unit 1 – atomic structure
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Unit 1 – Atomic Structure. Bravo – 15,000 kilotons. Modern Atomic Theory. All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions . However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions!. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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UnitUnit 1 – Atomic 1 – Atomic StructureStructure
Bravo – 15,000 kilotons
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Modern Atomic TheoryModern Atomic Theory
Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions!
All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element
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Discovery of the ElectronDiscovery of the ElectronIn 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of a negatively charged particle.
Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is contained at a very low pressure.
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Conclusions from the Study Conclusions from the Study of the Electronof the Electron
Cathode rays have identical properties regardless of the element used to produce them. All elements must contain identically charged electrons.Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive particles in the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons Electrons have so little mass that atoms must contain other particles that account for most of the mass
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Thomson’s Atomic Thomson’s Atomic ModelModel
Thomson believed that the electrons were like plums embedded in a positively charged “pudding,” thus it was called the “plum pudding” model.
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Rutherford’s Gold Foil ExperimentExperiment
Alpha particles are helium nuclei Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recorded
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Try it Yourself!Try it Yourself!In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot some beams into the cloud and recorded where the beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the target?
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The AnswersThe Answers
Target #1 Target #2
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Rutherford’s FindingsRutherford’s Findings
The nucleus is small The nucleus is dense The nucleus is positively charged
Most of the particles passed right through A few particles were deflected VERY FEW were greatly deflected
“Like howitzer shells bouncing off of tissue paper!”
Conclusions:
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Atomic ParticlesAtomic ParticlesParticle Charge Mass # Location
Electron
-1 0 Electron cloud
Proton +1 1 Nucleus
Neutron
0 1 Nucleus
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The Atomic The Atomic ScaleScale
Most of the mass of the atom is in the nucleus (protons and neutrons) Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the electron cloud) Most of the volume of the atom is empty space
“q” is a particle called a “quark”
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About Quarks…About Quarks…Protons and neutrons are NOT fundamental particles.Protons are made of two “up” quarks and one “down” quark.Neutrons are made of one “up” quark and two “down” quarks.
Quarks are held togetherby “gluons”
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Atomic NumberAtomic NumberAtomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.
Element # of protons Atomic # (Z)
Carbon 6 6
Phosphorus 15 15
Gold 79 79
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Mass NumberMass NumberMass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope.Mass # = p+ + n0
Nuclide p+ n0 e- Mass #
Oxygen - 10
- 33 42
- 31 15
8 8 1818
Arsenic 75 33 75
Phosphorus 15 3116
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IsotopesIsotopesIsotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons.Isotope Proto
nsElectron
sNeutron
sNucleus
Hydrogen–1
(protium)
1 1 0
Hydrogen-2
(deuterium)
1 1 1
Hydrogen-3
(tritium)
1 1 2
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Atomic Atomic MassesMasses
Isotope Symbol Composition of the nucleus
% in nature
Carbon-12
12C 6 protons6 neutrons
98.89%
Carbon-13
13C 6 protons7 neutrons
1.11%
Carbon-14
14C 6 protons8 neutrons
<0.01%
Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally isotopes of that element.Carbon = 12.011
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The MoleThe Mole
1 dozen =1 gross =
1 ream =
1 mole =
12
144
500
6.02 x 1023
There are exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 in one mole of carbon-12.
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Avogadro’s NumberAvogadro’s Number6.02 x 1023 is called “Avogadro’s Number” in honor of the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1855).
Amadeo Avogadro
I didn’t discover it. Its just named after
me!
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Calculations with Moles:Calculations with Moles:Converting moles to gramsConverting moles to grams
How many grams of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?
3.50 mol Li= g Li
1 mol Li
6.94 g Li45.1
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Calculations with Moles:Calculations with Moles:Converting grams to molesConverting grams to moles
How many moles of lithium are in 18.2 grams of lithium?
18.2 g Li= mol Li
6.94 g Li
1 mol Li2.62
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Calculations with Moles:Calculations with Moles:Using Avogadro’s NumberUsing Avogadro’s Number
How many atoms of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?
3.50 mol Li = atoms Li
1 mol Li
6.022 x 1023 atoms Li 2.11 x 1024
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Calculations with Moles:Calculations with Moles:Using Avogadro’s NumberUsing Avogadro’s Number
How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium?
18.2 g Li
= atoms Li
1 mol Li 6.022 x 1023 atoms Li
1.58 x 1024
6.94 g Li 1 mol Li
(18.2)(6.022 x 1023)/6.94
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Nuclear SymbolsNuclear Symbols
23592U
Element symbol
Mass number (p+ + no)
Atomic number(number of p+)
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Types of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive Decay
alpha production (): helium nucleus
beta production ():
92238
24
90234U He Th
90234
91234
10Th Pa e
24
He
10 e
2+
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Alpha Alpha RadiationRadiation
Limited to VERY large nucleii.
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Beta Beta RadiatioRadiatio
nn
Converts a neutron into a proton.
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Types of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive Decay
gamma ray production ():
positron production :
electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus)
92238
24
90234
002U He Th
1122
10
1022Na e Ne
80201
10
79201
00Hg e Au
10 e
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Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
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Deflection of Decay ParticlesDeflection of Decay Particles
Opposite charges_________ each other.
Like charges_________ each other.
attract
repel
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NuclearNuclearStabilityStability
Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.
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Half-life ConceptHalf-life Concept
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Sample Half-LivesSample Half-Lives
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A A Decay Decay SeriesSeries
A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of stepsstate by a series of steps
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Nuclear Fission and FusionNuclear Fission and Fusion
•Fusion: Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
•Fission: Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers.0
192
23556
1423691
013n U Ba Kr n
23
11
24
10He H He e
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Energy and MassEnergy and MassNuclear changes occur with small but measurable losses of mass. The lost mass is called the mass defect, and is converted to energy according to Einstein’s equation:
E = mc2
m = mass defectE = change in energy
c = speed of light
Because c2 is so large, even small amounts of mass are converted to enormous amount of energy.
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FissionFission
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Fission ProcessesFission Processes
Event
NeutronsCausingFission Result
subcritical < 1 reaction stopscritical = 1 sustained reactionsupercritical > 1 violent explosion
A self-sustaining fission process is A self-sustaining fission process is called a chain reaction.called a chain reaction.
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A Fission ReactorA Fission Reactor
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FusionFusion