Chemistry of Life

UNIT 2 - BIOMOLECULES

Compare the structure/function of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.

Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.

Understand enzymes are necessary for all biochemical reactions and have a general understanding of how enzymes work in terms of the connection between shape and function.

BIOMOLECULESORGANIC = ___________________________________all contain carbon as backbone

C C CCN

H C

S

OH

CC C C

SINGLEBOND

DOUBLEBOND

TRIPLEBOND

RINGSTRUCTURE

C

H

H

H

H

ATOMS MOLECULES LARGERMOLECULES

MONOMER POLYMER

single molecule,repeating unit of polymer

larger molecule,made of many repeating units (monomers)

CARBOHYDRATE

LIPID

PROTEIN

NUCLEIC ACID

one partmany parts

CONTAIN – CARBON, HYDROGEN, & OXYGEN

1C:2H:1OMONOMER =

MONOSACCHARIDE

glucose

fructose

galactose

deoxyribose

POLYMER = DISACCHARIDE POLYSACCHARIDE

sucroselactose

starch

glycogen

cellulose

ribose

chitinKNOW FUNCTIONS

OF EXAMPLES IN YELLOW

N0N-POLAR

HYDROPHOBIC (does not mix with water)

Triglycerides (fats & oils)

Waxes

Steroids

Phospholipids

protection, prevent drying out / keep dry

main component of cell membrane

chemical messengers, cholesterol, sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

long-term energy storage, insulation, cushioning/protection

Triglycerides –

GLYCEROL

FATTY ACID

FATTY ACID

FATTY ACID

saturatedunsaturated

doublebond

FATS - solid, saturated fatty acid tails, animals (lard, butter)

OILS - liquid, unsaturated fatty acid tails, plants (vegetable oils)

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid & an unsaturated fatty acid?

Monomer –

Polymer –

amino acid

joined together by peptide bonds

polypeptide

Large 3-D molecule that undergoes folding and bending of the polypeptide. Shape is determined by the ____________ and ____________ of amino acids.number sequence

Examples:structure – hair, fingernails, horns, and hoofsmuscles – immune system –

contract for movement

part of cell membrane; other molecules attach to them

antibodies, fight infectionshormones –

hemoglobin – insulin –

chemical messengers

regulates blood glucose levelspart of red blood cells; carries oxygen to cells

receptor sites –

ENZYMESregulate all biochemical reactions in an organism

METABOLISM

BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTspeeds up chemical reactionby lowering activation energy

RE-USED

NOT PART OF CHEMICAL REACTION

KEEPS SHAPE

LOCK AND KEY MODEL

ENZYME……

ENZYMES

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA – ribonucleic acid

carries genetic information;controls what occurs in cells

involved in making proteins

2 strands double helix

1 strand

monomer = nucleotide

5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

phosphate molecule

nitrogenous base

DNA A (adenine)C (cytosine)G (guanine)T (thymine)

RNA A (adenine)C (cytosine)G (guanine)U (uracil)

complementary base pairs

A - T C - G

Each nucleotide is composed of:

P

P

Functions of macromolecules

Carbohydrate energy, some structure/supportProteins structure, growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, carry oxygen, regulate glucoseLipids long term energy storage, cushioning, insulation; hormones; prevent drying out/getting wet; cell membranesNucleic Acids store genetic information as code; involved in making proteins

Food Tests

Benedict’s solution is a test for monosaccharides. It starts blue and turns red if heated.

Why did the sucrose remain blue after being heated?

Food Tests

Iodine is a test for starch. It starts as a rust color and turns black or blue/black.

Food Tests

Lipids turn brown paper translucent.

Food Tests

Proteins

Biurets turns purple when proteins are present.