unit 1 1.0 the development of nursing

8/6/2019 UNIT 1 1.0 the Development of Nursing

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PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

By Benkele R. G.

BScN., KRPaedN., ZRN., ZEN.


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17/03/08

UNIT 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING

By Benkele R. G.

BScN., KRPaedN., ZRN., ZEN.


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OBJECTIVES

Objectives

General Objectives

To equip students with knowledge on development

of nursing Specific objectives

At the end of the lecture the SSBAT

Define terms

Discuss the historical development of nursing

internationally, regionally and locally

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OBJECTIVES, Cont..

Discuss nursing as a profession under thefollowing headings; current trends, factors

impacting on the profession and status of the

nurse in society



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THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING

1.0 Define terms

Nursing: - Provision of nursing care services, focusing

on the maintenance, promotion and restoration of

health.

Henderson defined nursing as assisting the

individual, sick or well in performance of those

activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to



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a peaceful death) that he would perform if he or shehad the necessary strength, will or knowledge and to

do this in such a way as to help him/her gain

independence as rapidly as possible.

Profession

This is work requiring advanced training and usually

involving mental rather manual effort.



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Background Primitive Medicine

Pre-historical man was motivated by feelings of

sympathy and kindness

Always available to provide relief in times of sicknessand suffering

Knowledge was limited, attributed suffering to the

wrath of the gods and the invasion of the body by

evil spirits Medicine practiced consisted of appeasing the gods

by prayers, rituals, sacrifices, driving out demons by



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witch craft and using charms

He also protected himself against the influence of

evil spirits

There was use of stone for cutting

Medicine was intermingled with superstition,

religion, magic and witchcraft

So primitive medicine is timeless

To understand nursing today there is need to knowwhere it is coming from, where it is now and where it

is going



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This will help the nurses to plan intelligently for thefuture

Early Nursing

I

t is traced back to ancient civilization whoseartifacts provides evidence that the sick were cared

for.

The superstitions of the earliest centauries were

gradually replaced with consciously reasoned rulesderived from knowledge

The early gains in healthcare were made in the



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Egyptian and Greek civilization

The coming of Christianity

It fostered and increased valuing of charity and

humanitarian concern with care of the sick being achristian duty.

When governments show the for the care of the sick,

they thought of opening nursing homes which later

became hospitals 16th and 17th centuries saw major ideological, social

and economic changes influencing care of the sick



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Increased populations caused lack of jobs and a risein social unrest and poverty

Almshouses for the poor were built

18th century a number of medical schools were built

in London

Many tasks were performed by medical students

which later became nursing duties

Matrons were appointed by governors and wereresponsible for household affairs

Nurses were of low status and mainly lived outside



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the hospital In 1832, Sir Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) noted that

poverty, poor health and crime were all forces that

stopped the realization of the full potential of

national production.

This caused the building of the first work houses for

the poor, sick and needy.

The houses became objects of fear

The sick poor were nursed by elderly women

Within 40 years Poor Law Hospitals were built and

these were allowed to admit and train probationer6/8/2011 8:48:40 AM Professional Practice R.G. Benkele 12


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nurses. Even before the advent of Florence Nightingale,

some nurses were doing there work

Mrs. Elizabeth Fly (1780-1845) reformed the prison

service in terms of health delivery

She believed in vaccinations and went round the

villages conducting immunizations

Modern Nursing Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

No account of the development of nursing would be

complete without the mention of Florence6/8/2011 8:48:40 AM Professional Practice R.G. Benkele 13


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Nightingale8

/12

/2008

She achieved celebrity status in her own lifetimethrough her work in the Crimean War

y Extolled as the most influential nurse in the history of

modern nursingy She was born on 12th May 1820 into the aristocratic

social sphere of Victorian England

y At an early age she received a classic education

directed by her fathery The education combined with her personal

characteristic of sensitivity , compassion,restlessness, along with the perspective she gained



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ythrough extensive travel across Europe provided herwith the foundation for the role she would play in

y the future.

y As a young woman she often felt stifled by her

privileged and protected social position in upper classVictorian England

y Because she had often accompanied her mother on

visits to the poor she became aware of the diseases

and disability caused by poverty as well as the

horrible conditions in the public hospitals

y At 22 years she developed the urge to assist the



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yneedy

y In 1850, rebelling against her strict Victorian culture

y and convinced that she wanted to be a nurse she

entered the nurses training programme in

Kaisersworth Germany where she spent 3 years

y She learnt the basics of nursing under the guidance of

the Protestant Deaconesses

y After training she studied under the Sisters of Charityin Paris

y Crimean War (1854-1856)

y She took a band of untrained women to the British6/8/2011 8:48:40 AM Professional Practice R.G. Benkele 16


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Hospital in Scutari

She saw that the hospital was lacking in equipment

Despite the opposition from the military officers, sheset about the task of organizing and cleaning and

cleaning the hospital and providing care to thewounded soldiers

She made use of her personal power and politicaland social connections, writing to influentialgovernment officials including her close friend SirSidney Herbert the British Secretary of War

She gathered data on morbidity and mortality of thesoldiers in Scutari



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With this she effectively argued the case for reformy of the entire British Army Medical System

y The Nightingale School

y Following the war, she founded the first training

school for nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London

y This became the model of nursing education in

United States ofAmerica

y15 probationers were enrolled to train as assistantnurses

y They were under the supervision of Matron

Wardroper6/8/2011 8:48:40 AM Professional Practice R.G. Benkele 18


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yIn her write up What it is and What it is Not shestated that Learning a unique body of knowledge

was required of those wishing to practice

professional nursing

y She held the belief that good nursing care wasessential to the healing process

y She also believed that the art of nursing included

attention to the symptoms of the disease and factors

in the environment

y She said Nursing has been limited to signify little

more than the administration of medicines and



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In organising the nursing education under her ownplan she stipulated that

A training school for the nurses should be

considered an educational institution supported

by public funds A training school for nurses should be closely be

connected with the hospital but administered

independently

A professional nurse should assume responsibility

for the administration and instruction of nursing

students



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Ahome should be established for nursingstudents

History of nursing regionally

In 1974 ECSACON (East, Central and Southern Africa

College of Nursing was formed It was inaugurated in 1990 in Malawi

The aim was to promote and sustain excellence inthe nursing education, nursing practice, nursing

education, nursing administration and nursingresearch

It has 14 member countries



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Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa,

Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and

Zimbabwe

It speaks authoritatively for the nursing profession It consists of the Council of National Representatives

(CNR) President, Vice President, Treasurer,

Chairpersons of Faculties and the National Council

Representatives from the member states



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History of Nursing in Zambia

Very little is known due to lack of documentation

First health services were provided by the

missionaries from the 17th century

They came to spread the gospel

In the process they saw the need to help the needy

The health services were offered under the trees

Local villagers were trained to attend to theincreasing number of pts

They were trained in manual skills as assistants to



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THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING missionaries

The training was informal and concentrated on basicprocedures carried out at a clinic

Training was in local language over a period of 3-6months depending on time

Nurse education started in the 18th century

Mbeleshi hospital was opened in 1900 formalisedthe training of female helpers

They were trained in hygiene skills to be able to carealso for their own families

They went round villages providing information on



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THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING hygiene

In 1936, first training for Medical Assistants wasopened in Lusaka

Later it was converted to RN programme LusakaSchool of Nursing

The Medical Assistants worked for the local nativehospital UTH

At this time no Zambian girls could be trained

In 1947, Chikankata started the Medical Assistantscourse for girls

In 1956, the Midwifery School was opened at



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Chikankata

In 1952, St. Francis Hospital was opened in Katete to

train Medical Assistants both male and females

The emphasis was on nursing

Most of the trainees were females who were calleddressers

Between 1950and 1960, most of the girls and males

had to go to Zimbabwe, South Africa or United

Kingdom to train as RNs

The notable ones are; Mrs. Matandi, Mrs. Zyongwe,

Mr. Mwansa and Mrs. Sikota



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Between 1963 and 1964, the government saw the

need for the school of nursing

Miss Lois M. Bell, WHO Advisor did the feasibility

study for the MoH

Recommendations were made to start the LlewellynSchool of Nursing Kitwe

It was opened on 12th September 1964

12 first Zambian girls were enrolled for Basic RN with

Junior Secondary School Certificate

3 months later 6 discontinued because the course

was tough



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In January 1965, 22 were enrolled and joined the 6

that had remained

The supervision was by the nursing committee

under the Medical Council of Zambia

The Zambia Union of Nurses Organisation (ZUNO) The other notable development is the nurses

association and the General Nursing Council

In 1950, the British Nurse Dora Norman founded

Northern Rhodesia Nurses Association.

In 1951, it was registered by the International

Council of Nurses



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In 1953, it obtained full membership of the

International Council of Nurses

In 1963, it was registered by the Registrar of

Societies

It fought for the establishment of the body toregister nurses and midwives in Zambia

In 1965, the act was passed and the Medical and

Aligned Medical Council was established

This raised the need for the nursing council

Therefore it fought for the establishment of the

General Nursing Council to regulate nursing and



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THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING midwifery education and practice in Zambia under

the Nurses and Midwives Act of1970 under Cap 11

In 1997 the act was enacted to establish the Nursesand Midwives Act of1997 No. 23

This act has given autonomy and broadened thescope of practice of nursing and midwifery

Locally

Chipata School of Nursing was officially opened in1982.

It was training enrolled nurses and enrolledmidwives

In 1998 it was upgraded and started training



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Wednesday, June 08, 2011 Anatomy and Physiology - BenkeleR.G. 33

NURSING AS A PROFESSION


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CURRENT TRENDS AND FACTORS IMPACTING

ON THE NURSING PROFESSION

A trend is a turn towards a specific direction The trends in nursing reflects the trends in current

medicine

They are associated to the social economic and

political changes

Some of these trends and factors are:-

Trends

Theory development

Technology

Specialization



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Curriculum Professionalism

Research in nursing education and practice

Factors

Political and economic process

Urbanization

Poverty

Disease burden

Consumerism



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Trendsa) Theory development

Nurses have done a lot in theory development

Several systems of nursing has been developed asguides for education, practice and research

The concepts and models provide a distinct focus

for nursing

These models have influenced nursing practice,education and research



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b) Specialization Due to increase in knowledge and technology,

specialization has become a necessity

Nurses are now specializing in various fields



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c) Curriculum The relevancy of the curriculum depends on the

changes in society

The curriculum is kept on check to ensure that the

students are taught skills on how to address the

challenges of society

Curriculum review is supposed to be done every

after3

years The challenge to nursing is looking at problem

solving approach



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d) Professionalism Nursing profession should be able to identify itself

with quality of care being provided to the

community

The profession has several challenges

HIV & AIDS

The 1997 Nurses and Midwifery Act

QA

Clinical specialties

Migration



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e) Research in nursing education and practice Theory building and testing are important to direct

the nursing practice into research

Text books are needed

There is more emphasis on research so that new

information is generated



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Factorsa) Technology

Advances in technology have brought about

changes in nursing such as telemedicine and other

information technology

Several innovations have brought about new

information

These have influenced the nursing education andpractice

It is important for the nurse to keep abreast with

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b) Political and economic process Governments have policies of their own

manifestoes

These affect accessibility to education and health

services affecting delivery of service

Nursing profession should influence political will



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c) Urbanizationd) Poverty

e) Disease burden

f) Consumerism



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QUESTIONS



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CONCLUSION



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REFERENCES


unit 1 1.0 the development of nursing

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