unit 2: electron configuration (gen) name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name: __________________
Historical Development of the Quantum Mechanical Model
Max Planck • said, “Energy is quantized.” • Quantized – the electron is limited to certain energy levels & positions
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • The position and momentum of the electron cannot be known at the same time. • The electron’s mass is VERY small. The act of observation changes its position.
Why do we not use Bohr’s model today? • Bohr put the electrons in very specific positions. • We are not allowed to know that much information.
The Quantum Mechanical Model • Louis de Broglie
o “wave theory” o Electrons have particle AND wave-like properties
• Probability of the electron’s location
Electron Configuration • “configuration” means “arrangement” • Describes where the electrons are located in the atom
o organized into energy level & sublevel
Part
s of
the
Qua
ntum
Mec
hanica
l Mod
el
Energy Level
• The distance the electrons are from the nucleus
• Represented by the “row number” on the periodic table
Sublevel • Area that represents the
probability of the electron’s location • Corresponds to a “block” on the
periodic table
Orbital All orbitals within a sublevel have the
same energy, but a different orientation.
• 1 orbital in an s sublevel • 3 equal-energy orbitals in a p sublevel
Electron Spin
The electron’s location can be modeled in an orbital diagram.
• Aufbau Principle – electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy levels first
• Pauli Exclusion Principle – an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spin
• Hund’s Rule – electrons occupy equal energy orbitals singly before pairing
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
QUANTUM MECHANICALMODEL
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LINE SPECTRADO NOT WRITE IN NOTES!
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• Different elements = different lines!• No two elements have the same line spectrum
• Like a fingerprint• Not a “rainbow” of ROYGBIV
• only certain colors
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• An element’s chemical behavior (AKA its line spectrum) is related to its electron arrangement.
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MAX PLANCK
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• “Energy is quantized”
• Quantized – the electron is limited to certain energy levels & positions
Max Planck
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• “Quantized”
A person is limited to be on a stair. The electron is limited to be in certain locations in the atom. The electron cannot float anywhere it wants, just like a person cannot float between two stairs.
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HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
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• the position and momentum of the electron cannot be known at the same time
Werner Heisenberg
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Balloon is massive, so the light doesn’t change its position.
The electron is small. Observing it changes its position.
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WHY DO WE NOT USE BOHR’S MODEL TODAY??
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• He put the electrons in very specific positions.
• We are not allowed to know that much information.
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Quantum Mechanical Model
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Parts of the Quantum Mechanical Model
i. Energy Level
ii. Sublevel
iii. Orbital
iv. Electron Spin
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Quantum Mechanical Model• probability of the electron’s location
• electrons are treated as waves
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Who?• Louis de Broglie – “wave theory” Electrons have particle AND wave-like
properties
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Why is this important?• the wave equation can be drawn as an “electron cloud”
• shows the probability of finding the electron
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Energy Level
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Energy Level• The distance the electrons are
from the nucleus
• Represented to the “row number” on the periodic table
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Sublevel
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SublevelArea that represents the probability of the electron’s location.
Increasing Energy
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Sublevel
s pd
f
Corresponds to a block on the periodic table
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Corresponds to a block on the periodic table
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How to Write Electron Configuration
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Electron Configuration• Describes where the electrons are located in the atom
• “Configuration” means “arrangement”
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Electron Configuration• Where an atom’s electrons are distributed Organized into energy level, sublevel, & orbitals
Energy level Sublevel
Quantity of electrons
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Energy arrangement of the “d” sublevel
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Energy arrangement of the “d” sublevel
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Orbital
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OrbitalIf one “s” or “p” or “d” or “f” can hold 2 electrons, then how many do you need to contain all the possible electrons?
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OrbitalAll orbitals within a sublevel have the same energy,
but a different orientation.
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Electron Spin
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3 Rules of Electrons in Orbitals
• Aufbau Principle – electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy levels first
• Pauli Exclusion Principle – an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spin
• Hund’s Rule – electrons occupy equal energy orbitals singly before pairing
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Orbital Diagrams
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Orbital Diagram• A way of showing how electrons fill orbitals
• Electrons are represented by an “arrow”
3s
2p
2s
1s
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Orbital Box DiagramAccording to the Pauli Exclusion Principle…
• Put 2 arrows in each box maximum
• Arrows in opposite directions to represent spin
3s
2p
2s
1s
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Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Aufbau Principle…
• Start at bottom, not top
3s
2p
2s
1s
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Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 41: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 42: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 43: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 44: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 45: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 46: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 47: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 48: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 49: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 50: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s
![Page 51: Unit 2: Electron Configuration (Gen) Name:mrscookchemistry.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/7/... · • Probability of the electron’s location. Electron Configuration • “configuration”](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041021/5ed203e66731c53a5734c255/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Orbital Box DiagramAccording to Hund…
• Put arrows in one at a time before pairing them up
3s
2p
2s
1s