THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• Poors vs. rich ones• Church vs. secular State• Workers vs. industrialist• Day laborer vs. landowners• Nationalisms vs. Spanish unity• Traditional coup d’etats in the army

ESTRUCTURAL

• Economic crisis: unemployment and social tensions• Polarization of the political life• Loss of social and political supporters of the Republic• Right-wing oposition to Republican reforms.• Left-wing extremism and anticlericalism

CIRCUMSTANTIAL

• International economic crisis• European political tensiones:

Fascisms/democracies/worker revolutions• Foreign military support to both sides

EXTERNAL FACTOS

• Right-wing fear to a revolution• Worker’s revolutionary hopes• Take power using violent methos• Public order disorders• Military conspiracy

IMMEDIATE

CAUSES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

TERRITORIAL SUPPORT TO BOHT BLOCSSUPPORT FOR THE “NATIONALISTS”

-- SEVILLA, CÁDIZ, CÓRDOBA Y GRANADA-- CANARIAS--BALEARES EXCEPT MENORCA-- GALICIA, CASTILLA-LEÓN, NAVARRA, LA RIOJA, ÁLAVA, NORTH OF EXTREMADURAAND PART OF ARAGÓN

SUPPORT FOR THE REPUBLIC

-- CORNISA CANTÁBRICA AND BASQUE-COUNTRY-- CATALUÑA, COM. VALENCIANA,MENORCA, PART OF ARAGÓN, MURCIA. -- MADRID, ANDALUCÍA, CASTILLA-LAMANCHA AND EXTREMADURA

THERE ARE THE TERRITORIAL SUPPORT FOR BOTH BLOS.MOST OF THE PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN A ZONE WITH ADIFFERENT IDEOLOGY AND OTHER PEOPLE WITHOUT ANYIDEOLOGY FOUGHT FOR THE BLOC THEY WERE IN.

REPUBLIC’S SUPPORTERS NATIONALISTS’ SUPPORTERS

SOCIAL POLITICAL SOCIAL POLITICAL

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS LEFT-WING REPUBLICAN PARTIES

LANDOWNERS RIGHT-WING PARTIES (CEDA - ACCIÓN POPULAR)

DAY LABOURERS COMUNISTS (PCE - POUM) SMALL LANDOWNERS FASCISTS (FALANGE - JONS)

PART OF MIDDLE CLASSES SOCIALISTS (PSOE) INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYERS MONARCHICS (RENOVACIÓN ESPAÑOLA)

BASQUE AND CATALAN NATIONALISTS

ANARQUISTS (CNT - FAI) CATHOLIC CHURCH CARLISTS (REQUETÉ NAVARRO)

INTELLECTUALS ERC (catalan nationalism) PART OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES

PNV (basque nationalism) FINANTIAL POWER

VERY HETEROGENEOUS COMBINATION WITH OPPOSING INTERESTS. IT SUFFERED DIVISIONS AND CONFRONTATIONS.

MORE HOMOGENEOUS COMBINATIONS. SAMEINTERESTS AND OBJECTIVES. THEY WERE MORECOORDINATED AND WITHOUT DISAGREEMENTS.

APOYOS SOCIALES Y POLÍTICOS A AMBOS BANDOS

MILITARY SUPPORT TO BOTH BLOCS

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTMISTRUTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MILITARYAND ORDERED:-- DISSOLUTION OF “GUARDIA CIVIL” AND CREATION OF “LA GUARDIA NACIONAL REPUBLICANA”-- SUPPORT OF THE TRADE-UNION AND POLITICAL PARTIESMILITIAS.

THE REBELS-- SUPPORT OF THE MAJORITY OF THE ARMY.-- AFRICAN ARMY:

- LA LEGIÓN- TABORES DE REGULARES MARROQUÍES

LA LEGIÓN

EJÉRCITO POPULARY MILICIAS

TABORES DE REGULARES

GUARDIANACIONAL REPUBLICANA

VOLUNTEERS IN BOTH BLOCS

REBELS’ INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS

THE NATIONALISTS OBTAINED THE HELP OFGERMANY, ITALY, PORTUGAL AND USA.

HELP OF THE NAZI “CONDOR LEGION”

ITALIAN HELP “IL CORPO TRUPPE VOLONTARIE”

PORTUGUESE HELP“LOS VIRIATOS”

REPUBLIC’S INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS

THE REPUBLICANS GOT THE HELP OF THE USSR, FRANCE, MEXICO AND THE INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES

FRENCH HELP DESPITE THE “NON INTERVENTION” POLITICY

SOVIET HELP IN EXCHANGE FOR THE “MOSCOW GOLD”

MEXICAN HELP WAS USED TO COVER THE FRENCH HELP

INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES:

VOLUNTEERS FROM ALL THE

WORLD TO FIGHT AGAINST FASCISM.

GERMAN SUPPORT

ITALIAN SUPPORT

USSR SUPPORT

MEXICAN SUPPORT

FRENCH SUPPORT

INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES

PLANES 542 760 770 X 103 X

LAND FORCES 750 155 500.000 30.00 X X

NAVAL FORCES

10 APOYO Y BLOQUEO RUSO EN EL MEDITERRÁNEO

4 X X X

SOLDIERS 14.700 76.020 2.030 X X 60.00

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS TO BOTH BLOCS

PHASES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR1st: COLUMNS WAR AND

SIEGE OF MADRID(JULY 1936-MARCH DE 1937)

2nd: WAR IN THE NORTHAND FRONT OF ARAGON(APRIL-OCTUBER 1937)

4th: LAST REPUBLICAN ACTIONSAND ENF OF THE REPUBLIC

(NOV 1938-APRIL 1939)

3rd: WAR IN ARAGONAND THE MEDITERRANEAN

(DIC. 1937-NOV. 1938)

chronology

THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION

CABANELLAS FANJUL FRANCO GODED MOLA

SALIQUETQUEIPO DE LLANO

SANJURJO VARELA YAGÜE

THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION

THE REBELION STARTS ON 17th JULY 1936:

-- YAGÜE STARTS THE REBELION FROM MOROCCO-- FRANCO ESCAPES FROM CANARY ISLANDS TO TETOUAN AND LEADTHE REBELLION-- DURING THE FIRST DAYS, SEVILLA, CÁDIZ AND THE STRAIT REBEL.-- HITLER AND MUSSOLINI SUPPORT THE CROSS OF THE STRAIT.

JULY 1936

THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION

FIRST PHASE: THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID

THE COLUMNS: SMALL CONTINGENTS OF SOLDIERS, LIGHT WAPONS.OBJECTIVE: TAKE CITIES AND STRATEGIC POINTS QUICKLY.

JULY 1936-MARCH 1937

THE ADVANCE ON MADRID

NORTH: MOLA FROM NAVARRA TAKES:-- IRÚN (CLOSE OF THE BORDERS)-- SAN SEBASTIÁN

SOUTHFRANCO, YAGÜE AND QUEIPO DE LLANO TAKE:-- EXTREMADURA (MÉRIDA AND BADAJOZ)-- TALAVERA (LINK)-- TOLEDO (BATTLE OF THE ALCÁZAR)

THE SLAUGHTER OF BADAJOZ

THE SIEGE AND TAKING OF THE ALCAZAR OF TOLEDO

THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID

URBAN BOMBINGS AND CIVIL POPULATION

BOMBED CITIES:- GUERNIKA -BARCELONA- BILBAO - MADRID- VALENCIA - CARTAGENA- ALMERIA - DURANGO- GRANOLLERS - MALAGA- GRANADA - OVIEDO- JAÉN

GUERNIKA EL GUERNIKA- PABLO PICASSO (MUSEO REINA SOFÍA)

DURANGO GRANOLLERSBARCELONA

EVACUATION PLAN OF MADRID. IT DID NOT WORK, EVERY DAY MORE REFUGEES CAME TO THE CAPITAL.

URBAN BOMBINGS AND CIVIL POPULATION

ANTI-AIRCRAFT SHELTERS

HOSPITAL IN THE SHELTER OF ALMERÍA

IN MADRID ANDBARCELONA,THE UNDERGROUND WAS USED AS A SHELTER.

ANTI-AIRCRAFT SHELFER OF JAÉN

THE BATTLE OF MADRID AND THE TAKING OF MÁLAGA

V.ROJO J. MIAJA DURRUTI

FIGHTS IN MADRID WITH INTENSE BOMBINGS AND SIEGES.

THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID

1.- FRONTAL ATTACKS:NO SUCCESS

2.- ENVOLVING MANEOUVER:-- LA CORUÑA ROAD.-- BATTLE OF JARAMA--BATTLE OF GUADALAJARA

REPRESSION OF THE “QUINTA COLUMNA”

BATTLES OF JARAMAAND GUADALAJARA

TAKING OF MÁLAGA

THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID

THE BATTLE OF MADRID AND THE TAKING OF MÁLAGA

SECOND PHASE: THE WAR IN THE NORTH AND THE FRONT OF ARAGON

REBELS’ OBJETIVE: TAKING THE NORTH AND THE BASQUE COUNTRY, RICH ININFRAESTRUCTURES AND COAL DEPOSITS.

JUNE: FALL OF BILBAO (VIZCAYA) AND ALL THE BASQUE COUNTRY.

AUGUST: FALL OF SANTANDER AND ALL CANTABRIA.

OCTUBER: FALL OF GIJÓN AND ALL ASTURIAS. FASCISTS TROOPSENTERING IN BILBAO

ITALIAN CEMENTERYAFTER THE BATTLE OF SANTANDER.

THE TAKING OF GIJÓN WAS THE ENF OF THE WAR IN THE NORTH

APRIL-OCTUBER 1937

REPUBLICAN OBJECTIVE: MAKE ATTACKS IN ORDER TO DISPERSE OR STOPTHE REBEL ARMY IN THE NORTH.

THE MILITIAS JOIN THE POPULAR ARMY, MORECOORDINATED AND WITH DISCIPLINE. BELCHITE (ZARAGOZA)

BRUNETE (MADRID)

TERUEL (ARAGÓN) RUINS OF BELCHITE

SECOND PHASE: THE WAR IN THE NORTH AND THE FRONT OF ARAGON

THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

THE REBEL ARMY FOCUSED ON:

-- TAKE TERUEL BACK.

-- TRY TO REACH THE MEDITERRANEANAND DIVIDE THE REPUBLICAN TERRITORYIN TWO PARTS.

DURING THE BATTLE OF TERUEL, THE WINDER AND THE COLD WERE VERY HARD

DICIEMBER 1937- NOVIEMBER 1938

AFTER TERUEL, THE REBELS REACHED VINAROZ (CASTELLÓN) AND DIVIDED THE REPUBLICANSPAIN. LATER ON, THEY TOOK CASTELLÓN ANDMURCIA.

THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

JUAN NEGRÍN: “RESIST IS WINNING”

THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

THE BATTLE OF THE EBRO

SOLDADOS REPUBLICANOS CRUZANDO EL EBRO

LAST GREAT REPUBLICAN OFFENSIVE WITH 2 OBJECTIVES:

-- CROSS THE EBRO RIVER, RETAKE THE LOST TERRITORIESAND JOIN THE TWO REPUBLICAN ZONES.

-- GAIN TIME FOR THE IMMINENT EUROPEAN WAR.

AFTER 4 MONTHS AND 100.000 CASUALTIES, THE REPUBLICAN ARMYIS DEFEATED AND DEPRESSED.

THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR

CATALUÑA FALL IN FEW WEEKS

FRANCOIST TROOPS IN BARCELONANEXT OBJETIVE: MADRID

EXILE OF REPUBLICANS OUT OF SPAIN

NOVIEMBER 1938- APRIL 1939

THE REPUBLICAN EXILE

FRANCE, MEXICO AND USSR

FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR

MEANWHILE THE REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT WAS BETWEEN RESISTING OR NEGOTIATING,COLONEL CASADO GAVE A COUP D’ETAT AND NEGOTIATED WITH THE SURRENDER WITH FRANCO.IN A FEW DAYS, HE GAVE MADRID TO THE REBELS AND THE LEVANTINE ZONE.THE 1st OF APRIL 1939 THE WAR HAD FINISHED.

FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR

POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN THE REPUBLICAN ZONE

CASARES QUIROGA GOVERNMENT (JULY 1936)-- Resigned when the conflict broke out.-- is replaced by Martínez Barrios, who also resigned.

JOSÉ GIRAL GOVERNMENT (JULY- SEPTIEMBER 1936)--Masive enrollement of troops and weapon to civil people.-- No State, replaced by workers and trade-unions committees.-- Nationalization of lands and companies.-- Militia control and repression.

L. CABALLERO GOVERNMENT (SEPTEMBER 1936- MAY 1937 )-- Move to Valencia– Junta de Defensa Nacional-- Nationalizations were made legal.-- Creation of the Popular Army and control of the public order.-- Internal political division.

JUAN NEGRÍN GOVERNMENT (MAY 1937-APRIL 1939 )-- Move to Barcelona. Control of the political order.-- “Resist is winning”. Control of the nationalisations.-- Political isolation. “The Negrin 13 Points”.-- Colonel Casado’s coup d’etat.

POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF THE REBEL ZONE

GENERAL CABANELLAS (JULY- SEPTIEMBER 1936)-- President of the Junta of National Defense in Burgos-- End of the Constitution and stop of the reforms.-- Unification of the military actions of the rebel generals.--Repression and prosecution in the rebel zone.

GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO (FROM 1 OCTUBER 1936)-- “Generalísimo” and chief minister with absolute power: political and military union.-- Junta Técnica de Estado-- Union Decree: “El Movimiento Nacional”-- Protection and support of the Catholic Church.-- January 1938: First Franco’s Government:

• Supression of freedoms and censure.• Catholic religion is the official religion.• Labour Charter• Economic intervention: industry and crops.

REPRESSION DURING THE CIVIL WAR

160.000 VICTIMS 50.000 VICTIMS

In traditional revolutionary places like Asturias, Cataluña or Andalucía. It affected to all the country when they were conquering zones. After the war there was a harsh repression and prosecution.

It affected to zones they have controlled at the beginning. Firstly, it was “controlled”, affectin the Church, landowners, patrons and finantial elites.

REPRESSION IN THE REBEL BLOC

PSYCOLOGIC WARFARE OF QUEIPO DE LLANO IN HIS NIGHTLY SPEECHES IN UNIÓN RADIO DE SEVILLA

THEY DID NOT ONLY LOOK FOR THE VICTORY, BUT FOR THE ANIHILATION AND PURGE OF THE DEFEATED AND OPPONENTS.

FORMS

OFFICIAL: COURT-MARTIAL AND SHOOTINGS.

EXTRA-OFFICIAL: “PASEOS”, SHOOTS IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD, ETC.

LOS TOPOS DE LA GUERRA: 30 AÑOS DE OSCURIDAD

SHOOTINGS AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS

SHAVED-HEAD WOMEN

REPRESSION OF THE REBELS

REPRESSION OF THE REBELS

ZONES WERE THE REBELION FAILED.

REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEES AND MILITIAS GOT THE POWER

POPULAR TRIBUNALS AND JAILS

LOOTINGS IN CHURCHES, FACTORIESAND LANDS.

“EL PASEO” , “SACAS DE PRESOS” AND “LA CHEKA”

VALLE DE LOS CAIDOS (MADRID) ANTICLERICALISM

REPRESSION OF THE REPUBLICANS

LA CHECA

PARACUELLOS SLAUGHTER. 3000 VICTIMS

“PASEILLO” AND “SACAS” OF PRISONERS FROM JAILS

CONSEQUENCES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

HUMAN LOSSES

600.000 DIED400.000 WOUNDED

ILLNESSES AND MALNUTRITION

500.000 EXILED, MUCH OF THEM INTELLECTUALS

PRISIONERS IN JAILS AND WORK CAMPS

“LOS TOPOS”PURGING IN THE

ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIAL MARGINATION

ECONOMIC LOSSES

40% HOUSES DESTROYED20% LANDS DESTROYED30% OF LIVESTOCK LOST

INFRAESTRUCTURES DESTROYED

RUINED INDUSTRY AND FALL IN PRODUCTION

BANKRUPT TREASURYNO FUND IN BANK OF SPAIN

NO ACTIVE POPULATION

POVERTY AND HUNGER