unit 11 - microbiology. i. life functions 1. transport - how materials move throughout an organism...
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Unit 11 - Microbiology
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I. Life functions1. Transport - how materials move throughout an organism2. Excretion – how an organism removes waste3. Respiration – how an organism exchanges gas (carbon dioxide and oxygen)4. Nutrition – how an organism gets nutrients from food5. Reproduction – how an organism produces offspring
a. sexual reproduction – 2 parents with offspring expressing variationb. asexual reproduction – 1 parent with identical offspringc. hermaphrodite – produces both eggs and spermd. internal fertilization – egg and sperm meet inside the animal’s bodye. external fertilization – egg and sperm meet outside the animal’s body
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II. MicrobiologyThe branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.
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A. Viruses1. General information• Non-living particles w/DNA or RNA• Not made of cells• Do not carry out respiration or grow• Only reproduce inside of a living host
cell • Very small—1/1000th the size of a
bacteria• Examples: Influenza (flu), HIV, rabies,
chicken pox, common cold, ebola
Rabies Virus
Adenovirus
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2. Viral structure:• Inner layer: Made of DNA or RNA
(nucleic acids)• Outer layer: Called capsid, a protein
layer for protection• *some viruses have an extra outer
envelope of protection – makes them harder to destroy
• Viral shape is specific, based on the type of cell it will invade
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Example of viral structure
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3. Steps of viral invasion1) Initiation: Virus attaches to host cell at a specific point on the plasma
mem, opens up & its RNA or DNA enters the cell2) Replication: Viral DNA/RNA takes over the metabolism of the cell –
forcing the cell to make more viruses3) Release: host cell bursts (dies) and releases replicated viruses• **Bacteriophage: special virus that invades a bacteria
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4. Antibiotics don’t work on viruses (b/c they are considered nonliving). They only work on eukaryotic cells w/ a cell wall (make holes in c.w.)
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B. Bacteria1. General Information • Members of Kingdoms Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria• Prokaryotic cells• Unicellular• May be autotrophic or heterotrophic• Shapes—part of their name
a. Bacilli: rod-shapedb. Spirilli: spiral-shaped c. Coccus: sphere-shaped
• ExamplesStreptococcus, pneumonia, Staphlococcus aureas, Bacillus thuringensis, Escherichia coli
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2. Bacterial structure• Nucleoid: region where bacterial DNA is located
(not the same thing as a nucleus)• Cell Wall: protects bacterial cell, made of
cellulose and surrounds the plasma membrane• Capsule: for protection• Plasma membrane: maintains homeostasis of the
cell (allows substances to enter/leave the cell)• Pili: hair-like extensions of the plasma
membrane to help the bacteria stick to surfaces and exchange DNA during sexual reproduction (conjugation)
• Plasmid: circular DNA of the bacteria• Flagella: whip-like tail that enables bacteria to
move
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3. Gram Staining • Lab technique used to distinguish different types of bacteria. 2 types1. Gram (+): thick cell wall, absorb lots of purple stain2. Gram (-): thin cell wall, absorb little of the purple stain
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4. Antibiotics• Antibiotics will kill prokaryotic cells (bacteria) by breaking down their
cell wall and interfering with their metabolism and reproductive cycles
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5. Bacterial reproduction:1. Binary fission (asexual): producing 2 identical bacteria
a.no genetic variation – identical to parent2. Conjugation (sexual): where 2 bacteria exchange DNA thru pilli and then they divide
a. causes genetic variation – how bacteria get differences and are able to adapt
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6. Bacteria and oxygen: 1) Obligate aerobe:
a. Bacteria that require oxygen to live b. Example: tuberculosis (TB) => attacks the lungs
2) Obligate anaerobe:a. Bacteria that does not require oxygen (will die in presence of oxygen) b. Example: botulism => spoiled canned foods
3) Facultative aerobes:a. can live with or without oxygen
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7. Why are bacteria bad?1) Disease: can cause diseases such as strep throat, infectious and contagious (can spread quickly)2) Food spoilage: can cause food to spoil and become poisonous
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8. Why are bacteria good?1) Nitrogen fixation: Converts nitrogen from a gas in the air to a solid form that plants can use when growing
a. Example: soybean plant w/ bacteria in roots2) Decomposers: recycle nutrients
a. Examples: decompose dead organisms and break down chemicals from oil spills3) Make foods: Used to make cheeses, vinegar, yogurt4) Medicines: Used to make medicines like bacitracin, neosporin
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Videos
• Bacteria dividing - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc • Cell phone -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&feature=related • Virus invasion - http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/06/01/1140
75029/flu-attack-how-a-virus-invades-your-body
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C. Protists1. General information• Kingdom Protista• Eukaryotes• Unicellular or multicellular• Autotrophic or heterotrophic• Have contractile vacuoles: vacuole that contracts to
maintain water levels; pumps out excess water so the cell does not burst and die• Most diverse kingdom• 3 groups
- Protozoan (animal-like)- Algae (plant-like)- Fungus-like
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Protozoans (animal-like): 1. Amoeba – moves using
pseudopodia (false foot) – an extension of the plasma membrane – surrounds food in order to eat it
2. Flagellate – moves using flagella
3. Ciliate – moves using cilia, short hair-like extensions (ex. Paramecium)
4. Sporozoan – no self-propulsion – produce spores many of which are parasitic (ex. malaria parasite Plasmodium)
Amoeba Flagellate
Ciliate
Sporozoan
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5. Diseases caused by protozoansA. Amoebic Dysentery –- caused by amoeba-spread by water and food- can be treatedB. Malaria – - mosquito-borne disease- caused by Plasmodium parasites in red blood cells- widespread in tropical and subtropical areas- antimalarial medications are available but mosquitoes are becoming resistant to some
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• Malaria life cycle
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Video
• Amoeba - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-g5tGsZekU&feature=related • Flagellate - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9duvzqvVflw • Examples of ciliates (paramecium) and flagellates (paramecium) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA • Plasmodium (causing malaria) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE • Amoeba travel to brain (from the water) -
http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/17/amoeba.kids.deaths/ -
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Describe the following and try to identify them – A. B. C.
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Algae • plant-like organisms that carry out
photosynthesisa. Euglena: use flagella to move, have eye-spots for detecting light sources
• can be heterotrophic if the organism cannot find enough light to carry out photosynthesis
b. Diatoms: have hard outer shells made of silicates (minerals)
• Example: phytoplankton
c. Dinoflagellates: have 2 flagella, usually these organisms produce poison (toxins) that cause fish kills
• Example: Red Tide
d. Kelp: multicellular algae• Example: Seaweed in sushi
Euglena
Diatoms
Kelp
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Fungus-like protistsa. Examples: Slime molds, water molds, & downey mildewb. Damage to crops and food stores (Irish potato famine)Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk
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D. FUNGUS1. General information• Kingdom Fungi• Unicellular or multicellular• Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic (decomposers)• Role: Decompose (breakdown) decaying
matter and recycle nutrients into the soil• Examples of fungus:
a. Unicellular yeast (what makes your bread dough rise)
b. Multicellular mushrooms, molds(like on month-old bread)• Fungus can grow anywhere: in air, water,
gardens, basement walls, between your toes
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2. Structure of fungus• have cell walls made up of chitin – this is different than plant cell walls
or bacterial cell walls.
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3. Negative aspects of Fungi:1) Spoil foods (mold)2) Diseases (ringworm, athlete’s
foot)3) Poison (mushroom)
4. Positive aspects of Fungi:4) Decomposers of wastes, dead
things5) Medicines (penicillin) and food
(blue cheese)
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5. Diseases caused by fungus:A. Athlete’s foot - Scaly, flaky, itchy skin- Can spread to other areas quickly- Treatment – anti-fungal cream or orally
with pill
B. Ringworm (not caused by worm)- Skin infection- Same treatment as Athlete’s foot
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6. Reproduction:1) Budding (asexual) New individual pinches off parent
2) Spores (sexual)Cells released from parent grow into a new organism
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Q) Why was the mushroom at the party so popular?
- Because he was a FUN-GUY (Fungi)
Q) Why did the fungi leave the party?- Because there wasn't mushroom.