unit 15a habitat niche interactions and growth patterns
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14.1 Habitat And Niche
KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche.
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14.1 Habitat And Niche
A habitat differs from a niche. How would you describe a habitat? • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism
lives.– biotic factors– abiotic factors
• An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce.– food– abiotic conditions– behavior
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14.1 Habitat And Niche
Resource availability gives structure to a community.
• Species can share habitats and resources.• Competition occurs when two species use resources in
the same way.
• What big predator lives in California?
• What big predator lives near the North Pole?
• How about Africa?• Why do we rarely see more than 1-2 big predators in
one area?
• Competitive exclusion keeps two species from occupying the same niche.
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14.1 Habitat And Niche
• Competitive exclusion has different outcomes. What is one possible outcome?– One species is better suited to the niche and the other
will either be pushed out or become extinct.– The niche will be divided.– The two species will further diverge.
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14.2 Community Interactions
KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations.
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14.2 Community Interactions
Competition and predation are two important ways inwhich organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the
same limited resource.– Intraspecific
competition– Interspecific
competition
Where else have we used “intra” and “inter”In Biology this year?
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14.2 Community Interactions
• There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.– Mutualism: both organisms benefit. Give one example.
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14.2 Community Interactions
– Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed
Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mitesthat feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle.
Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny folliclesof eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope.
+
Organism benefits+
Ø
Ø Organism is not affected
Commensalism
• There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.
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14.2 Community Interactions
– Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed. Give one example.
• There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.
Organism benefits0
_
Organism is harmed
Hornworm caterpillarThe host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumedby wasp larvae.
Braconid waspBraconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reachingthe pupae stage of development.
_
Parasitism
+
0
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14.2 Community Interactions
• There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.– Parasites meet their needs as ectoparasites (such
as leeches) and endoparasites (such as hookworms)
“Ecto” means…
“Endo” means…
What does that tell you about these parasites?
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14.2 Community Interactions
• There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.– Parasites meet their needs as ectoparasites (such
as leeches) and endoparasites (such as hookworms)
“Ecto” means Outside, such as leeches, ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes
“Endo” means Inside, such as malaria, roundworms, and tapeworms
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns.
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.
• The size of a population is always changing. Why?
• Four factors affect the size of a population.– immigration– births– emigration– deaths
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
Population growth is based on available resources.
• Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. What would you expect to happen after exponential growth?
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
• Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. What do you suppose the carrying capacity is?
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
• Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support.
• A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time.
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
Ecological factors limit population growth. Give an example. • A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a
population down. • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the
number of individuals in a given area.
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
• Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. What are some density-dependent factors?
– parasitism and disease
– predation– competition
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
• Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density.
– unusual weather– natural disasters– human activities
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
What does the term ecological equivalents describe? • A. species that occupy the same niche in the same community • B. species that occupy similar niches in different geographical
regions • C. species that occupy different niches in the same habitat • D. species that occupy different niches in different geographical
regions
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
What does the term ecological equivalents describe? • A. species that occupy the same niche in the same community • B. species that occupy similar niches in different geographical
regions • C. species that occupy different niches in the same habitat • D. species that occupy different niches in different geographical
regions • Correct Answer = B
What is the habitat of a zebra? • A. African savannah • B. tropical rain forest • C. wetland • D. mountainside
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
What does the term ecological equivalents describe? • A. species that occupy the same niche in the same community • B. species that occupy similar niches in different geographical
regions • C. species that occupy different niches in the same habitat • D. species that occupy different niches in different geographical
regions • Correct Answer = B
What is the habitat of a zebra? • A. African savannah • B. tropical rain forest • C. wetland • D. mountainside• Correct Answer = A
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14.4 Population and Growth Patterns
Review
• A habitat defines the biotic and abiotic factors in an organism’s surroundings
• A niche includes the habitat and all other factors a species needs to survive, be healthy, and reproduce
• Competition over resources structures a community.• Symbiotic relationships include mutualism,
commensalism, and parasitism. • Changes in population sizes arise from immigration,
births, emigration, and deaths.• Population growth is typically limited by resource
availability.