unit 1 – lecture 2. what is science? science is an organized way of attempting to understand the...
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Unit 1 – Lecture 2
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What is Science?Science is an organized way of attempting to
understand the natural world, structurally and operationally.
We are alwayslooking for ways to improve our quality of
lifetrying to understand how systems workattempting to improve on an existing
system
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The need for “proof”Evidence is based on observations.Information gathered using the senses during
an observation is called data (sing. datum).
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DataData can be qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative – no specific number, rather a comparison or estimateex. big, blue, some, herd, bunch
Quantitative – specific number given in an attempt at exacting detailex. 21.6m, 662 miles, 13, 17 reindeer
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DiscussQuantitative or Qualitative?Give me some of your french fries.Get me a dozen eggs.Admission to the game is only a few dollars.There are nine geese on the lake.Go out and get some firewood for the bonfire
tonight.
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ReasoningDeductive Reasoning – general quality
specific caseusing general rule about something to
come to a specific conclusion about something else.
Apples are red.
Apples are firm.
HONORS ONLY
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ReasoningInductive Reasoning – specific qualities
general casearriving at a conclusion based on specific
observations
After examining a dozen oranges, one should know
enough to be able to inductively
reason what this is below.HONORS
ONLY
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ReasoningInference – an estimation or prediction based
on previous experiences or observations
You can infer about whether ornot a fish with large, sharp teetheats other fish because of your previous experiences or observa-tions of fish with large, sharp teeth.
HONORS ONLY
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HypothesesHypothesis – an “educated guess” [a testable
prediction]if, then [cause/effect] formatcontains IV & DValways a statement – NEVER a questionpredicts outcome of experiment
there may or may not be an underlying knowledge about the hypothesis
ex: As I test for increasingly long periods of time, the Energizer AA battery will maintain a higher voltage than other batteries.
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TheoryTheory – the BEST possible scientific
explanation of an experience or observation in nature.sometimes called a “well-tested
hypothesis” BUT may not be able to be tested
if not able to be tested, is supported by relative experiments
there is an underlying knowledge about a theory, both observationally and experimentally.
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Scientific LawAlways trueCan not be circumvented or broken
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Hypothesis, Theory, or Law?Birds may have descended from
dinosaurs.Energy can be transformed from one form
to another.Dogs will eat all kinds of cheese.Gravity affects all objects in the universe.“Tide” brand laundry detergent gets your
clothes cleaner than others.
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Ethics & Values in ScienceThere is no “right” “wrong” “good” “evil” in science
itself, but the applications can be as such to others.Bias – a predisposition for or against something
not based on logic or reasonEthics - whether or not an action or plan is
considered right or wrong by a group or society.Values - help you decide whether or not
something is ethical [differ from person to person]
charging for cures, man vs. environment…etc.
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The Scientific MethodAn organized procedure to determine whether
or not a statement (or idea) is valid.
Every scientist follows the scientific method, but not every scientist uses all of the scientific method.
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The Scientific Methoda tool used to solve problemsused by EVERYONE – not just scientists
Steps in the Scientific Method
• develop Problem ……Statement
• collect Background …… Info
• form Hypothesis
• perform Experiment• collect Data• analyze Data• form Conclusion
• Observe
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DiscussWhich step of the Scientific Method supports or
rejects the hypothesis?Which step of the Scientific Method has us
research the work done on our question by others? Which step of the Scientific Method has a
restatement of the Hypothesis?Which step of the Scientific Method has us make
graphs and charts to determine the outcome of our Experiments?
Which step of the Scientific Method is a testable statement?
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HypothesesForming a Hypothesis
If, Then formatstatement, NOT a questioncontains IV and DVpredicts specific outcome of the
experimentwhat type of change are you making?what type of change are do you predict you’ll
see?
abbreviation [used frequently] for change = Δ
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Hypotheses – cont’dTypes of Hypotheses
Hypothesis – predicts change in the results between the control & experimental groupsIf [change] in IV, then [change] in DV
Null Hypothesis - predicts no change in the results between the groupsIf change in IV, then NO CHANGE in
DV.
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Test GroupsTwo different groups in an experiment:Control Group - group that does not receive the
treatment or changefunctions as a standard by which you can
measure the results of your experimentwe know that what we are testing is NOT
affecting this groupkeep as many of the variables the same as
possible
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Test Groups – cont’dTwo different groups in an experiment:Experimental Group – group in the
experiment which receives the change/treatmentwhat we are testing IS affecting this grouponly one variable is changed [what we’re
testing]
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VariablesConstants [control variables] - kept the same
from group to group, trial to trialNo Constants, No Confidence
Experimental Variable – the condition changed from the control group to cause a responseaka: the IV or the Manipulated variable“I control the IV”
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VariablesDependant Variable - the outcome of the
changed variablechanges because of a change in the
IV/experimental groupalso called the responsive variable
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Reproducible ResultsTo be considered valid, a successful
experiment must be replicable (repeatable).Scientists often publish their lab reports in
journals so that other scientists can try these experiments.
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Check Your ResultsIf the Results and Conclusions do not support
your hypothesis, check your procedures for any sources of error.
Sources of error can be included in laboratory report to help other scientists determine what may have gone wrong in your experiment.
Human error [I knocked over the beaker] is NOT a source for error or suggestion for improvement.
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DiscussWhich variable do you make certain does
not change for the experiment?Anything that may have affected your data
in an experiment should be described under which part of a lab report?
Any data which does not seem to follow the other data in an experiment could be caused by
Which variable do you change for the experiment?
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Practice – Example Mr. Smith wants to make Jacksonville a nicer
place to live. He has created a new fuel that he thinks will reduce the production of air pollutants associated with burning trash. He recruits 100 customers with a history of burning trash. He has 50 of them (Group A) use the new fuel. The other 50 (Group B) use the original fuel. Both groups were told they were getting the new fuel. After 2 hours of burning trash, 30 customers in group A reported having fewer air pollution, like smoke. Group B had 8 customers that reported better results.
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Practice – Example 1 Which group is the control group and why?Independent variable?Dependent variable?What is Mr. Smiths’ conclusion?Why do you think 8 people in group B
reported having better results?
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Practice – Example 2 John notices that his friend Gary is suffering
from smelly feet disorder, which occurs when the feet develop a nasty infection and give off a horrible odor. John’s friend Patrick tells him that rubbing seaweed on the feet is the perfect cure, while Sandy says that drinking lemon juice will be a better cure. Gary decides to test this cure by rubbing his feet with seaweed for 1 week & drinking lemon juice. After 1 week of treatment, the foot odor is gone.
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Practice – Example 2 What is the initial observation?Manipulated variable?Responsive variable?
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HomeworkVocab due tomorrow [ON quiz Mon]Equipment cards due Tuesday [CN quiz next
Friday]complete pages 4-5 – Practice w/
Experimental Design w/s