Unit 1 – Science InquiryUnit 1 – Science Inquiry

BiologyBiology

BIOLOGY – what is it?BIOLOGY – what is it?

Biology is the study of anything that was Biology is the study of anything that was living or once was living living or once was living

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

1. Uses Energy: 1. Uses Energy: Ex: Respiration – obtaining O2, using O2, and removing Ex: Respiration – obtaining O2, using O2, and removing CO2: Metabolism-obtaining nutrients from sun or other CO2: Metabolism-obtaining nutrients from sun or other sourcessources

2. Reproduction – making of a new individual: 2. Reproduction – making of a new individual: Ex, Ex, asexual vs sexualasexual vs sexual

3. Movement3. Movement – refers to the self-initiated change in – refers to the self-initiated change in position or internal body partsposition or internal body parts

4. Responsiveness4. Responsiveness – sense change inside and – sense change inside and outside of the bodyoutside of the body

5. Growth5. Growth – increase in body size – increase in body size

levels of organizationlevels of organization1.1. AtomsAtoms2.2. MoleculesMolecules3.3. MacromoleculesMacromolecules4.4. OrganellesOrganelles5.5. CellsCells6.6. TissuesTissues (groups of cells (groups of cells

working together)working together)7.7. OrganOrgan (groups of (groups of

tissues working together tissues working together to perform a particular to perform a particular tasktask

levels of organizationlevels of organization

8. Organ System (group of organs working together to perform a particular task)

9. Organism (groups of organ systems working together to make a whole

10.Population (interbreeding species)

11.Community (all species in a given area)

levels of organizationlevels of organization

12. Ecosystem (biotic and abiotic)

13. Biosphere (all areas on earth that sustain life)

Jobs in a Community

PRODUCERS: Organisms that make food in a community.

Examples: Anything that uses photosynthesis to make food; trees, bushes, algae…

Jobs in a Community

Primary Consumer: Animals that eat only plants (herbivore).

Examples; Rabbit, Deer, Bird…

Secondary Consumer: Animals that eat other animals (Carnivore or Omnivore)

Examples: Owl, Human, Bear…

Jobs in the Community

Decomposers: Living things that get their food from breaking down dead matter.

Examples: Bacteria, Fungi…

Importance: Without decomposers, the world would be covered in dead material, they are the RECYCLERS!

DomainsDomains

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria EukaryotesEukaryotes

Archaebacteria stain in a geyser

E. ColiEukaryote Cell

KingdomsKingdoms

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria ProtistsProtists FungusFungus PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

KingdomsKingdoms

Rankings – Organisms are grouped first by very broad Rankings – Organisms are grouped first by very broad characteristics; followed by more and more specific characteristics; followed by more and more specific characteristics.characteristics.

– Kingdom – Group of similar phyla (plural for phylum)Kingdom – Group of similar phyla (plural for phylum)– Phylum – Group of similar classesPhylum – Group of similar classes– Class – Group of similar ordersClass – Group of similar orders– Order – Group of similar familiesOrder – Group of similar families– Family – Group of similar Genera (plural of genus)Family – Group of similar Genera (plural of genus)– Genus – Group of similar speciesGenus – Group of similar species– Species – smallest taxa (group); ONLY the same species can Species – smallest taxa (group); ONLY the same species can

breed and produce fertile offspring!breed and produce fertile offspring!

– * Kingdom is the largest and Species is the smallest taxa* Kingdom is the largest and Species is the smallest taxa

Example for HumansExample for Humans

KINGDOM KINGDOM AnimaliaAnimalia PHYLUM PHYLUM ChordataChordata CLASS CLASS MammaliaMammalia ORDER ORDER PrimatesPrimates FAMILY FAMILY HominidaeHominidae GENUSGENUS HomoHomo SPECIES SPECIES sapienssapiens

Scientific Method

-Identify a Problem (question)-Collect Information about the problemCreate Hypothesis

-educated guess that must be testable-If / Then statements

-Test Hypothesis (Experiment/procedure)-Make Observations (Data)-Come to a ConclusionRevise Hypothesis and Retest

Experimental DesignExperimental Design Must set up variables / controls to test the hypothesisMust set up variables / controls to test the hypothesis Constant VariablesConstant Variables – available to compare results to – available to compare results to

(does not change)(does not change) Independent VariableIndependent Variable – Variable that is purposely – Variable that is purposely

changed by the experimenter (Changes at a constant rate changed by the experimenter (Changes at a constant rate Ex: Time)Ex: Time)

Dependent VariableDependent Variable – A variable that results from the – A variable that results from the independent variableindependent variable

(changes happen based on the independent variable) (changes happen based on the independent variable)

Experimental Error – Mistakes that may skew results Experimental Error – Mistakes that may skew results Sample Size – Larger the better Sample Size – Larger the better

Scientific InquiryScientific Inquiry

What is a Hypothesis?What is a Hypothesis?– Educated guess – Logic (what we think may Educated guess – Logic (what we think may

happen)happen) What is a Theory?What is a Theory?

– In science…it is a logical / testable modelIn science…it is a logical / testable model– Tries to explain the eventTries to explain the event– Set of Hypothesis that are put togetherSet of Hypothesis that are put together

What is a LawWhat is a Law– Well document history of proven testsWell document history of proven tests

Describes the eventDescribes the event

Biology TermsBiology Terms EvolutionEvolution

– Change in a population over timeChange in a population over time

Mutation Mutation

– Change in the genetic makeup of an individualChange in the genetic makeup of an individual

Survival of the Fittest: Organisms best suited to their Survival of the Fittest: Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduceenvironment will survive and reproduce

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

– Nature Chooses most suitable adaptations for the Nature Chooses most suitable adaptations for the environmentenvironment

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Natural Selection   Individuals vary in form, function and behavior

Adaptive, Environmentally affected traits   Out come of differences are in survival and

“reproduction”   Leads to a better fit with prevailing environmental

conditions