SURVEYING

Conceptual stage

Construction stage

Maintenance stage

i) Pre-construction survey

Feasibility survey

ii) Construction survey

To maintain alignment and Geometry control during construction.

iii) Post-construction survey

Maintenance survey

DEFINITION Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements on, above or beneath the surface of the earth.

Horizontal plane is called Surveying.

Vertical plane is called Levelling.

The main object of surveying is the preparation of maps or plans which are the basis in planning and design of engineering project such as route location of railway line, roads and water supply scheme.

PURPOSE

EQUIPMENTS USED IN SURVEYING

RANGING RODS

PEGS