unit 14: explore animal nutrition and digestion in relation to livestock and poultry management...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 14: Explore animal nutrition and digestion in relation to livestock and poultry management
•Determine nutritional requirements for livestock and poultry breeds found in North Carolina•Compare animal digestive systems of beef, swine, and poultry
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The major classes of feed nutrients
• Water• Proteins• Carbohydrates• Minerals• Vitamins• Fats
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Water
• Regulates body temperature, dissolves, and transports nutrients
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Carbohydrates
• Main energy nutrient in animal rations• Makes up about 75% of most animal rations• Consist of sugar, starch, and cellulose• Corn and other cereal grains are the major source of
carbohydrates
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Cereal Grains
• Provide the main source of carbohydrates in feeding swine
• Examples include corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats
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Minerals
• Are responsible for the development of teeth, bones, and vital organs
• Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements
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Ground limestone
• Is a source of calcium and is important in the development of eggshells for laying chickens
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Protein
• Is needed for the development of wool, hair, hoofs, claws, beaks, feathers, and muscles in animals
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Fats
• Are a source of energy and is 2.25 times the energy of carbohydrates
• Only small amounts of fats are required
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Vitamins
• Are needed by animals in small amounts to perform specific functions
• A deficiency in vitamins can lead to disease or death• Vitamins help prevent livestock diseases
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Nutrient
• Is a substance that is necessary for an organism to live and grow
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Ration
• Is the total amount of feed an animal has in a 24-hour period
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Balanced Ration
• Is a ration that contains all the nutrients that the animal needs in the correct proportions
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Vitamin A
• A deficiency of vitamin A in feed rations for livestock animals can causes night blindness
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Vitamin C
• Comes from green pastures and hay
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Classes of feeds
• Concentrates• Roughages
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Concentrates
• Are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN)
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Roughages
• Are high in fiber and low in total digestible nutrients (TDN)
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Sources of Concentrates
• Cereal Grains: a major source of most concentrates
• Oils• Molasses• Meat byproducts
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Examples of Fats
• Vegetable oil, cottonseed, fishmeal, soybeans, peanuts
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Sources Roughage
• Include hay, grass, silage and alfalfa
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Dry roughage
• Are pasture grasses that are cut and baled as hay to feed cattle, horses, or goats
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Green roughage
• includes the pasture grasses and small grains that cattle, horses, sheep or goats graze on
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Silage
• Is a roughage that results from storage and fermentation of green crops
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Feed Additives
• Promote faster gains in livestock animals and poultry
• Added to feed to improve feed efficiency
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Twitch
• Is a tool used to restrain horses
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Parasite
• An animal that lives and feeds on other animals
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Mite
• Is an external parasite that can cause the manges on livestock animals
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Internal parasites
• Are organisms that live inside of their host• Examples of internal parasites: fluke, stomach
worm and protozoa
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Good Ventilation
• The main thing to consider in providing housing for animals
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Vaccinations
• Are administered to animals to prevent diseases
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Subcutaneous injections
• Are made under the skin to administered drugs to animals
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Docking
• Is the removal of tails from baby pigs
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Polygastric or Ruminant digestive system
• Has a large stomach divided into 4 compartments• This digestive system use food materials high in
fiber type roughage (hay, grass)
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Ruminants Animals
• Sheep, Cattle, Goats, and deer
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Stomach
• Is a muscular organ that stores ingested food and moves it into the small intestines
•
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Cattle
• Have 4 compartments in their stomachs
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Abomasum
• Is the true stomach in the ruminant digestive system
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Monogastric Digestive system
• Has a simple stomach• Pigs, chickens, dogs, horses and humans have a
simple or monogastric stomach
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Pigs or swine
• Have the same type of digestive system as do humans
• Their rations must be high in concentrates (corn)
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Poultry Rations
• Must be high in food value since chickens have no true stomach and can only store small amounts of food in their digestive system
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Gizzard
• Is part of the digestive system in chickens where the feed is crushed and mixed with digestive juices
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Chickens
• Have no teeth and they swallow their food whole, store it in their crop, then pass the food on to the gizzard where it is ground up
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Proventriculus
• Is the stomach of a chicken
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Animal Health