unit 10 – the new frontier and civil rights (1960-63) white = lecture notes yellow = reading quiz...

Unit 10 – The New Frontier and Civil Rights (1960-63)

White = Lecture Notes Yellow = Reading Quiz Notes

1960 Election “flexible response” Sit-ins

- image Green Berets - Greensboro

- debates Peace Corps - workshops

- results Berlin Wall - television

- controversy - location SNCC

Kennedy Mystique - purpose Freedom Riders

call to service - symbolic James Meredith

New Frontier Fidel Castro JFK – Civil Rights

Camelot Bay of Pigs Birmingham

deficit spending Cuban Missile Crisis - “Bull” Conner

Warren Court - U2 - television

- Church/State - Berlin / Turkey - George Wallace

- Civil Rights - blockade - Cold War

- rights of accused - Robert Kennedy - child protestors

- active court - test ban treaty - “unjust laws”

FYI 4-1

A look back at the five most commonly missed questions from

the 1950s test….

Review of Unit 10 Test

FYI 4-1

____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Harry Truman was so unpopular in the United States

when he left the Presidency in 1953?

a. he had pushed for Civil Rights legislation

b. China had fallen to communism and the Korean War dragged on

c. he dropped the atomic bombs on Japan to end the war

d. people in his administration were accused of being either corrupt or communist

FYI 4-1

____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Harry Truman was so unpopular in the United States

when he left the Presidency in 1953?

a. he had pushed for Civil Rights legislation

b. China had fallen to communism and the Korean War dragged on

c. he dropped the atomic bombs on Japan to end the war

d. people in his administration were accused of being either corrupt or communist

Although Truman DID order the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan, it was a POPULAR decisions. The other three are all things that contributed to him becoming unpopular.

FYI 4-1

____10. The movement to suburban life was characterized by its residents’

a. automation

b. conformity

c. isolation

d. individualism

FYI 4-1

____10. The movement to suburban life was characterized by its residents’

a. automation

b. conformity

c. isolation

d. individualism

Life in the suburbs was “keeping up with the Joneses” where everyone wanted to be like others and also wanted to do what was “in” including being married and raising a family.

FYI 4-1

____ 17. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the baby boom of the 1950s?

a. the GI Bill allowed those couples delaying marriage during WWII to now marry and buy homes

b. birth control finally became readily available during the 1950s

c. television shows of the 1950s celebrated parenthood and large families

d. Americans in the 1950s were seen as social outcasts if they were not married or divorced

FYI 4-1

____ 17. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the baby boom of the 1950s?

a. the GI Bill allowed those couples delaying marriage during WWII to now marry and buy homes

b. birth control finally became readily available during the 1950s

c. television shows of the 1950s celebrated parenthood and large families

d. Americans in the 1950s were seen as social outcasts if they were not married or divorced

Birth control does not become readily available until the 1960s, but even so, the availability of birth control would REDUCE the number of children born, not contribute to a “baby boom”.

FYI 4-1

___ 29. “De facto segregation” would most likely be found in

a. Southern rural areas where blacks could not vote

b. Northern inner cities as a result of “white flight”

c. Southern restaurants prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. In voting districts that were drawn in favor of the black vote.

FYI 4-1

___ 29. “De facto segregation” would most likely be found in

a. Southern rural areas where blacks could not vote

b. Northern inner cities as a result of “white flight”

c. Southern restaurants prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. In voting districts that were drawn in favor of the black vote.

A, C, and D were all enforced by Southern “Jim Crow” laws. De Facto is by conditions and migration patterns rather than by law.

FYI 4-1

____ 33. The Southern Manifesto encouraged

a. white Southerners to defy Court rulings b. Southerners to enforce all Supreme Court

decisions

c. African Americans to register to vote d. students to march for civil rights

FYI 4-1

____ 33. The Southern Manifesto encouraged

a. white Southerners to defy Court rulings b. Southerners to enforce all Supreme Court

decisions

c. African Americans to register to vote d. students to march for civil rights

Southern congressmen refused to follow the desegregation of schools that was made by the Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision.

FYI 4-1

Practice Questions and Study Aides

Review for Unit 11 TESTCh 23 Sec 1 & 2 and

Ch 24 Sec 2

“The New Frontier and Civil Rights”

Intro 9

continued on next slide

Intro 2

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

• Summarize Kennedy’s economic policies.

• Explain why Congress often did not support Kennedy’s proposals.

Section 1: The New Frontier

Section 1-23

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States

__ 2. investing in BOTH nuclear weapons AND conventional weapons (not all conflicts can be solved with atomic bombs)

__ 3. a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

A. missile gap

B. flexible response

C. due process

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


B

C

A

Section 1-8

How did Kennedy and Nixon stand on the two main issues of the 1960 presidential election?

The campaign centered on the economy and the Cold War. The candidates differed little on the issues. They both promised to boost the economy, and they were both determined to stop communism. Kennedy claimed there was a “missile gap” between the U.S. and the Soviets in weaponry, in which the U.S. was behind. Nixon countered that the administration was on the right track.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


The Election of 1960 (cont.)

(pages 718–719)(pages 718–719)

Chapter Assessment 3



Reviewing Key Facts

How was the 1960 presidential election a new kind of campaign?

The campaign marked the first time that television played a major role, including the televised debate between Kennedy and Nixon.




Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating In the 1960 presidential debate, most radio listeners thought Nixon had won, while most television viewers thought Kennedy had. Why do you think this was so?

Kennedy’s physical appearance and demeanor made a positive impact on the television audience. Their reaction to Nixon’s appearance and demeanor was negative. Because they could only hear the candidates, radio listeners had a different reaction.




Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

How close was the outcome of the 1960 presidential election between Nixon and Kennedy?

Kennedy won the popular vote by only 118,000, with 68 million votes cast. In the Electoral College, the margin was greater: 303 to 219.


Geography and HistoryThe map on page 743 of your textbook shows the results of the presidential election of 1960. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.


Interpreting Maps Which regions of the country supported Kennedy? Which regions supported Nixon?

Nixon found support in the Midwest and West, while Kennedy was strong in the Northeast and some Southern and Midwestern states.

Geography and History (cont.)







Applying Geography Skills What would have happened if Kennedy had lost New York to Nixon?

Nixon would have won the election by six electoral votes.


Interpreting Maps What impact, if any, would suspected voter fraud in Texas and Illinois have on the election results.

Had Nixon won Illinois and Texas he would of won the Presidency




Section 1-13



The Kennedy Mystique (cont.)

What was the “Kennedy Mystique”?

John Kennedy captured the imagination of the American public. His youth, optimism, and charisma inspired Americans. His good looks, glamorous wife, children, and large extended family drew great media coverage.

(pages 719–720)(pages 719–720)

Section 1-13



The Kennedy Mystique (cont.)

Why was JFK’s legislative agenda referred to as the “New Frontier”?

He was addressing new issues largely ignored before, including new approaches including asking people to perform civil service, legislation for women’s rights, urban affairs and insurance for the elderly.

(pages 719–720)(pages 719–720)




Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

What were three measures Kennedy took to strengthen the economy?

He used deficit spending, invested in space exploration and defense to create jobs, and asked businesses to hold down prices and labor leaders to hold down pay increase requests.

Section 1-17



Success and Setback on the Domestic Front (cont.)

How did Kennedy strain his relationship with the nation’s business community?

Businesses were asked to hold down prices and labor leaders were asked to hold down pay increases in an effort to stimulate economic growth. After several steel industries raised prices, Kennedy threatened to purchase cheaper steel from foreign companies. The steel companies backed down after Kennedy was going to have them investigated for price fixing.

(pages 720–721)(pages 720–721)

Section 1-21



Why was the decision of the Warren Court to reapportion electoral districts so important?

This shifted political power from rural conservative areas to urban liberal areas. It increased the political power of African Americans and Hispanics who lived in cities.

Warren Court Reforms (cont.)

(pages 721–723)(pages 721–723)

Section 1-24

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Summarize the progress made for women’s rights during Kennedy’s administration.

The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women was created. Gender discrimination in federal civil service ended, and the Equal Pay Act was passed.



Section 1-24


Summarize what was the philosophy behind the development of the Peace Corps.

Using young Americans to serve overseas in Third World nations. “Give a man a fish, he eats for a day, teach a man to fish he eats for the rest of his life”.

This would also encourage these nations to resist the temptations of communism.






Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Which of the following was an effect of a ruling by the Warren Court?

A State-mandated Bible readings allowed in schools

B Extended rights for people accused of crimes

C Unlawfully seized evidence is admissible at trial

D Increased state authority at the expense of federal authority

Test-Taking Tip Use the process of elimination to answer this question. The Warren Court expanded individual civil liberties and the power of the judicial branch. Eliminate answers that go against these ideas.

Reviewing Themes



Civic Rights and Responsibilities Name some decisions of the Warren Court that protected civil rights.

Reviewing Themes



Civic Rights and Responsibilities Name some decisions of the Warren Court that protected due process (rights of the accused.)

Reviewing Themes



Civic Rights and Responsibilities Name some decisions of the Warren Court that further defined First Amendment Protections.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1



Intro 3


Chapter ObjectivesSection 2: JFK and the Cold War

• Describe Kennedy’s plan for the armed forces.

• Explain how the Cold War influenced foreign aid and the space program.

Section 2-19


__ 1. refers to the cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability

__ 2. the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

A. flexible response

B. space race




A

B

Section 2-9

How did President Kennedy confront the global challenges he faced?



Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

(pages 724–726)(pages 724–726)

Section 2-10

Kennedy supported a “flexible response” where he asked for a buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow the United States to fight a limited style of warfare. Kennedy also supported the Special Forces, a small army unit established in the 1950s to wage guerrilla warfare. To improve Latin American relations, Kennedy proposed the Alliance for Progress, a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments. The Peace Corps was created to help less developed nations fight poverty. The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a space race. Kennedy wanted Americans to be the first to reach the moon. On July 20, 1969, Neal Armstrong made that goal a reality.

Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges (cont.)

(pages 724–726)(pages 724–726)

Section 2-22

Critical Thinking



Interpreting What was the role of foreign aid in the relations between the United States and Latin America?

Its role was to help governments stay in power and prevent Communist revolutions.

Section 2-20




Explain the goals of the Alliance for Progress.

The goals were to create cooperative aid projects that helped establish better schools, improve housing, distribute land more equitably, and improve health care.

Section 2-21

Reviewing Themes



Science and Technology What was Kennedy’s goal for the United States in the space race?

Kennedy’s goal was to beat the Soviets to the moon. To have a man on the moon by the end of the decade (1960s)

Where was the Berlin Wall?Surrounded West (Democratic) Berlin, within East (Communist) Germany.



Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

Who was responsible for building the Berlin Wall and what was the purpose of it?

The Communists (Nikita Khrushchev) ordered that the Berlin Wall be built to keep the communists people (scientists, doctors, etc.) from escaping to the West.




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

Who was Fidel Castro and why did the Kennedy administration want to “get rid” of him?

Fidel Castro was a Cuban revolutionary who led the overthrow of Batista. JFK did not like him because it allowed communism to be within 90 miles of Florida and it was the only communist nation in the Western Hemisphere.




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

Why was the Bay of Pigs a dark moment for the Kennedy administration?

The action revealed the American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s government. It made the United States appear weak and disorganized.




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

Why did Cuba become such a “crisis” in October 1962?

American U2 surveillance planes discovered nuclear missiles that would allow the Russians to have a “first strike” advantage over the Americans.




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

What “options” did Kennedy have when dealing with the missiles in Cuba?

Air strike – act of war

Land invasion – act of war

Diplomacy – through the UN

Blockade – act of war.




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

What two other places in the world (Europe) had a direct impact on Kennedy’s decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Turkey – the location of Jupiter missiles that JFK had previous ordered removed, but could not now remove them under threat from the Soviet Union

Berlin – JFK was fearful of an attack on Berlin if he took action against Cuba




(pages 726–728)(pages 726–728)

Section 2-13

What role did Robert Kennedy have in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Held constant discussions with Soviet diplomats in Washington DC.

Advised the President to ignore Khrushchev's “second letter” which demanded missiles be removed from Turkey and instead just promised to never invade Cuba.







Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 1. the method states use to draw up political districts based on changes in population

__ 2. general agreement

__ 3. the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

__ 4. belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States

A. missile gap

B. reapportionment

C. due process

D. flexible response

E. space race

F. consensus

G. blockade

F

D

B

A




Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 5. a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

__ 6. refers to the Cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability

__ 7. to prevent ships from entering an area, usually resulting in searching for suspected goods on board

E

G

C A. missile gap

B. reapportionment

C. due process

D. flexible response

E. space race

F. consensus

G. blockade

Intro 3


Chapter ObjectivesCh 24 Sec 2: Challenging Segregation

• Evaluate the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

• Summarize the efforts to establish voting rights for African Americans.

Section 2-31


__ 1. a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote

__ 2. name given to a group of people who traveled to the South in 1961 to protest the South’s refusal to integrate bus terminals

__ 3. a motion which ends debate and calls for an immediate vote, possible in the U.S. Senate by a vote of 60 senators

__ 4. an attempt to kill a bill by having a group of senators take turns speaking continuously so that a vote cannot take place

A. Freedom Riders

B. filibuster

C. cloture

D. poll tax




A

C

D

B

Intro 7

continued on next slide

Section 2-6



The Sit-In Movement (cont.)

Why did the sit-in movement gain attention of Americans across the nation?

Beginning in Greensboro, NC - the demonstrators of the sit-ins were verbally and physically abused, yet they remained peaceful and committed to non-violent resistance.

(pages 753–754)(pages 753–754)

Section 2-10

What was the role of the SNCC in the civil rights movement?

The group led student sit-ins to desegregate public facilities in Southern communities.

Since they were young they were able to commit to the movement without the responsibilities of school, work or family.



SNCC (cont.)

(page 754)(page 754)

Section 2-12

What happened when the Freedom Riders arrived in Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, Alabama?

Angry mobs of white people attacked the Freedom Riders, throwing rocks and slitting the bus tires. In Birmingham, the riders were met by a gang that beat them.

The Freedom Riders (cont.)



(pages 754–755)(pages 754–755)

Section 2-20

Why did President Kennedy not take immediate action when violence erupted against the Freedom Riders?

Kennedy was meeting with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, and he did not want the violence in the South to make the United States seem weak and divided.



John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights(cont.)

(pages 755–757)(pages 755–757)


Geography and HistoryThe map on page 769 of your textbook shows routes of Freedom Riders. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.


Interpreting Maps Which states did the Freedom Riders travel through? What was their final destination?

The Freedom Riders traveled through Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Their final destination was Jackson, Mississippi.








Applying Geography Skills Why do you think the Freedom Riders faced protests during this trip?

The Freedom Riders faced protests because they wanted to desegregate society.

Section 2-33

Reviewing Themes



Science and Technology How did television help the civil rights movement?

Television brought national attention to the civil rights movement.

Section 2-33

Reviewing Themes



What role, if any, did the Civil Rights movement have on the Cold War?

The coverage of the Civil Rights movement “embarrassed” the United States around the world and turned off a lot of Third World nations to the “freedoms” of democracy and appealed them to the “classless system” of communism.

End of Section 2

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