Unit 1—Unit 1—FoundationsFoundations

We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From

Hunter-Gatherersto Agriculture

INVENTION OF AGRICULTUREINVENTION OF AGRICULTURE Mesopotamians first to engage in Mesopotamians first to engage in

agriculture agriculture Around 8000 BCAround 8000 BC Cereal cropsCereal crops

WheatWheat Barley Barley

Herd animalsHerd animals SheepSheep GoatsGoats

Woman probably first farmerWoman probably first farmer Grain-collecting then noticed that Grain-collecting then noticed that

stored wild grain could be grown on stored wild grain could be grown on purposepurpose

Life Before Agriculture

Life After Agriculture

Food Supply

Shelter

Social Structure (government & religion

included)

Art & Innovation

Specialization

Language

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureFood Supply Food Supply

Food gatherers as opposed to Food gatherers as opposed to food producersfood producers

NomadicNomadic – roaming existence – roaming existenceAs the food in an area was As the food in an area was

consumed, man moved on, consumed, man moved on, looking for another food looking for another food supply supply

Followed the migration Followed the migration patterns of the herds. patterns of the herds.

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureShelterShelter

Nomadic people live on what Nomadic people live on what the environment can provide, the environment can provide, such as caves. such as caves.

Temporary shelters made of Temporary shelters made of wood and hides.wood and hides.

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureSocial StructureSocial Structure

Social Structure was based Social Structure was based on the family. on the family.

A group of families is called A group of families is called a clan. a clan.

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureArt & InnovationArt & Innovation

Some drawings and art work have Some drawings and art work have been found. been found. Lascaux Cave Painting in FranceLascaux Cave Painting in France

Primitive weapons and tools Primitive weapons and tools Sewing needlesSewing needles Use of fireUse of fire

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureSpecializationSpecialization

Subsistence lifestyle dictated Subsistence lifestyle dictated that the number one priority that the number one priority for for allall family members was to family members was to find food. find food.

Life Before AgricultureLife Before AgricultureLanguageLanguage

Only verbal Only verbal communication was used. communication was used. Symbols were used to Symbols were used to mark places of mark places of importance. importance.

As man learns to farm, he is able As man learns to farm, he is able to settle in one place and able to settle in one place and able to acquire more things. to acquire more things.

Although known as a revolution, Although known as a revolution, these changes occurred these changes occurred independently throughout the independently throughout the world over the course of world over the course of several thousand years. several thousand years.

Development of Development of AgricultureAgriculture

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureFood Supply – Sedentary Food Supply – Sedentary

FarmersFarmers Food Producing: planted, tended, Food Producing: planted, tended,

harvested, and stored crops. harvested, and stored crops. Domesticated animals are used Domesticated animals are used

for food and as beasts of burden. for food and as beasts of burden. Hunting supplemented the food Hunting supplemented the food

supply. supply.

Life After Agriculture Life After Agriculture Food Supply – Nomadic Food Supply – Nomadic

PastoralistsPastoralists Developed in areas where the climate Developed in areas where the climate

limited growing crops.limited growing crops. Nomadic pastoralists move with their Nomadic pastoralists move with their

herds to new feeding areas.herds to new feeding areas. Often a means of facilitating Often a means of facilitating

communication between sedentary communication between sedentary farming societies.farming societies.

Use of mud bricks as building Use of mud bricks as building material material

Eventually stones were used, Eventually stones were used, leading to rock being quarried leading to rock being quarried and cut for building. and cut for building.

Villages located near fields Villages located near fields and other reliable food and other reliable food sources. (rivers/sea) sources. (rivers/sea)

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureShelterShelter

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureSocial StructureSocial Structure

Complex social structures developed which Complex social structures developed which involved when many clans began living in involved when many clans began living in close proximity.close proximity.

Gender separation: Gender separation: Men farmed, herded, and huntedMen farmed, herded, and hunted Women did jobs near the home: child-rearing, Women did jobs near the home: child-rearing,

food preparation, etc.food preparation, etc. Religion is believed to have been developed Religion is believed to have been developed

to explain the forces of natureto explain the forces of nature Governments developed to organize Governments developed to organize

activities. activities.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONSOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Originally ruled by Originally ruled by council of elderscouncil of elders Authority moved to Authority moved to

single leadersingle leader Close-knit societyClose-knit society

Communal granaries, Communal granaries, ovens, and fieldsovens, and fields

Private property Private property limited to personal limited to personal possessionspossessions

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureArt & InnovationArt & Innovation

Carving and statuary, complex tools Carving and statuary, complex tools such as advances in weapons, plows such as advances in weapons, plows pulled by animals, building techniques, pulled by animals, building techniques, cloth making and weaving cloth making and weaving

Architecture and building for religious Architecture and building for religious or common use or common use

POSSESSIONSPOSSESSIONS

Needs of Needs of agriculture and agriculture and stabilitystability Clay potteryClay pottery Woven basketsWoven baskets Woolen and linen Woolen and linen

clothingclothing Sophisticated tools Sophisticated tools

and weaponsand weapons PlowPlow

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureSpecializationSpecialization

People begin to specialize in People begin to specialize in various tasks: (tool maker), various tasks: (tool maker), stone cutter, potter, basket stone cutter, potter, basket weaving, early metallurgy. weaving, early metallurgy.

Regional resources are Regional resources are gathered and traded. gathered and traded.

Life After AgricultureLife After AgricultureLanguageLanguage

Development of pictographic Development of pictographic languages (Egyptian languages (Egyptian Hieroglyphic) or written Hieroglyphic) or written language. language.

Developed to keep records Developed to keep records concerning food storage & concerning food storage & trade. trade.

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURERESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

Required Required intensification of intensification of group organizationgroup organization Neolithic farmers Neolithic farmers

lived in settlementslived in settlements Ranged from 150 Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)(Jericho)

OUTSIDE CONTACTSOUTSIDE CONTACTS Neolithic communities had linksNeolithic communities had links

Walls indicate some fearfulWalls indicate some fearful Others were more peacefulOthers were more peaceful

Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho from several 100’s of miles awayfrom several 100’s of miles away

Either gifts or received in Either gifts or received in tradetrade

Jericho

Origins and Spread of Origins and Spread of AgricultureAgriculture

Self-actualization(self-knowledge,

fulfillment of personal potential)

Esteem(autonomy, achievement, recognition)

Social(belonging, affection)

Safety(security, protection from harm)

Physiological(Hunger, thirst, shelter)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be civilized?civilized?

Historians have determined Historians have determined 6 6 characteristics of civilization:characteristics of civilization:

CitiesCities Organized central governmentsOrganized central governments Complex religionsComplex religions Social classesSocial classes Job specialization and the artsJob specialization and the arts WritingWriting

CitiesCities Rivers provided:Rivers provided:

water supply water supply transportation transportation food supply from animalsfood supply from animals

Rivers provided challenges:Rivers provided challenges: floodingflooding irrigationirrigation

Required organized, mass labor Required organized, mass labor (corvee)(corvee) Construction and repair of canals and Construction and repair of canals and

irrigation ditchesirrigation ditches

Euphrates River

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Central authority needed to control:Central authority needed to control: LaborLabor Storage of grainStorage of grain Dispersion of foodstuffs among Dispersion of foodstuffs among

populationpopulation Early governments first Early governments first

led by priestsled by priests Later controlled by warrior Later controlled by warrior

chiefs or kingschiefs or kings

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Governments became more Governments became more complex as new responsibilities complex as new responsibilities arose such as:arose such as: tax collectingtax collecting law makinglaw making handling public works projectshandling public works projects organizing systems of defenseorganizing systems of defense

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Generally polytheisticGenerally polytheistic

Many gods represented natural forcesMany gods represented natural forces Others controlled human activitiesOthers controlled human activities Priests and worshippers tried to gain Priests and worshippers tried to gain

gods’ favor through complex rituals gods’ favor through complex rituals and sacrificeand sacrifice

Directed by unquestionable ruling Directed by unquestionable ruling class of priestsclass of priests

King regarded as a god or as a King regarded as a god or as a god’s agentgod’s agent

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Temples often built to honor Temples often built to honor

specific gods and goddessesspecific gods and goddesses

Egyptian temple Mesopotamian

ziggurat

Mayan temple

Social ClassesSocial Classes People ranked according to their People ranked according to their

professionprofession

ChiefPriestsNobles

Wealthy merchantsArtisans

Peasants/farmersSlaves

Egyptian social structure

Priestly class is part of the beginning of Priestly class is part of the beginning of social differentiationsocial differentiation

Class structure based on specialization Class structure based on specialization of laborof labor

Generated class differencesGenerated class differences Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.)Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.) Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons, Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons,

you don’t.”)you don’t.”) Common people (“I guess we work...?”)Common people (“I guess we work...?”) Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)

Social ClassesSocial Classes

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

Artisans specialized in various jobs, Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as:such as: BricklayersBricklayers BlacksmithsBlacksmiths

Production of luxuries (Things You Production of luxuries (Things You Don’t Really Need)Don’t Really Need)

Metal technologyMetal technology

Created great architecture and artCreated great architecture and art monumental architecturemonumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big citiespyramids, ziggurats, big cities

huge temples and associated huge temples and associated structures to fill the needs of a structures to fill the needs of a god-oriented stategod-oriented state

under the control of the priestly under the control of the priestly classclass

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

WritingWriting Probably first used by priestsProbably first used by priests Earliest writing used pictogramsEarliest writing used pictograms

Mesopotamian cuneiform

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Chinese calligraphy

WritingWriting Symbols later added to represent Symbols later added to represent

words and then soundswords and then sounds Scribes were specially trained to Scribes were specially trained to

read, write, and record informationread, write, and record information ReligionReligion TradeTrade GovernmentGovernment

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATIONUNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next Civilization was not simply next

inevitable step from Neolithic Ageinevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-Many peoples remained at simple food-

raising stage for thousands of years—raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilizationwithout developing any sort of civilization

Only five locations developed Only five locations developed civilizations entirely on their owncivilizations entirely on their own ChinaChina Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley MesopotamiaMesopotamia EgyptEgypt Central America and PeruCentral America and Peru