unit 1 1 outline h java program structure h basic program elements h preparing and executing a...
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![Page 1: Unit 1 1 Outline H Java program structure H Basic program elements H Preparing and executing a program Suggested reading: Chapter 2 in Java software solutions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d545503460f94a31619/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1unit 1
OutlineOutline
Java program structure Basic program elements Preparing and executing a program
Suggested reading: • Chapter 2 in Java software solutions /
Lewis & Loftus
basic programming
concepts
object oriented programming
topics in computer science
syllabus
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2unit 1
Java Program StructureJava Program Structure
In the Java programming language:• A program is made up of one or more classes
• A class contains one or more methods
• A method contains program statements
These terms will be explored in detail throughout the course
A Java application always contains a method called main
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3unit 1
Java Program StructureJava Program Structure
public class MyProgram
{
}
//comments about the class
class headerclass header
class bodyclass body
Comments can be added almost anywhereComments can be added almost anywhere
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4unit 1
Java Program StructureJava Program Structure
public class MyProgram
{
}
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
//comments about the class
//comments about the method
method headermethod headermethod bodymethod body
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5unit 1
Example: a Basic Java ProgramExample: a Basic Java Program
// Prints a quote from Abraham Lincoln
class Lincoln {
// method main
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Whatever you are, be a good one”);
}
}
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6unit 1
Basic program elements: identifiersBasic program elements: identifiers
Identifiers are the words the programmer uses to give names to program constructs (classes, methods, variables,...)
Naming rules:• An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the
underscore character ‘_’, and the dollar sign ‘$’
• An identifier must begin with a letter, ‘_’ or ‘$’
• Java is case sensitive, therefore Total and total are different identifiers
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7unit 1
Naming styleNaming style
Names should be chosen carefully - they play a central role in the readability of the program and is part of its documentation; they should be:
• meaningful
BankAccount, size vs. XP12_r$, wq1• long enough to express the meaning of the
name - numberOfElements• But not unnecessarily long - theCurrentItemBeingProcessed
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8unit 1
IdentifiersIdentifiers
Sometimes we choose identifiers ourselves when writing a program (such as Lincoln)
Sometimes we are using another programmer's code, so we use the identifiers that they chose (such as println)
Often we use special identifiers called reserved words that already have a predefined meaning in the language; a reserved word cannot be used in any other way
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9unit 1
Reserved WordsReserved Words
Reserved words - have predefined meaning in the language and cannot serve as identifiers
abstractbooleanbreakbytebyvaluecasecastcatchcharclassconstcontinue
defaultdodoubleelseextendsfalsefinalfinallyfloatforfuturegeneric
gotoifimplementsimportinnerinstanceofintinterfacelongnativenewnull
operatorouterpackageprivateprotectedpublicrestreturnshortstaticsuperswitch
synchronizedthisthrowthrowstransienttruetryvarvoidvolatilewhile
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10unit 1
LiteralsLiterals
A literal is an explicit data value used in a program Integer literals: 25 69 -4288 Floating point literals: 3.14159 42.075 -0.5 Boolean literals: true false String literals: "The result is: " ”The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs”
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11unit 1
White SpacesWhite Spaces
Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are collectively called white space and are used to separate words and symbols in a program
Extra white space is ignored A valid Java program can be formatted many
different ways Programs should be formatted to enhance
readability, using consistent indentation
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12unit 1
Bad Indentation ExampleBad Indentation Example
// Prints a quote from Abraham Lincoln
class
Lincoln
{ public
static
void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.
println(“Whatever you are …”
);
} }
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13unit 1
CommentsComments
Explain the code in human language Are ignored by the translation process Comments should be short and descriptive Two forms of Java comments:
// comment runs to the end of the line /* comment run to terminating symbol,
even across line breaks */
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14unit 1
Java Translation and ExecutionJava Translation and Execution
The Java compiler translates Java source code into a special representation called bytecode
Java bytecode can be thought of the machine code for a fictions machine called the Java Virtual Machine
The Java interpreter translates the bytecode into machine language code and executes it
The use of bytecode makes Java platform independent
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15unit 1
Java Translation and ExecutionJava Translation and Execution
Java code (Lincoln.java)
Java compiler
Java interpreter
bytecode (Lincoln.class)
javac Lincoln.java
java Lincoln
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16unit 1
Translation and ExecutionTranslation and Execution
Compiling from the command line: > javac Lincoln.java This creates a file called Lincoln.class, which
contains the bytecode for class Lincoln Running the class using the interpreter: > java Lincoln Other environments do this processing in a
different way
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17unit 1
Translation and ExecutionTranslation and Execution
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18unit 1
Java Translation and ExecutionJava Translation and Execution
Java sourcecode
Machinecode
Javabytecode
Javainterpreter
Bytecodecompiler
Javacompiler
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19unit 1
Development EnvironmentsDevelopment Environments
There are many development environments which develop Java software:• Sun Java Software Development Kit (SDK)
• Borland JBuilder
• MetroWork CodeWarrior
• Microsoft Visual J++
• Symantec Café Though the details of these environments differ, the basic
compilation and execution process is essentially the same
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20unit 1
Syntax and SemanticsSyntax and Semantics
The syntax rules of a language define how we can put symbols, reserved words, and identifiers together to make a valid program
The semantics of a program statement define what that statement means (its purpose or role in a program)
A program that is syntactically correct is not necessarily logically (semantically) correct
A program will always do what we tell it to do, not what we meant to tell it to do
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21unit 1
ErrorsErrors
A program can have three types of errors:1. The compiler finds problems with syntax and other
basic issues (compile-time errors) If compile-time errors exist, an executable version
of the program is not created
2. A problem can occur during program execution (example: divide by zero). This can causes a program to terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
3. A program may run, but produce incorrect results (logical errors)
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22unit 1
Syntax errorSyntax error
// This program contains a syntax error
class lincoln {
public static void main (String[] args) {
System.out.println("Whatever you are…");
}
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23unit 1
What you should be able to doWhat you should be able to do......
write a very simple java program that can print a sentence
run it on a computer: compile with “javac”, interpret with “java”
understand error messages given by the computer