unit 1 apush exploration-colonial society 1492-1770 chapters 1-3
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1APUSH
Exploration-Colonial Society
1492-1770
Chapters 1-3
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Exploration, Discovery, and Settlement, 1492-1700
• 1st people 40,000 years ago
• 1st pre Columbian contact-L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Norse, AD 1000
• Land bridge-water formed glacial packs, connected Siberia to Alaska
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Cultures of North America
• 1-10 million• Indian clans based on a kinship network• Lack dense population or highly developed
social life, 300• Some more nomadic than others• Navajo and Pueblo in the SW, Anasazi (cliff
dwellers)• Mound building- Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian• Wampum used by the Eastern Woodlands• Land use was temporary
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Cultures of North America
• Mississippian- higher level of hierarchical political organization
• 3 sisters- Eastern seaboard Indians had sustainable techniques of growing maize, beans and squash
• Maize came from Mexico and Peru, spread as a staple in a slow, uneven pace
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Central and South America
• Mesoamerica and central America had no large animals for transportation or agriculture
• 25 million• Complex civilizations, • Mayas-Guatemala, Belize, S. Mexico,
agriculture, calendar• Aztecs- Central Mexico, Tenochtitlan• Incas-Peru, organized
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Europe Moves Toward Exploration
• Late 1400’s
• “GODS, GUNS, GLORY”
• Technology- altered the landscape, aggressive, gunpowder, compass, ships
• Religious Conflicts- Roman Catholic Church v. Ottomans (Islam), Protestant reformation, 1492 Moors out of Spain, power of church, spread new religions
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Europe Moves Toward Exploration
• Expanding trade- Crusades brought spices, perfumes, fabrics, demand increased, end of feudal system=new middle class based in trade, Africa, India, China, land route blocked, needed water route
• Developing Nation-States- new states, depended on trade for revenue, Isabella & Ferdinand, Prince Henry the Navigator
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Early Explorations
• Columbus- Bahamas, skilled navigator, permanent interaction
• Columbian Exchange-exchange of biological, ecological, and commodities from Europe and Americas
• Disease- 90% mortality rate
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Dividing the New World
• Treaty of Tordesillas- Pope Alexander, 1494, East of meridian goes to Portugal (Brazil), West of meridian goes to Spain
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Spanish Exploration and Conquest
• Balboa- 1513, 1st European to see Pacific• Magellan- 1st to circumnavigate• Pizzaro destroyed the Incas• Encomienda- Natives • Asiento- slavery of Africans• Father Las Casas• Pueblo in Mexico was a trading post• El Camino Real- linked trails on Pacific coast• Priests ordered to convert Natives
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English Claims
• John Cabot- 1497, Newfoundland
• Preoccupied with other things in the 1500’s
• Henry VIII
• Queen Elizabeth I- Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh (Roanoke) 1587
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French Claims
• 1524 began• Verrazano- NA east coast• Jacques Cartier- St. Lawrence River• Preoccupied in the 1500’s• Champlain- 1608, Quebec• De La Salle- 1682, Louisiana territory,
lower Mississippi• Fur trading
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Dutch Claims
• Netherlands in 1600’s
• Henry Hudson, sailed river, New Amsterdam (New York)
• Dutch West India Company (joint stock company)
• Religious tolerance to entice more settlers
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Early English Settlements
• Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588
• British economy depressed
• Economic opportunities in the Americas
• Joint stock companies
• proprietary colony- individual charter, create laws and appoint governor (Delaware, Maryland, Penn.)
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Jamestown
• England, James I, Virginia Co., 1607
• Indian attacks, famine, disease
• “starving time” 1609-1610
• Captain John Smith, John Rolfe (Pocahontas) developed tobacco
• Indentured servants (free labor)
• Became a Royal colony 1624
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Puritan Colonies
• Religious motivation
• Plymouth
• Massachusetts Bay
• Calvinist, predestination
• James I wanted “Puritans” out of England
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Plymouth Colony
• Separatists • Pilgrims, 100, ½ were separatists• Holland then New World• North of Virginia• Mayflower• Harsh winter, friendly Natives, 1621
Thanksgiving• Captain Miles Standish and Governor William
Bradford• Fish, furs, lumber
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Royal Charter 1629
• Ability to elect governors, few slaves
• “city on the hill”, Winthrop, Christian virtue and charity
• 1630, Winthrop established Boston
• 1630’s, Civil War in England, 15,000 more to Massachusetts, “Great Migration”
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Early Political Institutions
• Majority rule in Plymouth, Mayflower Compact, based on the Magna Carta
• Representative government at Jamestown, first representative assembly in America. The House of Burgesses
• Representative government in Mass., all free men (male Puritans) had the right to vote
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Early Political Institutions
• Limited Nature of colonial democracy, colonies were partly democratic, large portion excluded from political process, women or landless had little rights, indentured and slaves had nearly none, Colonial governors were autocratic
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Spanish Settlements in North America
• Strong resistance, limited mineral resources
• Florida-1565, St. Augustine
• New Mexico-Santa Fe. 1609, Pueblo revolt
• Texas-left New Mexico and went to Texas
• California- San Diego, 1769, missions, response to Russians
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European Treatment of Native Americans
• Spanish- conquer, rule, intermarry
• English- occupied land and force to move inland
• French- economic and military allies
• Inferior people, exploit for gain
• Long term effects: destruction by disease and war, permanent legacy of subjugation
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13 Colonies and the British Empire1607-1750
• Corporate colonies (Jamestown)
• Royal colonies (Va. After 1624)
• Proprietary colonies (Pa., Maryland)
• Started with indentured servants (poor people) and moved to slave
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Chesapeake Colonies
• Maryland
• Virginia
• Major migration were indentured servants
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Virginia
• England
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• Rice, indigo by late 17th c
• Economic problems
• 1660’s – tariff war
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Va. Political Problems
• Sir Berkeley- favored large planters, dictator, backwoods farmers
• Nathaniel Bacon- 1676, Indians, Jamestown, won, died, defeated
• Lasting Problems: sharp class differences, colonial resistance to royal control
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MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland
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Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland
Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland
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Maryland
• England- proprietary colony 1634
• Lord Baltimore
• Protect Catholics
• Act of Toleration (1649)
• Protestant Revolt
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New England
• Rhode Island-Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Religious freedom
• Connecticut-Hartford, Thomas Hooker, Puritans, representative, legislature choose governor, New Haven and Ct. join 1665
• New Hampshire- Charles II, 1679, Royal Colony
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New England Confederation
• 1640’s-1684
• Plymouth, Mass. Bay, Ct., New Haven
• Military alliance
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Population of the New England Colonies
Population of the New England Colonies
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Population Comparisons:New England v. the
Chesapeake
Population Comparisons:New England v. the
Chesapeake
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Halfway Covenant
• 1660’s
• Material success
• Limited religious commitment
• Strict Puritanism weakened
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The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637
The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637CT river CT river
valley.valley.
16371637
Whites, withWhites, withIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked attacked
fire & shot fire & shot
tribe tribe virtually virtually annihilatedannihilated
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UNITEUNITE
MetacomMetacom
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
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The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
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New YorkNew York
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The Dutch
• Henry Hudson
• New Amsterdam (Manhattan)
• New Netherlands (NY, NJ)
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New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal
ColonyColony
New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal
ColonyColonythe Duke of York
1664 English soldiers arrived.
Renamed “New York”
strategic harbor
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
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The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersRefused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.
No paid clergy
refused to treat the upper classes with deference.
Keep hats on.
Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”
Wouldn’t take oaths.
Pacifists.
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1681 Quaker
advertised for settlers
Liberal land policy
many immigrants.
William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn
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Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans
Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans
Bought land from Indians.
non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
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Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
Representative assembly
Seperation of Church and State
“The Holy Experiment”
No tax-supported church.
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all except Catholics & Jews
Death penalty only for treason & murder.
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Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society
Diverse
No slavery!!
“Blue Laws”
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Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth
1650 - 17751650 - 1775
Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth
1650 - 17751650 - 1775
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New JerseyNew
Jersey
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New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighboraristocratic
proprietors
New Englanders move there
1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ
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DelawareDelaware
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Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
Closely associated with Penn’s colony.
under the control of PA until the American Revolution.
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Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups
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The Carolinas
The Carolinas
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English farmers from the West Indies
King Charles II
8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].
Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas
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Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC
Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC
Became the busiest port in the South.
Religious toleration
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Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: Rice, IndigoRice, Indigo
Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: Rice, IndigoRice, Indigo
American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice
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Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida
Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida
Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.
Anglo-Spanish Wars
By 1700 Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!
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The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina
The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA
Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712 NC officially separated from SC.
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GeorgiaGeorgia
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18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies
18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies
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Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia
Founded in 1733.
Last of the 13 colonies.
Named in honor of King George II.
Founded by James Oglethorpe.
Penal debtors
Buffer colony
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The Great Awakening
• Appreciation for the emotional experience of faith
• Religious revivals
• John William, Jonathon Edwards, George Whitefield, Gilbert Tennent
• “saved”
• Congregational, Presbyterians, evangelical
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Cultural Life
• Architecture- Gregorian
• Painting- West, Copley
• Literature- Ben Franklin, John Adams, “Poor Richard’s Almanac”
• Science- Ben Franklin: bifocal, N. Atlantic ocean currents, conservation of change, flexible catheter
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Education
• New England- religious NOT SECULAR, public elementary schools
• Middle Colonies- church or private
• Southern- home schooled, very little
• Harvard, Princeton, Columbia
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Professions
• Clergy
• Physicians
• Lawyers
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The Press
• Newspapers 5-40
• Peter Zenger- 1735, freedom of press
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Politics of Colonial Era
• Reasons for Evolution: Rights of Englishmen/common law are not being protected post F and I War– Life, liberty and property– Writ of habeas corpus– Jury trial– Search warrant necessary– People have right to petition the govt
• Desire for a restoration of early 1700’s SN
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Mercantilism
• Colonies are there to support the Mother Country (favorable balance of trade)
• Navigation Acts– Products finished in England, enumerated goods
must be sold only to England– Chesapeake saw greatest restrictions!!
• Triangular Trade• Does not allow colonial manufacturing to
develop in full– Lack of skilled workmen, capital, inland
transportation– Does produce furniture, beaver hats
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Society in the Colonies
• Religion/tradition is the major factor that determines social roles– Women-subservient to the husband– Slave- subservient to the master– Father/Husband- protector of women and children– Children- subservient to the father– Family- large, used to work for the family
• Indentured Servants/Slaves• Unity throughout the Colonies (Albany Plan of
Union)- American: self-reliant, individualism, optimism
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Education
• Must be educated in New England to read the Bible for salvation!
• Better educated than most of Europe– Varies from colony to colony
• High literacy rates
• Harvard- est. 1636
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Big Picture of Society in Colonies
• Religion dictates social structure• Education is very important, especially
in the New England colonies• Population growth is rapid due to
immigration and natural increase• Unity grows in a sense of being
“American”, but does not extend to politics
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Big Picture of Culture in Colonies
• Most colonies had a state supported church• Tolerance grew over the 1600’s • Great Awakening is attempt to regain Puritan
ideals from founding• Freedom of Press established with Zenger
Trial in 1735