CHAPTER 2 WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

Unit 1Civil War Divides a Nation

L1-Early Stages of the Civil War

North – Fighting to preserve the Union

Northern advantages:

more supplies, food, iron more RR, canals, roads more money more States and people

South – Fighting to preserve own way of life, which included slaves.

Southern advantages: rural life familiar with weapons Mexican War vets fought on own territory

North’s StrategiesScott’s Anaconda

Plan a. Blockade of Atlantic and Gulf coasts. b. Capture land along the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. c. Strike the Confederacy from the east and west.

South’s Strategies Had only to defend

own land until North gives up.

Would fight harder because it was their own land, homes, families, and way of life that was in danger.

England would help because they wanted the South’s cotton.

Confederate Victory Union Victory

First Battle of Bull Run near Manassas Junction, Virginia, won by Confederate General Thomas Stonewall Jackson.

Battle of Antietam in Maryland, lost by Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

Early Battles

Technology and WarBetter riflesConfederate

SubmarinesHand grenadesIronclad ships:

Virginia versus Monitor

PhotographyMedical knowledge

limited.

L2-Life During the WarBoth sides started

draft.Confederate who

owned 20 slaves could avoid draft.

Union could pay $300 to avoid the draft.

Average age was 25; some 12 year olds.

On foot; carrying supplies.

Poor food: hardtack.Disease and infection.

Emancipation Proclamation - 1863Lincoln: “Slavery

must die that the nation might live.”

Emancipate = to set free

Proclaim = to state or say

“Slaves within any State… in rebellion against the United States, shall be then…and forever free.”

African Americans in the Civil WarCould not join until

the Emancipation Proclamation, but did help the Union as cooks or servants.

Frederick Douglass: “Fly to arms.”

Not given equal pay or uniforms.

54th Colored Regiment; outstanding bravery.

200,000 fought.

Women in the Civil WarRan farms and

businesses while husbands were gone.

Frances Clalin; dressed as a man to join the Union.

Belle Boyd; famous Confederate spy.

Clara Barton: nurse named ‘Angel of the Battlefield,’ Red Cross.

Battle of Gettysburg, PA

Led by General Lee and General Pickett, who had to retreat to Virginia.

Lincoln gives “The Gettysburg Address.”

Becomes a national cemetery.

L3–How the North Won;1st Battle that Turned the Tide.

Battle of Vicksburg, MSBlockade by Union General Ulysses S. Grant.

Confederates surrender after 48 days.

2nd Battle that Turned the Tide

March to the Sea

Led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.

Total WarAtlanta, GA to

Savannah, GA 300 miles long/60

miles wide

3rd Battle that Turns the Tide

Civil War 1861-1864

Lee said, “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.”

Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.

Grant said, “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.”

Lives lost: 620,000 soldiersDestruction: farms, towns, industries,

families torn apart.

L4-The End of Slavery

Assassination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth.

Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.

Lincoln’s & Johnson’s Reconstruction Plans

13th Amendment – abolished slavery in 1865.

Readmit Confederate States into the Union.

Had to uphold federal government, form new state government, but Johnson allowed black codes; laws to control former slaves.

Johnson almost impeached.

Congress’ Reconstruction Plans South divided into 5

military zones. Freedman’s Bureau

started to help former slaves with education & health.

14th Amendment – citizenship for African Americans.

15th Amendment – All males could vote.

Carpetbaggers/Scalawags

Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Ends - 1870Not a complete success.Poll Tax started; citizens

had to pay to vote. Had to be able to read

to vote.Jim Crow laws; enforced

segregation or separation of blacks and whites.

Trapped into sharecropping.

Westward expansion continues.