including half columns

Half columns continued round the back (20)

Architrave divided by rows of petrified water drips

Egg and dart decorations divides architrave from frieze which goes all around

Ornamental carvings of rosettes and acanthus leaves Masonry construction supported by columns

Deep portico (third length of temple)

Shallow ridge roof

Focus on exterior appearance but a move away from frontal focus

Rome – Basilica Nova

Largest building in the Roman Forum

Started in 308 – Maxentius

Finished 312 – Constatine after his defeat of Maxentius Building consists of central nave covered by 3 groin vaults suspended 39 meters above the floor on large piers

Ending at apse at western end containing statue of Constatine

Offices of the perfect citySited on Velia (low ridge connecting the esquiline and palatine hill)

Built with arches (all other B’s had ceilings supported by wooden beams)

Construction techniques borrowed from baths

Rectangular plan – 100mx65m

Divided into central nave, atrium on east side (orginal entrance was) and lateral isles

Each of the 2 side aisles made up of 3 interconnected coffered vaults (2.5m wide) connecting w/ central nave by 3 huge openings

Light provided w/ 3 windows in 5/6 lateral vaults + windows in the sides of the cross vaults over the central naveStatues of Gods in niches in walls

Floor in central + lateral spaces geometric pattern of squares and circles w/ multi-colored marble (like Pantheon)

Pompeii Houses Made of various types of local stone, covered w/ plaster + lavishly decorated (depending on finances). Houses built close together, up against street. Streets recessed, raised sidewalks, stepping stones available for crossing. Uncommon to have second stories; concrete floors. Floorplan varys according to profession. Common elements; entry would be a short corridor, leading to atrium. Atrium was central room; surrounded by small rooms (main feature impluvium – catching rainwater). Shops outside. Bright colors' for painting, and murals in houses.

Via Dell’Abbondanza

House of the VettiiHouse of the faun

House of Menader

House of Pansa

House of Sallust

House of the tragic poet

House of Loreius Tiburtinius

House of the faun

Evidence in eastern walls of tetrastyle atrium that after the earthquake of AD 62 repaired/rebuilt

Named for the bronze statue of the dancing faun on the lip of the impluvium (rainwater catcher)

3000 square meters – entire city block

5 major parts – tuscan atrium, tetrastyle atrium, service rooms and corridors, iconic peristyle and doric peristyle.

Had tabernae (storefront shops)

Iconic peristyle

Doric Peristyle

Entrance is decorated with latin message “HAVE”

2nd century BC - Samnite period (200- 80 BC)

Private bath system (balneum) –right ofentrance

Great position – north entrance to forum; one of main roads of the city; close to baths

‘Standard’ domus (standard atrium – tablinum – hortus axis)

Basic shape but built on bigger scale w/ atrium combined with peristyle (and 2 tablina)

Servants quarters dark and cramped – little furniture

House of Loreius Tiburtinus

Known for artwork and large gardens

Found on Via Dell’Abbondanza

Occupies entire insula w/ combination of residential area and garden

Included in the insula was two cauponae (inns)

Near both palaestra + amphitheatre, area closed off to cart traffic

Layout matches roman architecture

2 storefront shops

Impluvium

Atrium

Modest peristyle – tablinum (office) was

Several oeci off main atrium – receiving rooms w/ art displayed

Stone seating at the front – for visitors

Decorated with frescoed plasterwork

Canal – eastern end – biclinum (dining)

Temple-esque structure w/ corinthian columns

Pompeii – House of Menander

Southern half of the town

Northeast of the little and large theatres, and gladiators barracks

Almost as big as a whole city block

Original small house was atrium based 0 peristyle added later

Referred to house of menanders – well preserved fresco of menander in niche in the peristyle – bold yellow and red coloring (sign of wealth)

Large columns (tufa) in peristyle – representative of doric style of architecture (greek origins) Garden – grand peristyle with

stucooed doric columns –

Build in 3rd century BC

Flanked by masonry seating

Fauces – decorated in fourth style w/ large black panels above lower black frieze – pictures of animals and bird life

Atrium – central marble lined impluvium – rooms off all 4 sides

Richly decorated in fourth style

23 ionic columns support roof in peristyle

Small wall (plutenus) connects bases of columns to enclose garden

Pompeii – House of the tragic poet

Famous for elaborate mosaic floors + frescoes of greek mythology

Atrium – most decorated of rooms – rectangular impluvium

Western wall of atrium – cubicula (bedrooms)

Right of the peristyle –dining room and kitchen area

Left side of peristyle – small back door opens onto street

North-western corner of peristyle – lararium (shrine used in worship)

Vestibule floor – mosaic picture of dog – CAVE CANEM – warning – beware of dog

Rest of vestibule decorated in checker-like-pattern of black and white tiles – framed y border of stripes

Tablinum floor – mosaic image

Samnite period

Next to house of Pansa

Second story now lost

House of the Vettii

Located on back street – opposite bar

Built round 2 compluviums, centres open to the sky, a dim atrium which a vistor would pass, coming from dark vestibule that left the street

Peristyle of fluted doric columns surrounded all sides by a richly frescoed portico

Servants quarters to the side off atrium – arranged round small atrium of own

Main atrium – large and marble impluvium

Corridor from main atrium to second entrance has staircase – indicating upper storey

Focus on large peristyle + garden area w/ lavish statues

Two dining rooms Lack of frontal shop – no need for extra income

No entrance from main street – no need to be open to masses

Peristyle laid out for elaborate water display – basins and fountains – carved heads and marble sculptures

14 jets of water for statues

Herculaneum – House of the mosaic atrium

1st century BC

Sea front villa developed massively in 62 AD

Only has tablinum attached to the atrium w/ main living quarters at higher level on far side of huge peristyle garden

Huge peristyle dominated the house around It and acted as communicatio between the two halves

1200 square meters

Richly decorated rooms

Fauces decorated in fourth style

Fauces opens up into atrium - black and white mosaic floor

South side of atrium is a door that opens onto north portcio of large peristyle

columns which sustained the inner margins of portcio roof are of opus vittatum mixtum – alternating rows of brick and tufa blocks

Spaces between columns on N and S infilled w/ windows

Herculaneum – House of the stags

Ostia – House of Amor and PsycheSecond century AD (opus mixtum and latericum)

Shops to the west of the house - behind porticus

Main entrance in the south (A) – vestibule A Benches along north

and west wall – covered in marble

B – bench on south wall and geometric mosaic on floor

C – main room – reached along single marble tread, 2 storeys high. Fountain in corner w/ marble basin and other corner staircase. Floor opus sectile, lower part of wall covered in marble w/ upper in plaster

H - latrine

I - Tiny garden – viridarium – seperated from central room by marble and granite columns, supporting aches made of brick and travertine. No roof.

House in area that was regularly flooded – dyke of earth built

Not situated in South of Ostia, like many domus – perhaps the owner was a priest as there was a temple south of the house.

Ostia – Cassette-tipoEarly trajanic period

Ground floor – 4 apartments in 2 blocks surronded by streets

Only the streets to the north, east and between the two blocks paved w/ basalt blocks

In center of each set of apartments – exteral wooden staircase leading to further apartments

Medianum flanked by 2 representive rooms

Long side – 2 small rooms (bedrooms)

Opposite side – façade – pierced w/ windows

Each apartment had kitchen and latrine (L)

¾ of the apartments had door leading to medianum

Medianum of north-east apartment is only one facing north-west

South-east apartment had door leading to corridor next to latrine

Few remains of paintings + black and white mosaics

Ostia – Garden housesExample of rational planning + progress in residential architectureBrick stamps found from 123-125 AD

Oldest wall paintings and mosaics dated 130AD

Front is part of porticus of thick travertine columns

Luxurious residental complex w/ expensive apartments

Near ancient shore-line

Ground floor – 16 medianum-apartments, a domus, and shops

Apartments shielded from busy streets by open spaces + shops

Inner staircases leading to upper floor

Centre – pair of 2x4 apartments back-to-back

Apartments floor area – c.220 square meters, use of 2 apartments by 1 family was planned

Central apartments surrounded by unpaved court (garden) w/ 6 large water-basins

Central apartments 4 storeys high – upper floors supplied w/ water – rectangular recesses contained terracotta pipes for drainage and lead pipes for water supply

House of DianaAntonine period – 150 AD

Higher level than surrounding streets; Via dei balconi to the west and via di Diana to south

Along west and south façade is sidewalk

To the east is an alley

SE corner – travertine staircase

Insula

20m high and included stairway, shops and homes facing street

Central courtyard w/ arcades in center.

Ostia - Horrea Epagathiana

Store building

Above entrance – marble slab w/ words HORREA EPAGATHIANA ET EPAPHRODITIANA 145-150 AD

SW – rows of shops

N – remains of cult niche – aedicula-facade

Door decorated by brick columns w/ capitals, an architrave and pediment

Behind door – double vestibule

Lateral walls of second vestibule – 2 niches for statue of a deity

Doors and rooms and staircases – barred w/ wooden beams

Interior – square courtyard surrounded by porticus w/ brick piers

All four sides are rooms covered by cross-vaults

Remains of white plaster

Center of east side are 2 niches; flank the entrance to a deep room (maybe a office)

Floor of courtyard black-and-white mosaic w/ panther on west end – meant to be seen from entrance

Locking devices suggest valuable goods stored here