unit 16 carbon chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
Carbon Chemistry
Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
-- compounds lacking carbon and not from living organisms referred to as “inorganic”
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
Carbon – The Element of Life
Carbon’s unique atomic structure allows it to covalently bond with up to four other atoms
-- carbon is the simplest element on the periodic table that also has four valence electrons
Drawing of carbon and it’s bonding ability:
Properties of HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements
-- they have low melting and boiling points.
-- hydrocarbons are flammable
-- hydrocarbons are nonpolar and mix poorly with water—think, oil and water.
-- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuels
Methane Propane Diesel
Properties of Hydrocarbons-- Liquid hydrocarbons do not burn, only in the vapor form
-- The longer the chain, the most likely to remain a liquid/solid
-- Methane = gas
-- Propane = liquid under pressure, gas in air
-- Butane = high volatile liquid
-- Gasoline = volatile liquid
-- Diesel = non-volatile liquid
-- paraffin = solid
Saturated There are two kinds of hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons – hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as possible (each carbon is bonded to four different atoms)
-- there are NO DOUBLE BONDS in a saturated hydrocarbon
UnsaturatedUnsaturated hydrocarbons – hold less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (some carbons are only bonded to two or three different atoms)
-- there are one or more double or triple bonds in an unsaturated hydrocarbon
From Unsaturated to Saturated
The fewer the double bonds, the more solid the fat/oil is at room temperature.
Structural FormulasWhen we write a simple chemical formula, such as CH4, we are actually writing what we call a molecular formula
Molecular Formulas – show the atoms and the number of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing else
In organic chemistry, it is often more useful to show structural formulas instead
Structural Formulas – show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule
CH4 H – C – H
Molecular Formula Structural Formula 3-D Structure
H
H
IsomersStructural formulas are important in organic chemistry because of isomers
Isomers are two compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formulas but different structural formulas
-- they have different chemical and physical properties
C3H8O
propan-1-ol propan-2-ol methoxyethane(n-propyl alcohol) (isopropyl alcohol)
methoxyethane
The names of the simplest hydrocarbons:
Hydrocarbon Molecular FormulaMethane (Natural Gas) CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane (Lighter fluid) C4H10
Pentane C5H12
Hexane C6H14
Octane (Gasoline) C8H18
Decane C10H22
Dodecane C12H26
Heating Oil C14-C20
Paraffin Wax C25H52
Crude Oil C20-C50
Hydrocarbons The alkenes have a double bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated.
HydrocarbonsThe alkynes have a triple bond between at least two carbons.
These are all unsaturated and highly reactive.
Functional Groups
Alcohols
Esters
Benzene
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ether
Amide
Functional groups-are bound to the carbon and gives the compound some sort of property.
For Example: Esters all have a sour taste and strong odor.
Ethyl acetateNail Polish Remover
Because of their strong odors, esters are used in industry as artificial flavors and/or odors for things like gum, candy, soda,
candles, soaps, and perfumes.
Ethyl lactate Butter
Methyl cinnamateStrawberry
Prop-2-enyl hexanoate Pineapple
Ethyl valerateApple
Isobutyl acetate Cherry
Isoamyl acetateBanana
Ethyl cinnamateCinnamon