unit 10: emotion - stress and health. stress and health stress is any circumstance (real or...
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Unit 10: Emotion - Stress and Health
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Stress and Health
Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-
being.
When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired.
Lee Stone/ C
orbis
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Figure 12.22 Stress appraisalMyers: Psychology, Ninth EditionCopyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
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The Stress Response SystemCannon proposed that
the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-
flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and
norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing
heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar
and fat, and dulling pain.
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General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye: a stress response to any kind ofstimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes
through three phases.
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Stress and the Heart
Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of
the vessels that nourish the heart muscle.
Plaque incoronary artery
Arteryclogged
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Personality Types
Type A is a term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and
anger-prone people. Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974).
Type A personalities are more likely to developcoronary heart disease.
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Figure 12.25 Pessimism and heart diseaseMyers: Psychology, Ninth EditionCopyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
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Figure 12.24 Where life satisfaction is high, hypertension rates are lowMyers: Psychology, Ninth EditionCopyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
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Stress & Susceptibility to Disease
A psychophysiological illness is any stress-related physical illness such as
hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a developing field in which the health effects
of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on the immune system are
studied.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
B lymphocytes fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes attack cancer cells and viruses, and microphages ingest foreign substances.
During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it vulnerable.
Lennart N
ilsson/ Boehringer Ingelhein International G
mbH
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Stress and Colds
People with the highest life stress scores were also the most vulnerable when
exposed to an experimental cold virus.
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Stress and AIDS
Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
UN
AID
S/ G. Pirozzi
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Stress and Cancer
Stress does not create cancer cells. Researchers disagree on whether stress
influences the progression of cancer. However, they do agree that avoiding
stress and having a hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.
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Figure 12.29 Stress can have a variety of health-related consequencesMyers: Psychology, Ninth EditionCopyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
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Coping with Stress
Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called problem-focused coping.
Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond
by attending to our own emotional needs.
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Perceived Control
Research with rats and humans indicates that the absence of control over stressors
is a predictor of health problems.
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Explanatory Style
People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods,
and have a stronger immune system.
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Social Support
Supportive family members, marriage partners, and close friends help people cope with stress.
Their immune functioning calms the cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.
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Managing Stress Effects
Having a sense of control, an optimistic explanatory style, and social support can
reduce stress and improve health.
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Aerobic Exercise
Can aerobic exercise boost spirits? Many studies suggest that aerobic exercise can
elevate mood and well-being because aerobic exercise raises energy,
increases self-confidence, and lowers
tension, depression, and anxiety.
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Biofeedback, Relaxation, and Meditation
Biofeedback systems use electronic devices to inform people about their physiological responses and gives them the chance to
bring their response to a healthier range. Relaxation and meditation have similar effects in reducing tension and anxiety.
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Life-Style Modification
Modifying a Type-A lifestyle may reduce the recurrence of heart attacks.
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Spirituality & Faith Communities
Regular religious attendance has been a reliable predictor of a longer life span
with a reduced risk of dying.
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Intervening Factors
Investigators suggest there are three factors that connect religious involvement
and better health.
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Table 12.2Myers: Psychology, Ninth EditionCopyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers