unit #1 biochemistry the chemistry of life organic chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit #1Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry
![Page 2: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others).
![Page 3: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organic Compounds
• Carbon based molecules• Carbon based molecules
![Page 4: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Make up most of living organisms
• Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements
4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds
Organic Compounds
![Page 5: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Can bond to 4 H
![Page 6: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carbon can form various bonds
• Single bond (ethane)
• C-C
• Double bond (ethene)
• C=C
• Triple bond (ethyne)
![Page 7: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings
• Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers)
Organic Compounds
![Page 8: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ring structured
![Page 9: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Functional Groups
• Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds.
• These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups.
• Elements include: H, O, S, N & P
![Page 10: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
• -OH• Found in alcohols
• E.g. Ethanol
• Polar
![Page 11: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functional Groups
Carboxyl group
• -COOH• Found in acids
• Polar
E.g. Vinegar- acetic acid CH3COOH
![Page 12: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functional Groups
Amino group
• -NH2
• Found in bases
• E.g. Ammonia
![Page 13: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl group
• -SH• Often referred to as a thiol group
• Found in Rubber
- Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell.
![Page 14: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
• -PO4
• Found in ATP
![Page 15: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Carbonyl group
• If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde
• If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone
Functional Groups
![Page 16: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #1
The Aldehydes
• -COH• E.g. Formaldehyde
![Page 17: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #2
The Ketones
• -CO-• E.g. acetone
![Page 18: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Functional Groups
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE• What functional groups are in this molecule?
![Page 19: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
![Page 20: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Carboxyl group
Carbonyl group(Ketone)
![Page 21: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Organic CompoundsThe 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
![Page 22: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Anabolic ReactionsCondensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
• The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O).
• Energy absorbed
![Page 23: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Catabolic ReactionsHydrolysis Reactions
• A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together.
• A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another• Energy released
![Page 24: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction.
• They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.
![Page 26: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Isomers• Isomers are molecules that have the same
formula, but a different physical structure.
• Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers.
![Page 27: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Isomers
• Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties.
• E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway.
![Page 28: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
End Part IGet ready for Carbohydrates!
![Page 29: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Carbohydrates• Main energy source for living things
• Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities
• Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches
![Page 30: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• The most common organic material on Earth.
• The general formula is C : H : O
•Count the # of each atom in the molecule shown here:
• In a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1
Carbohydrates
![Page 31: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
•
What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?
![Page 32: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?
Their functional groups include:
1.Carbonyl group (an aldehyde or ketone)
2.Hydroxyl groups
![Page 33: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• There are 3 major classes:
- Monosaccharide,
- Oligosaccharide and
- Polysaccharide
Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek) The names of carbohydrates end in “ose”.
Carbohydrates
![Page 34: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Carbohydrates• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons are linear in the dry state but form rings when dissolved in water.
![Page 35: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Monomer of Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar• It is the main source of energy in the body• Eg. glucose – most common galactose – milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar
![Page 36: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Carbohydrates• Oligosaccharides are sugars containing 2
or 3 simple sugars attached to one another by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages.
• Recognize the dehydration reaction?
![Page 37: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Examples of Disaccharides
![Page 38: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Examples of Disaccharides
• Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Table sugar
• Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sugar in beer
• Lactose = glucose + galactose
Sugar in milk
![Page 39: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Carbohydrates• Large molecules of many monosaccharide
are called polysaccharides• Also known as complex carbohydrates.
Examples:• glycogen – animals use it to store excess sugar• starch – plants use to it store excess sugar• cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity &
strength• Chitin – exoskeleton & fungi
![Page 40: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Polysaccharide: many sugars
• Some polysaccharides are straight, others are branched.
![Page 41: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Starch
• A storage molecule for plants.
• It is made of 2 polysaccharides:– Amylose– Amylopectin
The chains form tight coils which make them insoluble in water.
![Page 42: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cellulose• Cellulose molecules are not coiled or
branched.
• The chains form cross-linkages between each other.
• The fibers intertwine to form microfibrils.
• Used to build cell walls.
![Page 43: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Chitin• Exoskeleton of insects & crabs
• The cell wall of fungi
• Chitin has uses in medicine:– Contact lenses– Biodegradable suture thread
![Page 44: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
• cellulose• chitin• glucose• glycogen• sucrose• starch
![Page 45: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
• Cellulose P• Chitin P• Glucose M• Glycogen P• Sucrose D• Starch P
![Page 46: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
End Part IIGet ready for Lipids!
![Page 47: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Lipids:• Store energy
• Build cell membranes (& other cell parts)
• Act as chemical signals
![Page 48: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lipids:Fall into 4 families of fats:
1.Fats
2.Phospholipids
3.Steroids
4.Waxes
![Page 49: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Lipids:• Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• Have fewer polar –OH bonds &• More non-polar H-C bonds than
carbohydrates.
• Therefore, they are non-polar• They are NOT soluble in water but they are
soluble in other non-polar substances.
![Page 50: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Lipids:• Fats store more energy than
carbohydrates or proteins.
• 1g fat = 38 kJ (9 Kilocalories)
• 1g carb = 17 kJ (4 Kilocalories)
• Calories are non-SI units of energy
• 1 cal = 4.18 kJ of energy
![Page 51: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Lipids:• Animals convert excess
carbohydrates into fats and store the fat molecules as droplets in cells of adipose (fat) tissue.
![Page 52: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Lipids:• Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) are the
most common fat in plants and animals.
They are made from a glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains attached.
![Page 53: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Lipids:• Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol
containing a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.
![Page 54: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Lipids:• Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains containing
a single carboxyl group at one end. • They are usually even numbered (16-18 carbons
long)
![Page 55: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Lipids:• Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning that all
carbons contain the maximum number of hydrogen). These have no double bonds.
• Unsaturated fatty acids contain double or triple bonds so they are missing hydrogen-carbon bonds.
If they have many double/triple bonds they are called polyunsaturated fatty acids.
![Page 56: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Lipids:Fatty acid shapes:
1.Saturated fatty acids have straight chains that fit tightly together allowing van der Waals attractions to form along their length.
2.These cross attractions make them solid at room temperature.
![Page 57: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Lipids:Fatty acid shapes:
1.Unsaturated fatty acids have kinked chains that do not fit tightly so van der Waals attractions do not form.
2.Without the van der Waal attractions they are liquid at room temperature.
E.g. vegetable oils, fish oil, nut oils, etc.
![Page 58: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Lipids:Hydrogenation:
is a process that adds hydrogen to the double bond areas “saturating” the fatty acid.
This converts oils, like canola and corn oil into semi-solid fats known as margarine or shortening.
![Page 59: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
How to make a lipid1. Link a glycerol unit and fatty acid chains…
2. A dehydration reaction takes place between the hydroxyl groups on the glycerol and the carboxyl group of the fatty acid. Three waters are removed.
3. The bond that results is called an ester linkage.
4. The process is known as esterification.
![Page 60: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Phospholipids:1. Form the majority of cell membranes.
2. They contains:a) Glycerol molecule (backbone)
b) 2 fatty acids (non-polar tails)
c) Phosphate group (highly polar head region)
d) Choline (nitrogen compound, part of the head)
![Page 61: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Phospholipids:1. Have a hydrophilic head (water-loving)
2. Have a hydrophobic tail (water-fearing)
![Page 62: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Phospholipids:When added to water, the phospholipids will rearrange themselves into balls called a micelles so that the tails all face inward and the heads face outward.
![Page 63: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Phospholipids: Cell Membrane1. The hydrophobic middle of the cell membranes do not
allow polar or charged molecules to pass through.
2. Membranes need channel pores to allow them through.
![Page 64: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sterols (Steroids)1. Made from 4 fused hydrocarbon rings + numerous
functional groups.
2. Examples:A. Cholesterol
B. Testosterone
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
3. Cholesterol in animal cell membranes helps to stabilize the structure.
4. Too much cholesterol in our diets causes deposits in our blood vessels
![Page 65: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Sterols: Cholesterol1. Cholesterol in animal cell membranes helps to stabilize
the bilayer structure.
2. Too much cholesterol in our diets causes deposits of fatty acids (called plaques) to build up in in our blood vessels.
3. This condition is known as atherosclerosis.
4. When blood vessels become blocked we can suffer from:
A. Stroke (blockage in the brain)
B. Heart attack (blockage to arteries in the heart)
![Page 66: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cholesterol & Sex Hormones1. Cholesterol gets converted into vitamin D (needed for
healthy bones and teeth) and bile salts (needed for the digestion of fats)
2. Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone) control the development of sex traits and sex cells (eggs & sperm)
![Page 67: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Waxes• Waxes are long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or
carbon rings.• The hydrophobic molecules are firm and pliable.• Their structure makes them ideal for making waterproof
coatings on plant and animal parts.• Cutin is a wax produced by plant cells to coat the stem,
leaves and fruit.– This helps hold water in and keep infections out!
• Birds produce a waxy substance to waterproof their feathers.
• Bees produce a wax that they use to make their honey.combs
![Page 68: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Waxes• Waxes are long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or
carbon rings.• The hydrophobic molecules are firm and pliable.• Their structure makes them ideal for making waterproof
coatings on plant and animal parts.
![Page 69: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Waxes• Cutin is a wax produced by plant
cells to coat the stem, leaves and fruit.
– This helps hold water in and keep infections out!
• Birds produce a waxy substance to waterproof their feathers.
• Bees produce a wax that they use to make their honeycombs.
![Page 71: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
BeginProteins!
![Page 72: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Proteins• Most diverse functions of all macromolecules!
• They make up over 50% of the dry mass of cells.
• Genetic info in DNA codes for the specific proteins
• Cells contain 1000’s of different proteins, each performing a specific task.
![Page 73: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Proteins: Some Functions• Biological catalysts
• Immunoglobulins protect animals for foreign invaders and cancers.
• Channel proteins help to transport materials across the cell membrane.
• Hemoglobin, on red blood cells, carries oxygen around the body
• Keratin, the most common protein in vertebrates, is a structural protein in hair and fingernails.
• Collagen forms protein component in bones, skin, ligaments and tendons.
![Page 74: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Protein Structure• Amino Acids are the basic building blocks of
proteins
• An amino acid has a central carbon atom with an amino group attached to one end and a carboxyl group attached to the other end and a side chain in the middle:
![Page 75: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Protein Structure• There are 20 amino acids (20 different R groups)
• Most of the 20 we can manufacture within our own bodies
• 9 amino acids must be obtained from our foods. These are called essential amino acids.
![Page 76: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Proteins• Depending on the nature of the side
chain amino acids can be:
–Polar (hydrophilic)–Non-polar (hydrophobic)–Charged
• acidic = carboxyl group on side chain• basic = amino group on side chain
![Page 78: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Proteins• Individual amino acid units, called residues, link
together to form polymers, called polypeptides.
• The number and the sequence of specific amino acids code for all the different protein polymers.
• More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!)
• A protein made of 200 amino acids could be arranged in 20200 different sequences combinations.
![Page 79: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Proteins Synthesis• Amino acids link together when the –OH bond of
the carboxyl group of one amino acid and an –H atom from the amino group of the other amino acid come together to form H2O. (Dehydration Rxn)
• The resulting bond is called a peptide bond (or an amide linkage).
![Page 80: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Proteins Synthesis• The specific
sequence of the amino acids in a polypeptide is controlled by the DNA
• (more on this in a later chapter).
![Page 81: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
• Polypeptides have an amino group at one end, called the amino terminus (A-terminus)
• They have a carboxyl group at the other end called the carboxyl terminus (C-terminus)
Polypeptide Structure
A
![Page 82: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Protein ConformationThe 3D shape of a
protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids it contains.
Globular protein are spherical and can be describe by their 4 levels of structure: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
![Page 83: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Protein ConformationPrimary Structure = the amino acid sequence
Secondary Structure = either an α-helix (coil) or a β-pleated sheet
Strong H-bonds form between amino and carboxyl groups of distant amino acids in regular, repetitive ways.
![Page 84: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Protein ConformationSecondary Structure
E.g. an α-helix (coil) Keratin in hair and
feathers
E.g. a β-pleated sheet Spider web proteins are
stronger than steel (they stretch 40% before breaking. Steel can only stretch 8%)
![Page 85: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Protein ConformationTertiary Structure =
super-coiling of the polypeptide stabilized by side-chain interactions (covalent bonds & disulfide bridges).
Chaperone proteins help fold the growing polypeptide
Quaternary Structure = 2 or more polypeptide subunits forming a functional protein.
![Page 86: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Protein DenaturationAny change in the structural shape of the protein
can prevent it from carrying out its biological function.
Proteins can be denatured by: Temperature pH Chemicals
Examples of denaturing enzymes: Curing meats with salt or sugar Pickling in vinegar Blanching fruits and vegetables Straightening hair with heat
![Page 87: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
End Proteins!
![Page 88: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus
• Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides
nucleotideNucleic Acid
![Page 89: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary information–Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
![Page 90: Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649f065503460f94c1c192/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)