unit-1 fundamentals 0f computer

St. Francis High School Hayatabad Peshawar Fundamentals of Computer

1

Computer Science

Unit-1

FUNDAMENTALS 0F COMPUTER

EXERCISE:

Q.1 Fill in the blanks.

i. The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers.

ii. One of the first tools used to express numbers was the “Abacus”, developed in Babylonia

about 5000 years ago.

iii. Charles Babbage is considered to be the "Father of modern digital Computer”.

iv. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and were used in the second generation computers.

v. Analog computers are used to process and represent continuous data.

vi. Super computer is the biggest in size and the most powerful computer.

vii. PDA stands for personal digital assistant.

viii. Web designer are the professionals who design and develop websites.

ix. Joystick is a pointing device with a vertical lever mounted on a base.

x. Registers are high speed temporary storage locations used to hold data and instructions.

Q.2 Select the correct choice for each question.

i. Which was the first tool used to express numbers, developed in "Babylonia” about 5000

years ago?

A. Napier's bones B. Abacus C. Slide Rule D. Pascaline

ii. Who developed Napier's bone?

A. Pascal B. Charles C. JohnNapier D. Richard.

iii. In which generation computers transistors were used?

A. First B. Second C.Third D. Fourth


2

Computer Science

iv. Which computer is a combination of digital and analog technologies?

A. Hybrid B. Super C. Mini D. Mainframe

v. Where is Columbia Supercomputer located?

A. NASA, Russia B. NASA, China C. NASA, USA D. NASA, Italy

vi. Which are the most expensive, largest and the quickest computers after super computers?

A. Micro B. Mini C. Mainframe D. Laptops

vii. Which technology is used to design and manufacture products in manufacturing

industry?

A. CAD/CAM B. CAL/CAM C.CAN/CAD D. AM /CIN

viii. Who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, testing,

and evaluation of the software?

A. Hardware Engineer B. Software Engineer C. DBA D. Analyst

ix. Which of the following is an input device for voice recording.

A. Scanner B. Keyboard C. Speaker D. Microphone

Q3. Give short answers to the following questions.

i. What are the main characteristics of Database Administrator?

Ans- Following are the main characteristics of or Database Administrator (DBA:

1) Maintaining database and ensuring its availability to users

2) Controlling privileges and permissions to database users

3) Monitoring database performance

4) Database backup and recovery

5) Database security

6) Future Developments


3

Computer Science

ii. What is a register?

Ans-Register is a high-speed temporary storage locations used to hold data e.g a sequence of bits

or individual characters, and instructions.Register is also called processor register. A

microprocessor contains many different typs of registers, and each performs a specific function.

iii. What is the purpose of output devices? Name any five output devices.

Ans- Output devices are any hardware component and their purpose is to display information to

a user.

Names of output devices:

i. Monitor

ii. Printer

iii. Plotter

iv. Speakers

v. Multimedia Projector.

iv) What is the purpose of multimedia projector?

Ans-A multimedia projector is an output device that takes an image from a computer and

projects it onto a large surface, such as a white screen or wall so that people can see the image

clearly.

Using a multimedia projector, we can show a DVD, video, slide show or television program on a

large screen with color and sound. Multimedia projectors allow for presentations that can be used

for work functions, classroom instruction or enjoyment of films and television at home.

v. State three differences between RAM and ROM.

Ans- Differences between RAM and ROM.

RAM ROM


4

Computer Science

i RAM is a form of temporary storage. ROM is a form of permanent storage

ii RAM is volatile memory. ROM is non-volatile memory

iii RAM needs electricity to hold data. ROM can hold data even without electricity

vi. Differentiate between system software and application software.

Ans- Difference between System Software and Application Software.

S#NO System Software Application Software.

1 System software is used for

operating computer hardware.

Application software is used by user to

perform specific task.

2 System software is installed on the

computer when operating system is

installed

Application software is installed according

to user’s requirements.

3 In general, the user does not interact

with system software because it

works in the background.

System software can run

independently. It provides platform

for running application software.

In general, the user interacts with

application software.

4 Application software can’t run

independently. They can’t run without the

presence of system software.


5

Computer Science

vii. List main functions of the operating system.

Ans-The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every

general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.

Main Functions of Operating System:

Recognizing input from the keyboard

Sending output to the display screen

Keeping track of files and directories on the disk

Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

viii. What is open source software?

Ans-Open source software is a computer software that is available to users free of cost in source

code form with rights to study, change, and improve the software. Programmers who have access

to a computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or to

change the software in any way they can.

Examples:

Linux, Apache, Firefox, Squirrel Mail and Open Office.

Q.4 What is a computer? Give brief description of computer evolution.

Ans-COMPUTER:

The word computer is derived from computing which means to calculate. So the computer is a

machine which can perform calculations. However, the suitable definitions are

“It is an electronic machine that takes and store a large amount of data, processes it and

produces the result in a human-readable form with very high speed”.

“It is an electronic device that solves the problems by following the series of instructions called

program”.


6

Computer Science

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:

During this period many machines were developed. These machines are given below.

Abacus (5000 B.C )

It was the first calculating machine developed ever in the history of computers. It was developed

in China to perform simple calculations such as add and subtract. It was consists of several rods

and beads on it.

Napier Bones (1617)

John Napier, a Scottish mathematician developed a machine called Napier Bones, this machine

was constructed from strips of wood and bones. It could perform quick and accurate

multiplications and divisions. It was a manual machine and consists of eleven rods. Each rod was

marked with digits.

Pascaline (1642)

In 1642, a young Frenchman Blaise Pascal developed a machine called pascaline. It was the first

mechanical machine that could add and subtract. It has a series of gears and wheels.

Jacquard’s Loom (1801)

Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French textile manufacturer, invented the first punched-card machine.

This machine was designed for automatically creating weaving patterns on cloths.

Charles Babbage

He is considered to be the father of modern digital computers. He developed a calculator called a

difference engine. In 1823 he planned to complete another engine but he failed because the

technology of that time was not so high. But he succeeded in establishing the basic principles on

which modern computers are constructed.


7

Computer Science

Leibnitz machine (1673)

In 1673 a German mathematician Baron Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz developed a machine

that was similar to in design to Pascal calculator. But this was more reliable and accurate. It

could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root

Q.5 Give main features of each computer generation.

Ans. First Generations of Computers (1946 – 1958)

Vacuum tubes were used in the first generation of computers. The computers were slow,

expensive, and unreliable. ENIAC and UNIVAC were machines of first-generation computers

that used thousands of vacuum tubes, it took up a lot of space and produced a lot of heat.

Second Generation of Computers (1959 – 1964)

Transistors were introduced which replaced vacuum tubes. Programs were written in a machine

and symbolic language. Second Generation computers were smaller in size, more reliable, and

faster than the first generation. It used a magnetic core as primary storage, heat problem was

reduced. It was expensive and commercial production was difficult.

Third Generation of Computers (1965 – 1970)

It consisted of an IC (Integrated Circuit). An IC is a small silicon chip that is packs of transistors

onto single water of silicon. It reduced both the size and the cost of computers even further

enhanced its power.

Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 – today)

In 1971, Ted Hoff developed the first microprocessor, by putting the millions of transistors onto

one single chip, move calculations and faster speed could be achieved by a computer. It leads to

the invention of personal computers or microcomputers.

Fifth Generation of Computer (present and beyond)

It is based upon artificial intelligence and is still carrying researches on it. Robots and such other

intelligent systems are major developments of this generation. The main objective of this


8

Computer Science

generation is to develop devices that can respond to natural language and is capable of learning

self-organization.

Q.6 Explain different types of digital computers.

Ans-Digital computers according to their size, speed and performance are classified into four

classes.

• Super Computers

• Mainframe Computers

• Mini Computers

• Micro Computers

Super Computers

These are the fastest, most expensive, and most powerful computers. They measured speed in

TIPS (trillions of billions of instructions per second). These machines are specially designed for

scientists and engineers to solve their problems. However, they can be used in the Defence

system, space, and weather forecast.

Mainframe computers

After a supercomputer, it is the most expensive and powerful computer. These used in large

companies, factories, organizations, etc. The mainframe can process billions of instructions per

second BIPS.

Mini Computers

They are smaller in size than mainframe computers. A mini computer can accommodate in a

small room. Their speed is rated between one and fifty million instructions per second MIPS.

These are the computers, which are mostly preferred by the smart types of business organizations

and colleges etc.


9

Computer Science

Micro Computers

These are the smallest and least expensive computers. They are also called personal computers.

These computers were developed in the 1970s when the microprocessor was developed. A

microprocessor is a small silicon chip used in microcomputers. Today this is thought to be the

most popular computer in all. Microcomputers come in many shapes and sizes

Q.7 Give uses of computers in the following field.

i. Education ii. Business iii. Defence iv. Media

Ans-Education

The computer has a deep impact on education. Computer education is now a part of the school

and college curriculum, it is easier for students to get any kind of information through the

internet by only a click then go through so many reference books. Nowadays students are not

only bound to just textbooks but the internet has open a gate to get maximum knowledge. It is

easier to store information on the computer than maintaining handwritten notes. Online

education has revolutionized the education industry. Now computer technology has made

distance learning a reality. Education is no more limited to classrooms.

Business

Computers are extremely important in today’s business ordering products, shipping information,

price checks in retail stores, banking, advertising and marketing etc. is done using computers.

Computers have become a requirement in the business industry.

Defence

There are many uses of computer in Defence such as:

• Controlling unmanned air crafts.

• Computers are used to track incoming missiles and destroy them.

• Computers are used in tanks, planes, and ships to target enemy forces.

• Computers are used in designing and testing of arms and other equipment.


10

Computer Science

Media

Computers are playing a vital role in the field of media both in print and electronic. Print media

includes newspapers, magazines, etc. Electronic media is using internet which has opened up

several new opportunities which include email, websites, blogging, internet TV, and many

others. Making, designing, editing and animating of different ads on media are all done using

computers.

Q.8 Explain the scope of the following careers in IT.

i. Software Engineer ii. System Analyst iii. Hardware Engineer

Ans- Software Engineer:

A software engineer applies the principles of software engineering to design, development,

testing, and evaluation of the software. They work with civil and military organizations they are

highly paid persons in the organization.

System Analyst

A system analyst researches problem, plans solution, recommend software and systems, and

coordinates development to meet requirements. They are highly paid persons in organizations.

He/She is familiar with a variety of programming languages, operating systems, and hardware

platforms.

Hardware Engineer

They mainly focus on the physical aspects of computers they plan, design, develop, test, and

oversee the installation of computer hardware such as circuit boards, memory chips, cards, and

keyboards, etc.

Q.9 Write note on the following input devices.

Ans-Keyboard:

A keyboard contains keys that allow a user to enter data and instructions into the computer. All

computer keyboards have a typing area that includes the letters of the alphabet, numbers,


11

Computer Science

punctuation marks, and other basic keys. A standard computer keyboard is sometimes called a

QWERTY keyboard because of the layout of its typing area.

Mouse

The mouse is a pointing device used to select various options. A mouse is a small handheld unit

with two three-button. It can roll over a small ball at its bottom on a flat surface. A mouse can

also be used to draw the picture on the screen an edit text.

Joy Stick

The joystick is an input device, a level box with a moving stick, and a button it is generally used

for playing games, education software, and CAD ( Computer-aided design system). A joystick is

used to move the object on the screen with great speed.

Scanner

Scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and graphics into digital form.

Scanners are mainly used for image processing, which consist of capturing, storing, analyzing,

displaying, printing, and manipulating images. Many scanners also include Optical Character

Recognition (OCR) software, which can convert an image file of text into a text file that can be

edited.

Microphone and Voice Recognition

A microphone converts the sound into electric signals. These signals are translated by sound card

into adigitized form that the computer store and process. Translating voice to text is a capability

known as voice recognition. One can speak to the computer rather than entering the data by

typing.

Barcode Reader

Barcode reader uses laser beams to read bar codes printed on products showing product

specifications like product name, manufacturing company, expiry date, etc. Bar code readers are

widely used in supermarkets, departmental stores, libraries, etc.


12

Computer Science

Microphone and Voice Recognition

A microphone converts the sound into electric signals. These signals are translated by sound card

into a digitized form that the computer store and process. Translating voice to text is a capability

known as voice recognition. One can speak to the computer rather than entering the data by

typing.

Q.11 What is system unit? Explain main parts of system unit.

Ans-System Unit

The system unit is the rectangular case that houses the electronic components inside the

computer. The motherboard is the main circuitry in the system unit. Two main components on

the motherboard are the central processing unit (CPU) and memory.

For a desktop computer, the electronic components and most storage devices such as hard disks

and CD-ROM drives, reside inside the system unit.

For a laptop computer, the system unit houses almost all of its components including the

keyboard, pointing device, and monitor.

The main parts of the system unit are given below:

a) Motherboard

The Motherboard or System-board is the main circuit board in the system unit. Several

different types of chips (e.g. CPU and memory chips) can be found on the motherboard.

The motherboard also contains the expansion slots into which other circuit boards can be

inserted for the expansion of the computer system.

b) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The processor or the central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic device that interprets

and carries out the instructions that tell the computer how to work. The CPU is usually

contained on a single chip and is called microprocessor. ALU, CU and Registers are all

contained on this microprocessor.


13

Computer Science

c) Memory

Memory is a temporary area for holding data, instructions, and information. Memory is

also known as main storage or primary storage. A computer usually loads the data and

instructions from storage into memory and then executes them. Memory can be volatile

or nonvolatile. There are three types of memory:

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Memory Cache

Q.11 what is CPU? Explain main parts of CPU.

Ans-Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The processor or the central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic device that interprets

and carries out the instructions that tell the computer how to work. The CPU is usually

contained on a single chip and is called microprocessor. ALU, CU and Registers are all

contained on this microprocessor.

a) Control Unit (CU)

The control unit directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. For every

instruction the control unit repeats a set of four basic operations called the machine cycle

or instruction cycle.

b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

The ALU performs the arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations. Arithmetic

operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Comparison

operations involve comparing one data item to another, and determine if the first item is

greater than, equal to, or less than the other item.

c) Registers

Registers are high-speed temporary storage locations used to hold data and instructions.

A microprocessor contains many different types of registers and each performs a specific

function.


14

Computer Science

Q.12 Write short note on any three storage devices.

Ans-Storage Devices:

A storage devices refer to the media on which data, instructions and information are stored.

Storage is also known as backing storage or secondary storage. Most computer systems have

memory and backing storage. Two common types of storage devices are:

a) Hard Disk

b) Compact Disk

Other types of storage devices include:

c) Memory Card

d) USB Flash Disk or drive

Hard Disk

A Hard Disk is a large backing storage device. It consists of several inflexible, circular disks,

called platters, on which items are stored electronically. The hard disk in most desktop and

laptop computers is housed inside the system unit and therefore called fixed disk too. Hard disk

are sealed tightly to keep out the dust and smoke particles which can result in head crash.

Compact Disk

A compact disk (CD) is a flat, round, portable, storage medium that is usually 4.75 inches in

diameter and less than one-twelfth of an inch thick. The size of a CD is usually 700 mb. Compact

Disks store items by using laser beams.

Memory Card

A memory card is a small sized electronic memory backing storage medium. Specialized card

reader is used to read or write the information on the memory card. Memory cards are commonly

used in electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3

players, and video games consoles.

USB Flash Drive


15

Computer Science

A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB

(Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are removable and rewritable. They are small

than other storage mediums physically. USB Flash drives are used for the same purposes for

which other backing storage mediums are used. USB Flash drives are also called pen drives.

Q.13 What is computer memory? Explain different types of computer memory in detail.

Ans-MEMORY:

Memory is a temporary area for holding data, instructions, and information. Memory is also

known as main storage or primary storage. A computer usually loads the instruction from storage

into memory and then executes them. Memory has much faster access time than backing storage.

Memory can be volatile or nonvolatile. The size of memory is measured by number of bytes

available for use. There are three types of memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read only memory)

Memory Cache

i. RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile memory in the system unit. It hold data

temporarily as long as the computer remains on. All the contents of a RAM are removed when

we turn off the computer. All the programs are loaded into the RAM of computer before

execution. RAM chips are usually packaged on a small circuit board that is inserted into the

motherboard. The two basic types of RAM are dynamic RAM and static RAM.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) is nonvolatile memory. It is a permanent memory. All data,

instructions, or information are recorded permanently by the manufacturers in ROM. ROM

contains the basic input/output system (BIOS), which is a sequence of instructions the computer

follows to load the operating system and other files the computer is turned on.


16

Computer Science

CACHE MEMORY

Most of the computers today use cache memory, which speeds the process of computing by

storing frequently used instructions and data. There are generally two types of cache memory.

L1 cache is built-in into the processor chip

L2 cache is not a part of processor chip

Memory Measuring Units

Memory is measured in bytes. A byte is eight bits grouped together as a unit, and it provides

enough different combination of 0s and 1s to represent 28=256 individual character that include

numbers, letters, and symbols. A byte is the basic storage unit in memory, and each byte is

placed in a precise location in memory, called an address. A memory address is a unique number

identifying the locaton of a byte in memory. Higher units of memory include:

Kilobyte (KB)

Megabyte (MB)

Gigabyte (GB)

Terabyte (TB)

The following chart shows the equivalence of each higher unit in terms of bytes.

1 KB 210 bytes 1024 bytes

1 Megabyte 210 bytes 1024 Kilobytes


17

Computer Science

1 Gigabyte 230 bytes 1024 Megabytes

1 Terabyte 240 bytes 1024 Gigabyte

Q.14 What are expansion slots? Name different types of slots.

Ans--EXPANSION SLOT:

An expansion slot allows the CPU to communicate with peripheral devices. An expansion slot is

a socket where a circuit board, or expansion card can be inserted into the motherboard to add

new devices, or capabilities, to the computer. Expansion cards can be graphic cards, sound cards,

network cards, etc. which increases the functionality and performance of the computer.

Types of Expansion Slots:

There have been several types of expansion slots over the years, which includes:

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) was introduced by IBM and headed by Mark Dean. It was

introduced in 1980s. As it was introduced by IBM, only IBM peripherals could be used on this

expansion slot. This expansion slot is found no more on modern motherboards.

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-accelerated-graphics-port-agp-2625790


18

Computer Science

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is an advanced port designed for video cards and 3d support.

It was developed by Intel and was introduced in August 1997. AGP expansion slot allows the

graphics controller to have direct access to the system memory.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) was also introduced by Intel in 1992 and was used till

2000s. It was further advanced to PCI Express. It replaced both ISA and AGP because of its high

communication speed.

Q.15 What is expansion card? Explain the purpose of the following cards.

i. Video card ii. Sound card iii. Modem card iv. NIC

Ans-EXPANSION CARD:

An expansion card is a circuit board that can be inserted into in expansion slot on the

motherboard to add new devices, or capabilities, to the computer. Most popular types of

expansion cards include radio cards, modem cards, network interface cards, sound cards etc.

i. Video Card:

A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is an

expansion card which connects to a computer motherboard. It is used to display a picture or a

video on the monitor. Modern video cards are usually used by gamers as they provide high

quality graphics.

ii. Sound card:

A sound card is an expansion card which is used to send and receive audio. Sound cards are

configured using special software. Sound cards not only help to hear the sound using headphones

or speakers but we can also input the sound in computer by using the microphone.

Modem Card


19

Computer Science

A modem card is usually plugged into the PCI slot of a motherboard. MODEM stands for

modulator-demudulator. A modem card acts exactly like a modem device which allows a

computer to connect to the internet.

NIC

A network interface card (NIC) is a also known as Ethernet card or network adapter. A NIC is an

expansion card used to connect to a network using an Ethernet cable. Due to the popularity and

low cost of the NIC, nearly all new computers have NIC build directly into the motherboard.

Network Interface Cards are usually used to connect two or more computers in the same or other

network.

Q.16 Explain the four basic operations performed by a computer.

Ans- BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER:

The computer performs four basic operations to carry out any task. They are input, Process,

Storing and Output.

i. Input Operation:

The process of sending information or data sent to a computer for processing is called

input. Input is sent to a computer using an input device. Examples of input devices are:

Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, webcam etc.

ii. Processing Operation:

Processing is the manipulation of data into useful form or a process refers to a set of

instructions currently being processed by the computer processor.

iii. Storing Operation


20

Computer Science

Secondary Storage Unit

It is the process of storing or retaining the data or information or instructions, so that the user can

retain and retrieve it whenever required.

iv. Output Operation

Its is the result, which comes from the transformation process or it is the outcome of the

process. In other words, a processed information sent by a computer is considered output.

Some of the examples of output devices are: monitor, printer, Plotter, etc.

Program & Data Results

Central

Processing

Unit

Q.17 Explain different types of system software.

Ans-System Software

System Software consists of programs that control the operations of the computer and its

devices. System software also serves as the interface between the user, the application software

and hardware. The three main system software are:

Operating System

Arithmetic

Logic Unit

Register

Memory Unit

Control Unit

INPUT UNIT

OUTPUT UNIT


21

Computer Science

Device drivers

Utility Programs

Language Translators

a) Operating Systems

The operating system is the most important program that run on a computer.

Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other

programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as:

Recognizing input from the keyboard

Sending output to the display screen

Keeping track of files and directories on the disk

Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers

It is the first program loaded into memory when the computer is turned on and then turns on all

the hardware components connected to computer. Windows, Mac OS, Linux are all examples of

operating systems.

Device Drivers

A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to the

computer. There are device drivers for printers, monitors, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and

so on. When we buy an operating system, many device drivers are built into the product.

Utility Programs

A program that performs a specific task related to the management of computer functions,

resources, or files, as passwords protection, memory management, virus protection, and file

compression. Utility programs help manage, maintain and control computer resources. Some

examples of utility programs include:

Virus scanning software

Backup software

Scandisk

Disk Defragmenter

Language Translators/Processors


22

Computer Science

Language Translators or processors are the software which are used to convert programming

language source code into machine language object code that the computer understands. There

are different types of translations to convert programming source code into machine language,

which is made up of bits or binary data. The three major types of language translators are:

Compilers

Assemblers

Intepreters

Q.18 what is application software? Give few examples.

Ans-Application Software

Application software refers to a programs that perform specific tasks for users. Most application

software is available as packaged software that can be purchased on retail stores or on the Web.

Common types of application software include:

Productivity Software

Business Software

Entertainment Software

Education Software

Other types of software categories include:

Open source software

Shareware

Freeware

a) Productivity Software

This is a program helping users to solve their problems and work better to increase

productivity. Some common types of productivity software include:


23

Computer Science

Word Processing software: The most popular examples of this type of software are

MS-Words, WordPad, NotePad and some other text editors.

Database Software: Database softwares are used to keep records and details. Some

examples of database softwares are Oracle, MS-Access, etc.

Spreadsheet Software: Excel, Lotus and Apple Numbers are some examples of

spreadsheet softwares.

Mulimedia Software: Examples of this type of software include Real Player and

Media Player.

Presentation Software: Microsoft Software: Microsoft PowerPoint is the best

example of presentation software.

b) Business Software

Business software are used to perform variety of business tasks. Common types of

business package include:

Book-keeping programs

Accounting packages

Personal Finance software

c) Entertainment Software

Entertainment softwares are used for recreation and amusement purpose. Most of

these software include “Computer Games”. Video games typically also use other

ways of providing interaction and information to the player. Other entertainment

software includes:

Audio/Video players

Movie makers

d) Educational Software

Educational software aims to teach and educate users, as well as help deliver certain

evaluation as well as track progress through the material given. It is often used in

teaching and self-learning.


24

Computer Science

e) Open Source Software

Open source software is a computer software that is available to users free of cost in source code

form with rights to study, change, and improve the software. Programmers who have access to a

computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or to change

the software in any way they can.

Examples:

Linux, Apache, Firefox, Squirrel Mail and Open Office.

Q.19 Write short note on the following.

i. Shareware ii. Freeware

Ans- Shareware:

Shareware is usually offered either with certain features only available after the license is

purchased, or as a full version but for a limited trial period of time. Once the trial period has

passed the program may stop running until a license is purchased.

Freeware

Freeware is computer software which is made available free of charge. Typically freeware is

distributed without source code. It usually carries a license that permits redistribution but may

other restrictions, such as limitations on its commercial use. For example the license can stay that

the program may be freely copied, but never sold.


25

Computer Science

unit-1 fundamentals 0f computer

Documents