unit 1€¦ · weighting formula (2 x first exam ... pertaining to penis ... heart enlargement
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 1
Introduction
Grading
“A grade is an inadequate report of an inaccurate judgment by a biased and variable judge of the extent to which a student has attained an undefined level of mastery of an unknown proportion of an indefinite amount of material.”
[Gardiner, Lion F., Redesigning Higher Education. Ashe-Eric Higher Education Report Vol.23, No. 7 George Washington University, (67).]
Frame Exams
You must score 80% or above on the unit
examinations.
If you do not score 80% you can take the
exam over in the allotted exam time. The exam
time will not be extended.
If you take the exam over, your score for the
unit will be weighted using the following
formula:
Weighting Formula
(2 x first exam score) + (second exam score) /3
(2x 60) + (100) /3 = 73
(2x 85) + (75) /3 = 82
Testing Tips
Take the tests in a WSU testing center on
ChiTester
You must present a photo ID to receive an
examination.
Make sure your audio is working properly
before starting the exam.
You can only review the questions you missed
immediately after you complete the exam.
“The exams weren’t fair. If we missed one
letter it was wrong. There should be some sort
of way to recognize this and give a little. She
was not willing to give at all, even when it was
only one letter. It doesn’t make sense to me.”
“Report says health care errors cause more deaths than highway accidents.
As many as 98,00 Americans die unnecessarily every year from medical mistakes made by physicians, pharmacists and other health care professionals, according to an independent report released Monday that calls for a major overhaul of how the nation addresses medical errors.” The Washington Post
Root Cause Analysis: A Case Study
Elderly patient with blood clot in artery of leg
Heparin ordered at 200 units/hour
RN caregiver scheduled to attend meeting.
Arranged coverage with 2nd RN…student RN
also assigned to care team.
2nd RN called to another room…student starts
heparin at 200 cc/hr.
Researchers found a rate of 11 drug-related harmful events for every 100 hospitalized children.
That compares with an earlier estimate of 2 per 100 hospitalized children, based on traditional detection methods.
“These data and the Dennis Quaid episode are telling us that..experiencing harm…is more common than people believe.” Homer, National Initiative for Children’s Healthcare Quality 2008
Study hints
Arrive on time for every class.
Study ( at least briefly) after each class.
Limit study sessions to no more than ½ hour to
45 minutes.
Rephrase concepts
If it’s your style, study in groups.
Study hints
Make up your own tests
Don’t rely on drugs such as caffeine.
Use a special study spot.
Study for final from day one.
Take it easy the day before the test.
Student Advice
“My best advice is to make sure and do your
frames faithfully, then follow up with flash cards. It
takes a lot of time but it is very well worth the
effort come midterms and finals.”
“Make note cards because they will save your life!
Do the reviews at the end of each section.”
Make sure you do your flash cards”
Student Advice
“The index cards are helpful for a good review
before testing and for the midterm and the final.”
“If you make flash cards you will do very well in this
class.”
“Do your frames, make flash cards and listen to the
CDs and you will be fine.”
Elements used to form words
Word Root
Combining Vowel
Combining form
Prefix
Suffix
Word Root
Basic core of any word
Hepat-o-tome
Gastr-o-tome
Arthr-o-tome
Combining vowel
O- most commonly used
A,e,i,u, y – occasionally used
Therm-o-meter, micr-o-film, phon-o-graph
Combining Form
Combining vowel with word root
Word Root + Combining Vowel = Combining form
Speed- o = Speedo
Therm- o = Thermo
Arthr- o = Arthro
Prefix
Syllable placed before word or word root to alter its meaning or create a new word.
Micr-o-cyte
Micr: prefix
O: combining vowel
Cyte: word root
Macr-o-cyte
Syllable added at the end of a root or combining form to change the meaning of the root.
Suffix
Hepat-o-tome, Gastr-o-tome, Arthr-o-tome
Pronunciation
Ch------- K - chromatin; sometimes chronic
Ps-------- S - psychiatry , psychology
C &G---- Soft s & j before e,i,y - cytoplasm, generic
C &G---- Harsh - cardiac, gastric
I at the end eye - alveoli, glomeruli
Noun Suffix
-esis: condition
di/ur/esis: abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine
-ia
pneumon/ia: infection of lung
-ism
hyper/thyroidism: overactivity of thyroid gland
-iatry: medicine
pod/iatry: medical specialty treating feet
-ist: specialist
dermat/o/log/ist: skin doctor
-y: condition
neur/o/path/y: disease of nerves
Diminutive Suffix
-icle: small, minute, little
ventr/icle: small cavity in brain or heart
-ole
arteri/ole: minute artery
-ule
ven/ule: tiny vein
Adjective Suffix
-ac: pertaining to
cardi/ac: pertaining to heart
-al
umbilic/al: pertaining to navel
-ar
muscul/ar: pertaining to muscle
-ary
pulmon/ary: pertaining to lungs
-eal
esophag/eal: pertaining to esophagus
-ic
hepat/ic: pertaining to liver
Adjective Suffix (cont’d)
-ical: pertaining to
neur/o/log/ical: pertaining to (-ic & -al) study of nerves
-ile
pen/ile: pertaining to penis
-ior
anter/ior: pertaining to front
-ous
cutane/ous: pertaining to skin
-tic
acous/tic: pertaining to hearing
Plural Suffixes (Spelling Words)
Sarcoma-sarcomata Retain the ma and add ta
Thrombus-thrombi Drop us and add i
Appendix-appendices Drop ix and add ices
Diverticulum-diverticuli Drop um and add a
Ovary-ovaries Drop y and add ies
Plural Suffixes (Spelling Words)(cont’d)
Diagnosis-diagnoses Drop is and add es
Lumen-lumina Drop en and add ina
Vertebra-vertebrae Retain the a and add e
Thorax-thoraces Drop the x and add es
Spermatozoon-spermatozoa Drop on and add a
Common Suffixes
-CENTESIS
Suffix - Surgical puncture
Arthr/o/centesis - surgical puncture of a joint
-CLAST
Suffix - Surgical puncture
Arthr/o/centesis - surgical puncture of a joint
-DESIS
Suffix - binding, fixation ( of a bone or joint)
Arthr/o/desis - fixation of joint
-ECTOMY
Suffix - excision, removal
Append/ectomy - surgical removal of the appendix
-LYSIS
Suffix - separation;destruction;loosening
Thromb/o/lysis - clot dissolving
-PEXY
Suffix - fixation (of an organ)
Mast/o/pexy - performed to affix sagging breasts
-PLASTY
Suffix-plasty - surgical repair
Rhinoplasty - surgical repair of the nose
-RRHAPHY
Suffix - suture
My/o/rrhaphy - muscle suturing
-STOMY
Forming a new opening (mouth)
Trache/o/stomy - form a new opening in trachea to
bypass obstructed upper airway
-TOME
Suffix - instrument to cut
Oste/o/tome - bone cutter
-TOMY
Suffix - incision
Trache/o/tomy - incision into trachea
-GRAM
Suffix - record, writing
Electr/o/cardi/o/gram - electrical recording of
heart
-GRAPH
Suffix - instrument for recording
Cardi/o/graph - machine that records
electrocardiograms
-GRAPHY
Suffix - process of recording
Angi/o/graphy - process of recording a picture of
the blood vessels
-METER
Suffix - instrument for measuring
Pelv/i/meter - instrument for measuring pelvis
-METRY
Suffix - act of measuring
Pelv/i/metry - process of measuring pelvis
-SCOPE
Suffix - instrument for examining
Broncho/scope - instrument for looking at bronchus
-SCOPY
Suffix - Visual examination
Broncho/scopy - process of examining bronchus
Pathological Suffixes
-ALGIA, -DYNIA
Pathological Suffix - pain
Neur/algia - nerve pain
-CELE
Pathological suffix - hernia, swelling
Hepat/o/cele - hernia of the liver
-ECTASIS
Pathological Suffix - dilation, expansion
Bronchi/ectasis - dilation of bronchi (plural
bronchus)
-EDEMA
Pathological suffix - swelling
Lymph/edema - swelling of lymph nodes
-EMESIS
Pathological suffix - vomiting
Hyper/emesis - above normal vomiting
-EMIA
Pathological suffix - blood condition
An/emia - without blood (low red blood cell count)
-IASIS
Pathological suffix - abnormal condition
Chol/e/lith/iasis - disease produced by gall stones
-ITIS
Pathological suffix - inflammation
Gastr/it is - inflammation of the stomach
-LITH
Pathological suffix - stone, calculus
Chol/e/lith - gall stone
-MALACIA
Pathological suffix - softening
Chondr/o/malacia - cartilage softening
-MEGALY
Pathological suffix - enlargement
Cardi/o/megaly - heart enlargement
-OMA
Pathological suffix - tumor
Neur/oma - nerve tumor
-OSIS
Pathological suffix - abnormal condition
Cyan/osis - blue condition
-PATHY
Pathological suffix - disease
My/o/pathy - disease of the muscle
-PENIA
Pathological suffix - decrease, deficiency
Leuk/o/cyt/o/penia - decrease in white cells
-PHOBIA
Pathological suffix - fear
Hem/o/phobia - fear of blood
-PLEGIA
Pathological suffix - paralysis
Hemi/plegia - one half paralyzed
-RRHAGE, -RRHAGIA
Pathological suffix - bursting (of)
Hem/o/rrhage - blood bursting or bleeding
-RRHEA
Pathological suffix - discharge, flow
Dia/rrhea - discharge or flowing of fecal material
-RRHEXIS
Pathological suffix - rupture
Arteri/o/rrhexis - rupture of artery
-STENOSIS
Pathological suffix - narrowing, stricture
Arteri/o/stenosis - narrowing of artery
-TOXIC
Pathological suffix - poison
Hepat/o/toxic - Substance is poisonous to the liver
-TROPHY
Pathological suffix - development, nourishment
Dys/trophy - bad or abnormal development
Common Prefixes
A-, AN-
Without, not
A-before a consonant - a/mastia-without a breast
An- before a vowel - an/esthesia- without feeling
CIRCUM-, PERI-
Around
Circum/cision - cutting around
Peri/odont/al - pertaining to area around teeth
DIA-, TRANS-
Through, across
Dia/rrhea – discharge or flowing of fecal material
Trans/vagina/al- pertaining to something through
the vagina
DIPL-, DIPLO-
Double or 2
Diplopia - double vision
Diplo/bacteri/al - pertaining to bacteria in pairs
ENDO-, INTRA-
In, within
Endo/crine - Gland that secretes directly into the
blood stream
Intra/muscul/ar - In the muscle
HOMO-, HOMEO-
Same
Homo/graft - graft from the patient to their own
body- also called allograft
Homeostasis - Maintaining equilibrium
HYPO-
Under, below, deficient
Hypodermic - Pertaining to under the skin
MACRO-, MICRO-
Large, small
Macrocyte - large cell
Microcyte - small cell
MONO-, UNI-
One
Monocyte - cell with one nucleus
Uni/nucle/ar - pertaining to a single nucleus
POST-, PRE-
After, before
Post/nat/al - pertaining to time after birth
Pre/nat/al - pertaining to time before birth
PRIMI-
First
Primi/gravida - first pregnancy
RETRO-
Backward, behind
Retroversion - turn backwards
SUPER-
Upper, above
Super/ior - pertaining to top or upper