unit 10 movement of people vech haz control

8/3/2019 Unit 10 Movement of People Vech Haz Control

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1.0 Unit 10:Movement of people

and vehicles-

hazards and control


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1.0 Unit 10Movement of people and vehicles-hazards and control

Overall aims.

Understand:

the hazards presented by the movement of people and vehicles, and the interactionbetween them;

the precautions necessary to control these hazards and to reduce the risks theypresent.

Specific intended learning outcomes. Able to:

identify the hazards that may cause injuries to pedestrians in theworkplace and the control measures to reduce the risk of such injuries;

identify the essential elements of a safe workplace management strategy; suggest ways of ensuring segregation of pedestrians and vehicles in the

workplace and the appropriate control measures when segregation is not

practicable;

suggest suitable measures to ensure the safe operation of vehicles on site; explain the importance of site driver training as part an overall safety

programme.

Reference:

Workplace Transport Safety -Guidance for Employers (HSG136), HSE Books.

Recommended tuition time: 4 hours.


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1.2 HAZARDS TO PEDESTRIANS

Typical hazards causing:

slips; trips; falls on the same level; falls from a height; collisions with moving vehicles; striking by moving, flying or

falling objects;

striking against fixed orstationary objects.

Conditions and environments in which eachhazard may arise.

1.2.1 Control strategies for pedestrian hazards

Risk assessment:

slip resistant surfaces; spillage control and drainage; designated walkways; fencing and guarding; use of signs and personal protective

equipment; information, instruction, training and

supervision.


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Maintenance of a safe workplace:

cleaning and housekeeping requirements, access and egress, environmental considerations (heating, lighting,

noise and dust).

1.3 Vehicle operations

typical hazards causing loss ofcontrol and overturning ofvehicles; collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixedobjects

conditions and environments in which each hazard mayarise.

1.3.1

Control strategies for safe vehicle operationsriskassessment;

suitability and sufficiency of traffic routes; management of vehicle movements; environmental considerations (visibility,

gradients, changes of level, surface conditions); maintenance of vehicles; driver protection and restraint systems; protective measures for people and structures

(barriers, markings, signs, warnings of vehicleapproach and reversing);

site rules; selection and training of drivers; management systems for assuring driver

competence, including local codes of practice.


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1.4 INTRODUCTIONWorkplace transport is used in all sectors of

industry. It ranges from agricultural machinery to forklifttrucks and is found everywhere from construction sitesto the local DIY store. Used properly, it is an effective andvaluable tool. When used ineffectively or improperlyand/or by inexperienced operators, it can kill.

The combination of pedestrians and moving vehiclescan be lethal if adequate safetymeasures are not inplace. Both parties can be so involved in what they aredoing that they may not pay proper attention to others in

the vicinity as they are concentrating on their ownactions or are deep in thought.

Whether in a warehouse, factory, office or out in thestreet where the general public can be affected, suitablerisk assessments must be undertaken and adequatecontrol measures must be put in place to minimise therisk to all involved.

In this unit, we will look in more detail at the type ofhazards and control measures which are needed in orderfor the employer to provide a safe working environment,in which employees can carry out their duties withminimum risk to themselves and other in the workingenvironment.

In the UK alone, an average of around 100 peopleare killed and 2,500 are seriously injured each yearthrough workplace accidents. Alongside the personal

distress caused by accidents to the individual concerned,the employer, haulier or owner will have to stand thefinancial implications that an accident will bring.

Slips, trips and falls account for the majority ofaccidents to pedestrians and the more serious accidentsbetween pedestrians and vehicles can often be associated


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with excessive speed or unsafe practices such as lack oftraining and awareness. Many of the risks associatedwith these hazards can be significantly reduced byeffective management systems.

The UK Workplace (Health, Safetyand Welfare)Regulations 1992 (W(HSHW) Regs 92) cover a wide rangeof legal requirements relating to workplaces includingventilation, lighting, space and room dimensions,cleanliness, windows and the ability to clean them safely,sanitary conveniences, washing facilities, drinking waterand rest rooms. These regulations also tackle thecondition of floors and traffic routes to ensure safetyofemployees, both in terms of slips, trips and falls and the

segregation of pedestrians and moving vehicles.


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1.5

PEDESTRIANS SLIPS, TRIPS &FALLS

The majority of slips, trips and falls tend to be onthe same level and can result in bruising, fractures and

broken bones as well as blows to the head resulting inconcussion. Over a third of all major injuries reportedeach year are caused as a result of a slip or trip. This isthe single most common cause of workplace injuries.

The cost to employers is high. On average in the UK,300 million is lost per annum due to lost production andother associated costs.

Slips, trips and falls tend to be high in certain industries

for example:

Food industry - accidents caused due toregular cleaning of floors and work surfaceswhere these have been left wet.

Engineering industry - spillage of oil and otherlubricants on to the floor.

Plastics Industry - plastic granules on the floorincrease the risk of slips and trips.

All of the above can be avoided by general goodhousekeeping practices. Spillages should be cleaned upquickly and where the liquid is oil or a similar lubricant,absorbent materials should be used.


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You will often see a bag of sand or cat litter in the corner of yourlocal garage, for such incidents.

Slip hazards can be caused by:

Loose floor coverings on slipperyfloor surfaces.

Wet or dusty floors. Spillages of either wet or dry

substances, i.e. water, oil, dust. Wet or icy weather conditions. Unsuitable footwear. Uneven flooring.

Trip hazards tend to be caused by:

Worn and threadbare floorcoverings including mats andrugs.

Poor housekeeping, includingobstacles or rubbish left inwalkways.

Obstructions such as protrudingwalls or low ceilings or beams.

Cables or trailingelectric/telephone wires.

Raised floor sockets for electricalappliances.

Poor or faulty lighting levels. Unsuitable footwear with slippery

sole, untied laces or lack ofadequate ankle support.


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1.5.1

Control measures for pedestrian slips, trips and falls on

the same level

These can be avoided - or at least reduced - by theimplementation of various control measures.

No obstacles in the walkway. Non-slip flooring. Level walkways. Marked walkways. Good lighting. Spillage control. Guarding and fencing off

designated areas. Appropriate footwear. Information, instruction,

supervision and training.

What fraction of all major injuries are caused as a result of slips and trips?

1. ? 1/42. ? 1/23. ? 1/3

Trip hazards can be caused by...

1.1. ? Poor housekeeping2. ? All of the above3. ? Trailing cables4. ? Poor lighting levels


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Control measures to reduce slips/trips/falls include....

1. ? All of the above2. ? Spill control procedures3. ? Appropriate footwear4. ? Level walkways


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1.6 FALLS FROM A HEIGHTThe construction industry tends to have the most

accidents as a result of falls from height. These accidentsare usually associated with falls from a height oftwo metres or more. The resulting injuries tend to befractured bones, head injuries and loss of consciousnessand can lead to loss of life.

Falling down staircases, off landings, roofs,stepladders and mobile access platforms all come within

this category.

Other falls from less than two metres in height caninclude falling off steps and chairs.

1.6.1 Control Measures for Falls from a height

Measures should be taken - as far as reasonablypracticable - to prevent any person falling from a heightthat is likely to cause personal injuryor to be struck by a

falling object that is likely to cause injury.

Using suitable guardrails and barriers and applyingthe hierarchy of controls will reduce the risk.

Wherever possible, remove the possibility of fallingby undertaking the work at ground level. Where this isnot possible, protect the individuals from the hazard byinstalling suitable guard and hand rails, fencing, toe

boards, using working platforms, ladder hoops, etc.Fencing should be of adequate height and strength toprevent people or objects from falling over.

Safetyharnesses, as with all Personal ProtectiveEquipment (PPE), should only be used when all otherpossibilities have been exhausted.


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Stairways are a particular problem area. Theprovision of handrails and banisters on open sides ofstairways will help prevent people from falling.

Careful consideration of the following design featureswill help to reduce the risk of accidents:

Width of the stairway, depth ofthe tread and provision oflandings, handrails andbanisters.

Non-slip surfaces or floorcoverings.

Reflective edges on stairs. Adequate lighting, including

emergency lighting. Maintenance and housekeeping. Alternative provision such as a

lift for disabled people.

Ladders are designed for transient access and notas a permanent fixture. It is not reasonably practicable toexpect an employee to carry out their work all day from aladder. Consideration should be given to otherequipment, such as Mobile Elevated Working Platforms(Cherry Pickers). However, training and instructionshould be given to employees before using this type ofequipment.

Where goods or equipment have to be transferredfrom an open edge or to a higher or lower level, secure

handrails should be installed sufficient to bear the weightof an individual and positioned at such an angle that theperson is not have to over-stretch and risk falling. Coversshould be installed other then when this activity is takingplace, and should be replaced immediately when thisaspect of work has been completed.


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Roof work also has a high risk factor and isresponsible for the majority of falls from height resultingin fatalities each year. Many of these are as a result offalling through a fragile roof or skylight.

Work to be carried out on a roof should only bedone by experienced and trained personnel, as it is aspecialist area. Detailed risk assessments should becarried out, paying particular attention to access andegress, work platforms, edge protection, equipment to beused and prevention of risks of falling items. Weatherconditions should also be considered.

When you think the answer is correct, click on submit to check your answer.

If you get stuck, click on the Hint to find out the next correct part.

Put the parts in order to form a sentence. When you think your answer is correct, click on

"Submit" to check your answer. If you get stuck, click on "Hint" to find out the next

correct part.

and

not as

transient access

a permanent fixture

Ladders are

designed fo

In an ideal situation which method would be the preferred control measure to adopt for

working at a height of 2 metres of more?

1. ? Safety harness2. ? Guard rails and fencing3. ? Work from ground level


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It is not reasonable practicable to expect employees to carry out their work all day from a

ladder as it is not a permanent fixture.

1. ? True2. ? False

Roof work is responsible for the majority of falls from heights resulting in fatalities.

1. ? False2. ? True


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1.7 Collisions with vehiclesThe UK Workplace (Health, Safetyand Welfare)

Regulations 1992 - Regulation 17 states that every workplaceshall be organised so that vehicles and pedestrians can movesafely.

'Workplace Transport' refers to any vehicle or piece ofmobile equipment which is used by employers, employees,self-employed people or visitors in any workplace.

Workplace transport is the second biggest cause of fatalaccidents in the workplace and all industries are affected bythis.

Accidents as a result of a pedestrian colliding with avehicle can take place at workplace, either within the premisesor on access roads to and from the site or around buildings.These accidents invariably have more serious consequences.

There are particular problems where there is no defined

separation between access and egress for both pedestriansand vehicles.


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Other factors may include:

blind corners; poor lighting; lack of warning signs and audible

alarms.

Potential causes of accidents can be due to:

the driver - inadequate training,instruction and supervision;

the vehicle - poor maintenance;

the System of Work - inadequaterisk assessments.

Types of accidents can be due to:

forward motion; reversing; overturning.

Factors that may contribute to collisions with vehicles include:-

1. ? Lack of warning signs and audible alarms2. ? Blind Corners3. ? All of these4. ? Poor lighting


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1.7.7

COLLISIONS WITH VEHICLESCOLLISIONS WITH VEHICLESCOLLISIONS WITH VEHICLESCOLLISIONS WITH VEHICLES CONTINUED.CONTINUED.CONTINUED.CONTINUED.

Other hazards associated with vehicles include:

High pressure fluid injection. Ergonomics. Puncture and injection. Biological. Cutting and severing. Fire and explosion. Electricity. Crushing. Vibration. Impact. Noise.

Many different types of vehicles are used in theworkplace from forklift trucks to dumper trucks andheavy goods vehicles.

A key factor in many accidents is the lack ofcompetence and driver training.

Common accidents are:

vehicles overturning due to beingdriven at speed;

a load incorrectly balanced; driving into excavations; and runaway vehicles which have

been left with the engine running,whilst unattended.

Employers should only allow trained and designatedpersonnel to operate transport vehicles and firmdisciplinary action should be taken against unauthoriseduse of work transport equipment.


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It is recommended that the training provided isaccredited by a recognised body and that refreshertraining is given to all drivers at regular intervals andwith the introduction of new vehicles and equipment.

Regulation 3 of the UK Management of Health andSafety at Work 1999 requires that employers assess therisks to workers and anyone else, for example membersof the public, who may be affected by the activities beingundertaken.

These requirements apply to all work activities,including those involving transport, e.g driving, loading,sheeting and maintenance.

These risks can be identified, for example, by looking atthe following:

Is there a danger of people beingstruck or run over by movingvehicles, and what is the cause?

Is there a danger of people fallingfrom vehicles, for example, whilegaining access or alighting fromthem or while involved inloading/unloading or otheractivities, and what is the cause?

Is there danger of being struck byan object falling from a vehicle,and what is the cause?

Is there a danger of thevehicle overturning, and what isthe cause?


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In looking for the hazards, areas to look at should include:

The vehicle themselves. Are theysafe and suitable for the work forwhich they are being used? Arethey properly maintained? Do thevehicles need to be replaced withnew, safer vehicles?

The routes or roadways used bythe vehicles. Are they safe andsuitable for the type and numberof vehicles using them? Hasaccount been taken of nearbyhazards and obstructions?

The action of the drivers. Havethey been trained and deemedcompetent? Are they using safeworking practices?

The activities of others in thevicinity of the vehicle,contractors, members of thepublic, visiting drivers, etc.


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1.8

Control measures for safe operation of vehicles

The control strategy covers 3 areas; these areEngineering, Management and Behavioural.

1.8.1 ENGINEERINGENGINEERINGENGINEERINGENGINEERINGEngineering controls should include all aspects of

normal maintenance and should look at the following inparticular:

Speed controls. ABS braking systems. Anti jack-knife systems. The use of convex mirror systems

at blind corners. Spillage control and drainage

systems. Designated walkways. Fencing and guarding. Slip-resistant flooring.

The UK Provision and Use of Work EquipmentRegulations 1998 (PUWER) deals with work equipmentused for transport in the workplace and regulation 5states that all such equipment is maintained in anefficient state, in efficient working order and in goodrepair.


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1.8.2 MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Management controls should be integrated forother statutory requirements and should encompass thefollowing systems:

Risk assessments - to identifywhat is a problem, what is inplace at the moment and whatneeds to be put into place.

The use of easily understoodtraffic systems with appropriatesigns.

Maintenance systems such asplanned preventativemaintenance.

The use of information,instruction, training andsupervision. These should bemaintained and reviewed as a

part of the management systems. Staff selection and specific

training e.g. FLT drivers,banksmen, crane operators.

17 out of every 20 deaths have been shown to be due tomanagement failures.

Faulty design. Defective management structure. Inadequate management

structure. Lack oftraining, instruction,

information.


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1.8.3 BEHAVIOURALBEHAVIOURALBEHAVIOURALBEHAVIOURALBehavioural controls should always start at themanagement level and this should be given byexample. Standards that are required by the legalprocess should be aimed for and - in most cases -should be surpassed.

The required standards should be

communicated to all involved in the process, andshould be looked at in the following:

Supervision - staff trainedas supervisors shouldunderstand theirresponsibilities.

Training should be carriedout at all levels of the

organisation, and should beindicated byriskassessment, statutoryrequirements, etc. Thistraining must be relevant,on-going and recorded.

Controls can be achieved inconjunction with design andlayout of the working

environment.


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Control strategies for vehicle operations will involverisk assessments to determine where and how accidentsare likely to happen. External and internal traffic routesneed to be assessed and thought should be given to the

following:

Traffic routes, speed limits,visibility, loading andstorage areas.

Separation of vehicles andpedestrians.

One way traffic systems. Environmental conditions

such as the weather, road

conditions, visibility. Parking areas for staff and

visitors. Road markings and suitable,

visible traffic signs withinthe site and access roadsleading to and from the site.

Pedestrian crossing areas. Induction training for site

visitors, employees andcontractors.

Please select the correct missing definition, to form the sentences belowBehavioural

Management An example of an Engineering control

1. ? fencing and guarding2. ? planned preventative maintenance3. ? Staff selection and specific training4. ? all of these


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1.9 TRAFFIC ROUTESTRAFFIC ROUTESTRAFFIC ROUTESTRAFFIC ROUTES

Traffic routes should be of sufficient design to allow safemovement of vehicles and pedestrians. The followingfactors should be considered:

Sufficient number of routesshould be provided for the volume

of traffic and pedestrians. Sufficient separation of vehicles

from doors and gates should beprovided for pedestrians.

If separation cannot be affordedin mixed areas then pedestrianshave right of way.

Traffic routes should beappropriately signed for healthand safetypurposes.

If there is likelihood of collision, then the design

factors should indicate the required strength andmaterial to be used. The required standards, such asBritish Standards Institutes (BSIs) should be consulted.


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1.10 PARKINGPARKINGPARKINGPARKINGThe process of planning and controlling of all

vehicles, but in particular visiting vehicles, must beapproached with good preparation and planning. Parkingfor most organisations is something of a headache.

In determining suitable parking areas,consideration must be given to other hazards by notparking near fire exits or emergency escape routes.

The parking of designated vehicles in specificparking areas - such as delivery vehicles in waiting bays -should be implemented and sufficient. Visiblesigns should be put in place.

Procedures to ensure the vehicle is braked securelyor even choked to stop movement when side loading withForklift Trucks should be a matter of safe working inpractice.


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1.11

Segregation of vehicles and

pedestrians

Wherever possible, the ideal solution is to separatevehicles and pedestrians.

The recognised systems for separation are numerous, butconsideration should be given to the following:

Barriers - construction,positioning, etc.

Walkways and markings - wherepossible, use traffic signs as areused on the highway; this willstop confusion.

Areas that require to beprohibited for emergency reasons- or for health and safetyreasons

- should be identified andsystems put into place to monitorthese.

Loading bays should beconstructed to allow pedestrianssuch as banksmen to be able toseek refuge as a minimum.Wherever possible, pedestriansshould not be in a position where

they may be at risk from theseoperations.

Separation should be consideredin areas of dense traffic; thiscould be afforded by separategates and doors.


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If segregation is not possible then other systemsneed to be used; these will include such things as one-way systems, speed control and mirrors.

Audible warning systems are another means ofwarning against hazards. However, these should berecognised by all staff and visitors (remember therequirements to include all who may be affected,including people with disabilities).

1.12 Safety Management Systems

The elements of a good health and safetymanagement system should include the following keypoints:

Planning, Organisation, Control, Monitoring and

Review.

Planning removes or reduces the risks by usingappropriate control measures and stated workingpractices.

Organisationof staff by including them in theplanning stages of work to be undertaken. Defining whois responsible for parts of the work place and ensuringthey take on the responsibility for maintaining goodhousekeeping, by keeping work surfaces clean and freefrom obstacles.


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Controlmeans to record all activities such ascleaning and maintenance work. Ensure that all safetymeasures are in place where people are working onladders, stairs and ensuring that warning signs are used

and visible where floors have been recently cleaned.

Monitoring includes carrying out regular safetychecks and audits of cleaning and housekeepingprocedures.

Reviewing accident records to see if there havebeen any improvements and to identify any particularhazards arising.


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1.13 Examples of control measures

Building Site Controls

Internal segregation of people and vehiclesInternal segregation of people and vehiclesInternal segregation of people and vehiclesInternal segregation of people and vehicles


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If separation of vehicles and pedestrians is not possible in mixed areas - wo has right of

way?

1. ? Vehicles2. ? Pedestrians

2.0Video:Safetrafficroutes2.0Video:Safetrafficroutes2.0Video:Safetrafficroutes2.0Video:Safetrafficroutes


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3.0 SUMMARYThis summary section will refer you back to the

learning outcomes and summarise the notes.

Identify the hazards that may cause injuries topedestrians in the workplace and the controlmeasures to reduce the risk of such injuries

Hazards to pedestrians.

Typical hazards causing:

slips, trips and falls on the samelevel;

falls from a height; collisions with moving vehicles; striking by moving, flying or falling

objects; striking against fixed or stationary

objects; and conditions and environments in

which each hazard may arise.

Control strategies for pedestrian hazards:

Risk assessment. slip-resistant surfaces; spillage control and drainage; designated walkways; fencing and guarding;


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use of signs and personal protectiveequipment;

information, instruction, trainingand supervision.

Maintenance of a safe workplace

cleaning and housekeepingrequirements;

access and egress; environmental considerations

(heating, lighting, noise and dust).

Identify the essential elements of a safe workplacemanagement strategy

Management controls should be integrated for otherstatutory requirements and should encompass thefollowing systems:

Risk assessments - to identify whatis a problem, what is in place at themoment and what needs to be putinto place.

The use of traffic systems withappropriate signs which can beeasily understood.

Maintenance systems such asplanned preventative maintenance.

The use of information, instruction,training and supervision. These

should be maintained and reviewedas a part of the managementsystems.

staff selection and specific traininge.g. FLT drivers, banksmen, craneoperators.


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The elements of a good health and safety management system should

include the following key points:

Planning, Organisation, Control,Monitoring and Review.

Planning removes or reduces therisks by using appropriate controlmeasures and stated workingpractices.

Organisation of staff by includingthem in the planning stages of workto be undertaken. Defining who isresponsible for parts of theworkplace and ensuring they takeon the responsibility for maintaininggood housekeeping, by keeping worksurfaces clean and free fromobstacles.

Control means to record all activitiessuch as cleaning and maintenancework. Ensure that all safetymeasures are in place where peopleare working on ladders, stairs andensuring that warning signs are

used and visible where floors havebeen recently cleaned.

Monitoring includes carrying outregular safetychecks and audits of


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cleaning and housekeepingprocedures.

Reviewing accident records to see ifthere have been any improvementsand to identify any particularhazards arising.

Suggest ways of ensuring segregation of pedestrians and

vehicles in the workplace and the appropriate control

measures when segregation is not practicable

Wherever possible, the ideal solution is to separatevehicles and pedestrians.

The recognised systems for separation are numerous, but

consideration should be given to the following:

Barriers - construction,positioning, etc

Walkways and markings - wherepossible, use traffic signs as areused on the highway. Familiaritywill stop confusion.


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Areas that require to beprohibited for emergency reasonsor for health and safetyreasonsshould be identified and systems

put into place to monitor these.

Loading bays should beconstructed to allow pedestrianssuch as banks men to be able toseek refuge as a minimum.Wherever possible, pedestriansshould not be in a position where

they may be at risk from theseoperations.

Separation should be consideredin areas of dense traffic. Thiscould be afforded by separate

gates and doors.

If segregation is not possible,then other systems need to beused. These will include suchthings as one-way systems, speedcontrol, and mirrors.

Audible warning systems areanother means of warning against


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hazards. However, these shouldbe recognised by all staff andvisitors (remember therequirements include all who may

be affected, including people withdisabilities).

Suggest suitable measures to ensure the safe operation of

vehicles on site;

Control strategies for vehicle operations will involve riskassessments to determine where and how accidents are

likely to happen.

External and internal traffic routes need to be assessedand thought should be given to the following:

Traffic routes, speed limits, visibility,loading and storage areas

Separation of vehicles and pedestrians. One-way traffic systems.

Environmental conditions such as theweather, road conditions, visibility. Parking areas for staff and visitors. Road markings and suitable, visible traffic

signs within the site and on access roadsleading to and from the site.

Pedestrian crossing areas. Induction training for site visitors,

employees and contractors.

Movement of People & Vehicles

Congratulations - end of lesson reached


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unit 10 movement of people vech haz control

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