unit 2 equilibrium (18.2, 19.2, 19.3) unit 3 acids and

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Week 9 Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook 1 October 25, 2019 Unit 2 Equilibrium (18.2, 19.2, 19.3) Unit 3 Acids and Bases (18.1, 19.1) Equilibrium in Chemical Systems As in a closed chemical system, nothing enters or leaves a chemical system at equilibrium. Although there is no net change, there is internal movement. This is a dynamic equilibrium. Chemical systems at equilibrium have constant properties; nothing appears to be happening. Scientists describe chemical systems in terms of empirical properties such as temperature, pressure, composition, and amounts of substances present. Systems are simpler to study when they are separated from their surroundings by a definite boundary and when they are closed so that no matter can enter or leave the system. A solution in a test tube or a beaker can be considered a closed system, as long as no gas is used or produced in the reaction. Section 18.2 http://youtu.be/yFqYrBxbURY watch first 6 min 30 sec

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Week 9 - Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook1
Unit 3 ­ Acids and Bases (18.1, 19.1) 
Equilibrium in Chemical Systems
As in a closed chemical system, nothing enters or leaves a chemical system at  equilibrium.
Although there is no net change, there is internal movement.  This is a dynamic  equilibrium.
Chemical systems at equilibrium have constant properties nothing appears to be  happening. Scientists describe chemical systems in terms of empirical properties such as  temperature, pressure, composition, and amounts of substances present.  
Systems are simpler to study when they are separated from their surroundings by  a definite boundary and when they are closed so that no matter can enter or leave  the system.   A solution in a test tube or a beaker can be considered a closed  system, as long as no gas is used or produced in the reaction.
Section 18.2
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"Closed" system at equilibrium
"Open" system ­ removing bottle cap reduces the  pressure and alters the equilibrium state as the CO2  is allowed to leave the system.
Note:  carbonated drinks that have gone "flat" because of the decomposition of carbonic  acid can be carbonated again by the addition of pressured carbon dioxide to the solution to  reverse the reaction and restore the original equilibrium
forward
reverse
In some reactions, there is direct evidence for the  presence of both reactants after the reaction  appears to have stopped!
Duh????
According to the collision reaction theory, reverse reactions can  occur!  That is, the products, calcium sulfate and sodium chloride,  can react to re­form the original reactants.  There is a competition  between collisions of reactants to form products and collision of  products to re­form reactants.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.html Collision reaction theory review:
(Closed system, bounded by the volume of the liquid phase)
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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October 25, 2019
Factors Affecting Equilibrium Le Chatelier's Principle ­ If a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the  system changes in a way that relieves the stress.
Stresses that upset the equilibrium of a chemical system include changes in the  concentration of reactants or products, changes in temperature, and changes in  pressure. Concentration:
i) add product ­ favours reactants ii) remove product ­ favours products iii) add reactant ­ favours products iv) remove reactant ­ favours reactants
Temperature:
i) Increasing temperature  shifts to consume some  of the added heat. ii) Decreasing  temperature shifts to  replace some of the  removed heat.
Pressure:
i) Increasing the  pressure on the system  favours  the side with  fewer gas molecules so  as to lessen the  pressure. ii) Decreasing the  pressure on the system  favours  the side with  more gas molecules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAdVEOz0b0g 2 min 14 sec
http://www2.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/CHEM2/equil4.htm
If exothermic reaction (i.e. energy is a product) and temperature increases then K decreases If exothermic reaction (i.e. energy is a product) and temperature decreases then K increases
If endothermic reaction (i.e. energy is a reactant) and temperature increases then K increases If endothermic reaction (i.e. energy is a reactant) and temperature decreases then K decreases
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October 25, 2019
For each of the following chemical systems at equilibrium, use Le Chatelier's principle to predict the effect of the  change imposed on the chemical system.  Indicate the direction in which the equilibrium is expected to shift.   Assume that the systems are closed and that they are initially at equilibrium. a) H2O(l) + energy H2O(g) The container is heated.
b) H2O(l) H+ (aq) + OH­
(aq) A few crystals of NaOH(s) are added to the container.
c) CaCO3(s) + energy CaO(s)   + CO2(g) (CO2(g) is removed from the container)
Concentration: i) add product ­ favours reactants ii) remove product ­ favours products iii) add reactant ­ favours products iv) remove reactant ­ favours reactants Temperature: i) Increasing temperature shifts to consume some of the added heat. ii) Decreasing temperature shifts to replace some of the removed heat. Pressure: i) Increasing the pressure on the system favours  the side with fewer gas  molecules so as to lessen the pressure. ii) Decreasing the pressure on the system favours  the side with more gas  molecules.
You are in a sense, adding more reactant, therefore, more H2O(g) will be made, shift right.
You are in a sense, adding more product, therefore, more H2O(l) will be made, shift left.
You're removing product, therefore the reaction  will try to compensate and make more product,  CO2(g) and CaO(s) and shift right.
d) CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO­
(aq) add a few drops of pure CH3COOH(l) adding more reactant therefore shift to right
Equilibrium Constants: Chemists express the position of equilibrium in terms of numerical values.  The  equilibrium constant, Keq,  is the ratio of product concentrations to reactant  concentrations at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to a power equal to the  number of moles of that substance in the balanced chemical equation.
aA + bB cC + dD
[A]a x [B]b
A value of Keq > 1 means that products are favoured.
A value of Keq < 1 means that reactants  are favoured.
NO units for Keq  !!!!
There are two cases when a species is not shown in the equilibrium expression:  when it is a solid  or  when it is a pure liquid or solvent 
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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October 25, 2019
Homework:  7, 8, 9, 10 on page 557. (see next slide)
The colourless gas dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and the dark brown gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exist in  equilibrium with each other.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
A liter of gas mixture at equilibrium at 100C contains 0.0045 mol of N2O4 and 0.030 mole  of NO2.  Write the expression for the equilbirum constant and calculate the equilibrium  constant (Keq).
Sample Page 557
6
Keq = 12
Keq = 8.4 x 10­2 ,  one is the inverse of the other
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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8
How does salt melt ice?
Not needed for this class . . .
A closed system with constant macroscopic (observable) properties is at equilibrium.  Systems can have various  types of equilibrium, such as: i) phase
ii) solubility
Dynamic equilibrium ­ balance between forward and reverse processes occurring at the same rate.
Water placed in a sealed container, like this beaker sealed with plastic wrap, evaporates  until the vapor pressure inside the container becomes constant.  According to the theory  of dynamic equilibrium, when the vapor pressure is constant the rate of evaporation is  equal to the rate of condensation.  H­­2O(l) H2O(g)
In a saturated solution of iodine, the concentration of the dissolved solute is constant.  According to  the theory of dynamic equilibrium, the rate of the dissolving process is equal to the rate of the  crystallizing process. I2(s) I2(aq)
At equilibrium, the system contains hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen  iodide molecules in the same volume.  Both hydrogen and hydrogen  iodide are colorless gases.  The purple color indicates that some  iodine is present at equilibrium.  The constancy of the color is  evidence that equilibrium exists.
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i) equilibrium constant (Keq)   aA + bB    cC +dD Keq =   Kproducts
Kreactants
Note: only include concentration if substance is in the gaseous or aqueous state.  Keq is unique for any  reaction at a given temperature.
ii) percent reaction the yield of product measured at equilibrium compared with the  maximum possible yield  of product.  It is a single value that can be used to describe and compare chemical reaction equilibria.  
Key words to look for: reactants favoured  < 50% percent reaction products favoured   >50% percent reaction quantitative reaction 99% or use 
from worksheet:
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from worksheet: 
Percent reaction or percent yield is defined as the yield of product measured at equilibrium  compared with the maximum possible yield of product.
% reaction is one way to communicate the position of an equilibrium.
% reaction provides an easily understood way to discuss amounts of chemicals present in  equilibrium systems.
Percent Reaction of the Hydrogen­Iodine system at 4480C
System Equilibrium [HI]  (mmol/l)
Maximum Possible [HI]  (mmol/l)
1 1.56 2.00 78.0
2 2.10 2.70 77.8
3 2.50 3.20 78.1 To communicate that an equililbrium exists, equilibrium arrows are used and the % can be written above the arrows to  show the extent of a reaction.   example:  H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
78%
= 1.56M  x 100%     2.00M 
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October 25, 2019
For each of the following, write the chemical reaction equation with appropriate  equilibrium arrows (i.e. % above double arrows where necessary). a) The Haber process is used to manufacture ammonia fertilizer from hydrogen  and nitrogen gases.  Under less than desirable conditions only an 11% yield of  ammonia is obtained at equilibrium.
b) A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as water gas, is used as a  supplementary fuel in many large industries.  At high temperatures, the reaction of  coke and steam forms an equilibrium mixture in which the products (carbon  monoxide and hydrogen gases) are favoured.  Assume that coke is pure carbon.
c) One step in the industrial process used to manufacture sulfuric acid is the production of  sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide and oxygen gases.  Under certain conditions the  reaction produces a 65% yield of products.
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g) 11%
2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Worksheet 2 Old Red Book Q & A (18.2Equilibrium).rtf
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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Examples:
1.) A 1.0 liter reaction vessel contained 0.75 mol of CO(g) and 0.275 mol H2O(g). After 1 hour, equilibrium was  established according to the equation:
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
Analysis showed that 0.25 moles of CO2 was present.  What is the Keq for the reaction?
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
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October 25, 2019
2.) A 5.0 liter reaction vessel was initially filled with 6.0 mol of SO2(g), 2.5 mol of NO2(g)  and 1.0 mol of SO3(g).  After equilibrium was established according to the equation:
SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g)
the vessel was found to contain 3.0 mol of SO3(g).  What is the Keq?
SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g)
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3.) Consider the equilibrium:
3I2(g) + 6F2(g) 2IF5(g) + I4F2(g)
At a certain temperature 3.0 mol of F2 and 2.0 mol of I2 are introduced into a 10.0 liter container.  At equilibrium  the concentration of I4F2 is 0.020 mol/liter.  Calculate the Keq
3I2(g) + 6F2(g) 2IF5(g) + I4F2(g)
)
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October 25, 2019
4.) Consider this general reacting system in which all substances are gases:
A + 3B C + 2D
One mole of gas A and two moles of gas B are placed in a one­liter reaction vessel,  and the reaction proceeds until equilibrium is established.  The equilibrium mixture,  analyzed only for the gaseous product C, contains 0.3 moles of C.  Calculate the  value of the equilibrium constant.
4.) Solution
­x ­3x +x +2x 1.0 ­x =  2.0­3x= 0+2x=
= 0.1 (sig. figs.)
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5.) 
5.) 
Since this equation is a  perfect square, take the  square root of both sides of  the equation
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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Qc      Keq reaction is at equilibrium
That is,  >
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October 25, 2019
If the reaction quotient is 34.8 is the reaction at equilibrium?   If not, which way will it progress to reach equilibrium?
Referring to question #5  . . . no
to the right since the reaction quotient is 
smaller than 57.0 equilibrium has not yet been  reached.
Week 9 ­ Equilbirum and Acids & Bases.notebook
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First, let's check to see if it is at equilibrium:
not equal to 4.7 therefore not at equilibrium!
eq
2.) 
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1.76 x 10­5 x 100 = 0.00176
0.00176 < 0.600
eq
To determine if x will  significantly alter the  value for COBr2,  multiply the Keq by  100.  If the resulting  number is less than  your original  concentration x will  not significantly alter  the number so you can  drop x out of that term.
If Keq  x 100 < [reactant] 
then you can delete x 
0.190 x 100 = 19
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0.040 ­ 0.025 = 0.015 0.025 0.025
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c) Is Keq   x 100 < 2.0 ?    Nope, therefore need quadratic!
o
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Now go to Section 19.2 (Chapter 19 notes)
Water Equilibrium (Section 19.2 p. 594) Pure water has a very slight conductivity that is only observable if measurements are made with very  sensitive instruments.  According to Arrhenius' theory, conductivity is due to the presence of ions.   Therefore, the conductivity observed in pure water must be the result of ions produced by the ionization of  some water molecules into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.  Because the conductivity is so slight, the  equilibrium at SATP must greatly favour the water molecules.
H2O(l) H+ (aq) + OH­
= a very small number
Note:  Just 2 water molecules in one billion ionize at SATP!!!!!!!!
Because the concentration of water in pure water and in dilute aqueous solutions is essentially  constant, a new constant, which incorporates both the constant concentration of H2O(l) and the 
remember: so little water is ionized at any one  time, that its concentration remains virtually  unchanged ­ a constant. Kw is defined to avoid  making the expression 
Kw = [H+ (aq)][OH­
(aq)] = 1.0 x 10­14 (mol/liter)2 at SATP Kw varies with temp. [H+
(aq)] = [OH­ (aq)]  = 1.0 x 10­7 (mol/l) in neutral solution
That is, [H+ (aq)][OH­
(aq)]  = Kw
46 sec
equilibrium constant, can be calculated the ionization constant for water, Kw.
27
if [H+] > 1.0 x 10­7 M than acidic solution'
if [OH­] > 1.0 x 10­7 M than basic solution
Example 1: A 0.15 mol/liter solution of hydrochloric acid at 250C is found to have a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.15 mol/l. Calculate the concentration of the hydroxide ions.
HCl(aq) H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
[OH- (aq)] = Kw
0.15 mol/liter
[OH- (aq)] = 6.7 x 10-14 mol/liter
Example 2: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in a 0.25 mol/liter solution of barium hydroxide. Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+
(aq) + 2OH- (aq)
[OH- (aq)] = 2 x [Ba(OH)2(aq)] = 2 x 0.25 mol/liter = 0.50 mol/liter
[H+ (aq)] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 (mol/liter)2 = 2.0 x 10-14 mol/liter
[OH- (aq)] 0.50 mol/liter
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October 25, 2019
Example 3: Determine the hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in 500 ml of an aqueous solution containing 2.6 g of dissolved sodium hydroxide.
nNaOH = 2.6 g NaOH 1 mole NaOH = 0.065 moles 40.00 g NaOH
[NaOH(aq)] = 0.065 moles = 0.13 moles/liter 0.500 liter
NaOH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH-
[OH- (aq)] = [NaOH(aq)] = 0.13 mol/liter
[H+ (aq)] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 (mol/liter)2 = 7.7 x 10-14 mol/liter = 8 x 10-14 M
[OH- (aq)] 0.13 mol/liter
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Communicating Concentrations: pH and pOH
pH (scale 0-14) is expressed as a numerical value without units. The pH of a solution is the negative of the logarithm to the base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log[H+ (aq)]
Note: the number of digits following the decimal point in the pH value is equal to the number of significant digits in the hydrogen ion concentration.
The definition of pOH follows the same format and the same certainty rule as for pH.
pOH = - log [OH- (aq)] and [OH-
(aq)] = 10-pOH
page 596
[H+ (aq)] = 10-pH
Communicate a pH of 10.33 as a hydrogen ion concentration.
[H+ (aq)] = 10-pH = 10-10.33mol/l = 4.7 x 10-11 mol/liter (two sig. figs. since 2 decimal places in pH)
Example 1: Communicate a hydrogen ion concentration of 4.7 x 10-11 mol/liter as a pH value.
pH = -log[H+ (aq)]
= - log [4.7 x 10-11]
= 10.33 (2 decimal places since 2 sig. figs. in conc.)
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pH + pOH = 14.00 (at SATP)
Assignment #7: Water Equilibrium and pH (no need to do this as repeated questions on Worksheet #3)
do:  Questions 9­12 on page 596, 599
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Ionization Constants for Acids - Section 19.3
The strength of an acid can also be communicated using an equilibrium constant that expresses the extent of ion  formation by the acid.
1.3%CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO­(aq)
This can be written as: Ka = [H+(aq)][CH3COO­(aq)]  = 1.8 x 10­5  [CH3COOH(aq)]
Ka is found on your acid­base table  Note:  units look like they  should be mol/liter but  IUPAC says unitless!
Ka can be used over a wide range of concentrations of an acid to predict the hydrogen ion concentration.   Unlike the percent ionization, which only predicts accurately within a narrow range around the specified  concentration for the acids, for example, 0.10 mol/liter.
Ka = [H+]2        [acid]
CH3COOH(aq)
Knowing the value of Ka we can predict the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a 1.0 mol/liter acetic acid  solution as follows: [H+
(aq)] = [CH3COO­ (aq)]
[H+ (aq)]     =  √1.8 x 10­5 mol/liter  x (1.0 M)
[H+ (aq)]     =  4.2 x 10­3  mol/liter
Then, using your calculators (I know you love this step) find the pH using log.
pH = ­ log [H+ (aq)] = 2.37
This method is restricted to those cases for which the [acid]initial is much larger than the Ka.
1.3%CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO­
(aq)
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aq] =     p    x [HAaq]                100
p = percent ionization and [HAaq] = concentration of acidexample: The pH of a 0.10 M methanoic acid solution is 2.38.  Calculate the  percent ionization of methanoic acid.
[H+ aq] = 10­pH
[H+ aq]  = 10­2.38 = 4.2 x 10­3 M
p =  [Haq +]  x 100 = 4.2 x 10­3 M  x 100
[HCOOHaq] 0.10 M
p = 4.2 % Remember percent ionization,  only predicts accurately within a narrow range around the specified  concentration for the acids, for example, 0.10 mol/liter.
(2 sig. figs because pH has 2 decimal places)
p = [H+] x 100%       [HA]
or 
C2O4H2
First Dissociation of Oxalic Acid
Second  Dissociation of Oxalic Acid
H3O+ is higher when compared with C2O4 2­ in the second 
graph since H3O+ also includes those produced in first  dissociation.
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October 25, 2019 Example: Suppose you measured the pH of a 0.25 mol/liter carbonic acid solution to  be 3.48.  What is the Ka for carbonic acid?
Step 1:  Convert pH to [H+(aq)] using log button
[H+(aq)] = +/­ 3.48 inv log = 3.3 x 10­4 mol/liter Step 2:  Write out what happens in water.
H2CO3(aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3
­ (aq)
Hint: use your acid and base table to see how this breaks up
Step 3:  Use Ka equation to solve for Ka
Ka = [H+(aq)][HCO3­(aq)]  = (3.3 x 10­4)(3.3 x 10­4)  =  4.4 x 10­7  [H2CO3(aq)] 0.25 mol/liter
Strong Bases
The pH and the conductivity of a Ba(OH)2(aq) solution are found to be higher than those of a NaOH(aq)  solution of equal concentration because barium hydroxide dissociates to yield two hydroxide ions per  formula unit.
The words strong and weak are referring to the extent of ionization/dissociation  of the acid/base.   Concentrated/dilute and strong/weak cannot be used interchangeably.
The words concentrated and dilute are considering the number of moles of the substance in one liter of  water.  
Ionic hydroxides have varying solubility in water, but all are strong bases  because ionic hydroxides dissociate completely when they dissolve in water.
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH­ (aq)
Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH­ (aq)
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Weak Bases
These are substances which dissolve in water to produce basic solutions but do not contain a hydroxide group.
Weak bases react non­quantitatively with water to form an equilibrium that includes aqueous  hydroxide ions.
 base + H2O(l) OH­ (aq) + balancing entity
Example:  Cleaning solutions such as ammonia.
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH­­ (aq)+ NH4
+ (aq)
where [WB] = the concentration of the weak base.
The equilibrium constant for the reaction of a weak base with water is given as:
Complete Assignment #8 (Lab Exercise 14E  ­ Qualitative Analysis) 
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3311/3390507/blb0403.html Review notes:
next slide
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October 25, 2019 Example:
The pH of a 0.100 mol/liter sodium carbonate solution is measured to be 11.66.  What is the Kb for the carbonate  ion?
Step 1:  We know pH + pOH = 14 
pOH = 14 ­ 11.66 = 2.34 Step 2:  If pOH = 2.34 then using log we can find [OH­
(aq)] 
[OH­ (aq)] = +/­ 2.34 inv log = 4.6 x 10­3 mol/liter
Step 3:  Write out dissociation in water. In other words, Na2CO3(aq) in water, what are the entities?
CO3 2­ (aq) + H2O(l) OH­
(aq)+ HCO3 ­ (aq)
Kb  = [OH­­(aq)]2 = (4.6 x 10­3 mol/liter)2 [CO32­(aq)] 0.100 mol
Kb = 2.1 x 10­4 
Ka = [H+]2 [acid]
Ka = 
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Relationship between Ka and Kb
For acids and bases whose chemical formulas differ only by a hydrogen, i.e. conjugate acid­base pairs,
KaKb = Kw 
Section 19.3 page 610
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initial 0.1 0 0
change 0.1 ­ 4.2 x 10­3 4.2 x 10­3 4.2 x 10­3
equilibrium 0.0958 4.2 x 10­3 4.2 x 10­3
HX H+ X­
initial 0.2 0 0
change 0.2 ­ 9.86 x  10­4 9.86 x 10­4 9.86 x 10­4
equilibrium 9.86 x 10­4 9.86 x 10­4
22.)
23.)
don't know [H+] concentration Chem 121
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October 25, 2019
and extra ice table OH review sheet #7375  sheet #1 #13 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv9_JbddC7YVideo #2 ­  2 min 19 sec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv9_JbddC7YVideo #1 ­  10 min 48 sec
Common Ion Effect Section 18.3
Worksheet #9 ­ Part B
Chem 121
Ksp = solubility product constant  equals the product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to  the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation.
ex. Ksp for silver chloride at 250C  . . . Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl­] = 1.8 x 10­10  (very small since silver chloride is not soluble)
The smaller the numerical value of the solubility product constant, the lower the solubility of the compound.
A common ion is an ion that is found in both salts in a solution.
The lowering of the solubility of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a  common ion is called the common ion effect.  
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Question 19 on page 564
What is the concentration of sulfide ion in a 1.0 L solution of iron (II) sulfide to which 0.04 mol of iron (II)  nitrate is added?  The Ksp of FeS is 8 x 10­19
Ksp          [Fe+2]  [S­2] 
That is, Ksp  = [Fe+2] [x]
x =  Ksp        =  8 x 10­19
      [Fe+2]          [Fe+2]  
x = 8 x 10­19  therefore [S2­]  =   2 x 10­17 M
   0.04
Worksheet #9
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Question 20 on page 564
The Ksp of SrSO4 is 3.2 x 10­7.  What is the equilibrium concentration of sulfate ion in a 1.0 Liter solution of  strontium sulfate to which 0.10 moles of Sr(CH3CO2)2 has been added?
Ksp          [Sr+2]  [SO4 ­2] 
That is, Ksp  = [Sr+2] [x]
x =  Ksp        =  3.2 x 10­7
      [Sr+2]          [Sr+2]  
x = 3.2 x 10­7  therefore [SO4 2­]  =   3.2 x 10­6 M
   0.10
common ion
Worksheet #9
What would be the hydronium ion concentration is a solution 0.100 M in HOCN, cyanic acid, and 0.0500 M in  NaOCN, sodium cyanate?  Ka = 3.47 x 10­4? 
Example from Merrill
Note: ignoring the x (quantity of H3O+ formed gives us):  
x is such a small number so that 0.05 +x is almost equal to 0.05.  
And, therefore we use 0.05 rather than 0.05 + x
This makes the problem easier to solve.
3.47 x 10­5 = 0.05 x
X = 6.9 x 10­4  M very close to that using quadratic!
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October 25, 2019
Worksheet # 9  do Merrill Questions 24 and 25 on page 479 
(Questions 4 and 5 on sheet). 
 extra ice table OH review sheet #7375  sheet #1 #13 
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October 25, 2019
1. Determine the molar concentration of all substances in a 1.000 dm3 volumetric flask filled with a water solution containing 1.750 moles of boric, H3BO3, Ka = 5.8 x 10-10.
[HA] > 500 (Ka is small so no need for quadratic) Ka
C = n = 1.750 moles = 1.750 M v 1.000 liters
Ka = [H+]2 5.8 x 10-10 = [H+]2
H3BO3 1.750 M
[H+] = 3.186 x 10-5 M (4 sf because we consider Ka infinitely significant)
Worksheet #4
7. Use the quadratic equation to calculate the [H3O+] in a 0.750 M CH2ClCOOH solution. The Ka = 1.40 x 10-3. CH2ClCOOH (aq) + H2O (l) ß> H3O+ (aq) + CH2ClCOO- (aq)
[HA] > 500 (no need for quadratic - this example is > 500 (535) but question says use quadratic) Ka
= 0
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October 25, 2019
For acids and bases whose chemical formulas differ only by a hydrogen, i.e. conjugate acid­base pairs,
KaKb = Kw 
               100
Attachments
15.1 ­ Testing Arrhenius ­ resource notes.pdf
Worksheet 2 Old Red Book Q & A (18.2Equilibrium).rtf
SMART Notebook
1.) How is buffering action displayed on a pH curve?
2.) How are quantitative reactions displayed on a pH curve?
3.) How is a pH curve used to choose an indicator for a titration?
4.) An acetic acid sample is titrated with sodium hydroxide .
a) Based on the diagram below (Figure 1), estimate the endpoint and the equivalence point.
b) Choose an appropriate indicator for this titration.
c) Write a Brownsted-Lowry equation for this reaction.
Figure 1:
Volume of NaOH (ml)
5.) A sodium phosphate solution is titrated with hydrochloric aid (see Figure 2 below).
a) Why are only two endpoints shown in the diagram?
b) Write three Bronsted-Lowry equations for the pH curve in the diagram. Communicate the position of the equilibrium.
Figure 2:
6.) Oxalic acid reacts quantitatively in a two-step reaction with a sodium hydroxide solution. Assuming that an excess of sodium hydroxide is added, sketch a pH curve (without numbers) for all possible reactions.
SMART Notebook
SMART Notebook
Chem. 12: Worksheet 2 [Sec. 18.2, 19.2 and 19.3] – Equilibrium and Kw, Ka, pH, pOH
Equilibrium Law and Keq
1. Write equilibrium constant expression, Keq, for each of the following reactions:
a) 2 NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)
Keq = [N2O4 (g)]
[NO2 (g)]2
Keq = [CH3OH (g)]
[H2 (g)]2 [ CO (g)]
c) 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) 5 O2 (g) + 4 NH3 (g)
Keq = [O2 (g)]5 [NH3 (g)]4
[NO (g)]4 [H2O (g)]6
d) 2 H2S (g) + CH4 (g) 4 H2 (g) + CS2 (g)
Keq = [H2 (g)]4 [CS2 (g)]
[H2S (g)]2 [CH4 (g)]
e) NH2COONH4 CO2 + 2 NH3
Keq = [CO2] [ NH3]2
Keq = [CuSO4] [H2O]5
[CuSO4*5 H2O]
2. At a given temperature, the Keq for the gas phase reaction 2 HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g) is 1.4 x 10-2. If the concentrations of both hydrogen gas and iodine gas at equilibrium are 2.00 x 10-4, find [HI].
Keq = [H2(g)] [I2(g)]
[HI(g)]2
[HI(g)]2 = [2.00 x 10-4] [2.00 x 10-4] = 2.9 x 10-6 M [HI(g)] = 1.7 x 10-3 M
1.4 x 10-2
3. At a given temperature, the reaction (all gases) CO + H2O H2 + CO2 produce the following concentrations: [CO] = 0.200 M, [H2O] = 0.500 M, [H2] = 0.32 M, and [CO2] = 0.42 M. Find the Keq at this temperature.
Keq = [H2(g)] [CO2(g)]
Keq = 1.3
4. If the temperature in the reaction from question 3 is changed, the keq becomes 2.40. By removing some H2 and CO2 and adding H2O all concentrations except CO are adjusted to the values given in questions 3. What is the new CO concentration?
Keq = [H2(g)] [CO2(g)]
2.40 [0.500 M]
[CO(g)] = 0.11 M
5. Hydrogen sulfide decomposes according to the equation 2H2S 2 H2 + S2. At 1065oC, measurements of the equilibrium mixture of these three gases shows the following concentrations: [H2S] = 7.06 x 10-3 M, [H2] = 2.22 x 10-3 M and [S2] = 1.11 x 10-3 M. What is the value of keq for this reaction?
Keq = [H2(g)]2 [S2(g)]
Keq = [2.22 x 10-3 M]2 [1.11 x 10-3 M]
[7.06 x 10-3 M]2
Keq = 5.47 x 10-9 = 1.10 x 10-4
4.98 x 10-5
6. Industries manufacture methanol, CH3OH, by the reaction: 2 H2 (g) + CO (g) CH3OH (g)
The equilibrium constant is 10.42 at 479.0oC. What is the equilibrium concentration of methanol vapour if the equilibrium concentration of [H2] = 0.4578 M and [CO] = 0.2289 M?
Keq = [CH3OH(g)]
[CH3OH(g)] = [0.4578 M]2[0.2289 M] 10.42
[CH3OH(g)] = 4.999 x 10-1 M
7. What is the equilibrium constant, keq, for the reaction H2 + Br2 2 HBr, if the equilibrium concentrations at 381oC are [H2] = 0.0821 M, [Br2] = 0.0433 M and [HBr] = 0.357 M?
Keq = [HBr(g)]2
[0.0821 ][0.0433]
8. At 60.2oC, the equilibrium constant for the reaction: N2O4 2 NO2 is 8.75 x 10-2. At this temperature, a vessel contains N2O4 at a concentration of 1.72 x 10-2 M at equilibrium. What concentration of NO2 does it contain?
Keq = [NO2]2
[1.72 x 10-2]
[NO2]2 = 1.51 x 10-3 M2 = 3.88 x 10-2 M
SMART Notebook
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