unit 2: individuality and personalitymysocialclass.com/psych-143-u2p7-learning.pdfiii. bandura’s...
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Unit2:IndividualityandPersonality
Part7:LearningTheories
Objec=ves:
1. DescribeSkinner’sconcept/theoryofpersonality.
2. ExplainBandura’ssocialcogni?vetheoryofpersonality.
I.Introduc=on
A. Behavioristslooktotheenvironmenttoseewhatisreinforcingbehavior.Behaviorists,suchasJohnWatson,B.F.Skinner,andAlbertBandurabelieveourpersonali=esdevelopasaresultofwhatwelearnfromourenvironments.Howwebehaveisdirectlyimpactedbythereinforcementwereceiveforexhibi=ngatargetbehavior.
I.Introduc=on(con’t)
B. JohnWatsonbelievedthatthepropersubjectmaPerofpsychologyshouldonlybebehaviorthatisobservable.
Watson’sbeliefsledtothestudyofbehaviorandwhatisknowntodayasbehaviorism.
I.Introduc=on(con’t)
C. Behaviorists,followersofbehaviorism,believethatasindividualsdifferintheirlearningexperiences,theyacquiredifferentbehaviorsand,hencedifferentpersonali=es.
II.B.F.SkinnerandBehaviorism
A. Althoughhisbehaviorismwasnotproposedasatheoryofpersonality,B.F.Skinnerhadamajorimpactonpersonalitytheory.
II.B.F.SkinnerandBehaviorism(con’t)
B. Skinnerfocusedonwhateventsinaperson’senvironmentcausethemtoactinaspecificway.UnlikeFreud,hewasnotasconcernedwiththeunderstandingofabehaviorratherthanpredic=ngandcontrollingit.
II.B.F.SkinnerandBehaviorism(con’t)
C. Skinnerfocusedonwhathecalled“con=ngenciesofreinforcement”ortherewardsandpunishmentsthatfollowabehavior.Skinnerwouldthenproposepossiblehypothesesthatwouldexplainaspecificbehavior.Throughsystema=ctes=ngoftheserewardsorpunishments,hewouldiden=fywhichofthesewasthetruereinforcerthatcausedthebehaviorandthenchangeittochangethebehavior.
III.Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory
A. WhereasSkinneremphasizedreinforcementinhisdescrip=onsofhowpersonalitydevelops,anotherbehaviorist,AlbertBandura,claimedthereismoretodevelopingapersonalitythanreinforcementalone.
III.Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory(con’t)
B. Bandurabelievedthatpersonali=esdevelopalsobeobservingandimita=ng.Inwhathecalledobserva=onallearning,apersonlearnsanewbehaviorbywatchingtheac=onsofsomeoneelse.
III.Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory(con’t)
C. Bandurabelievedthatayoungchild’sbehaviorandpersonalitydevelopbyexposuretoeverydaymodels.Inhisview,peopleareabletodirecttheirownbehaviorbytheirchoiceofmodels.Modelsthataremosteffec=vearethosethataremostsimilartoandmostadmiredbytheobserver.
III.Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory(con’t)
D. Accordingtosocialcogni=vetheory,yourpersonalityisshapedbyaninterac=onbetweenthreethings:
1. You(theindividual)–yourbeliefs,expecta=ons,emo=onal
make-upandgenes.2. Anindividual'sbehavior3. Theenvironmentinwhichabehavioroccurs.
Theinterac=onofthesethreethingsiscalledreciprocaldeterminism.
Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory
III.Bandura’sSocialCogni=veTheory(con’t)
E. Onestrongviewonbehavioristheindividual’sviewoftheirchancestosucceed.Banduracalledthisself-efficacy.
Example:Twostudentswiththesameintelligenceandskillsprepareforadifficultmathexam.Thefirststudentisconfidentintheirmathability,test-takingabili=esandhasastrongself-esteem.Theotherstudentdoesnotpossessthesethings.Whoismorelikelytoscorehigher?Thefirststudentbecausetheyareconfidentintheirabilitytoaccomplishtheirgoals…inthiscasepassingthetest.Thisconfidenceintheirskillsandabilityisself-efficacy.
IV.Conclusion
A. Psychoanaly=ctheoriesstresschildhoodexperiences,irra=onalthoughts,andunconsciousforces.Incontrast,learningtheoriesfocusonbehavior,somethingthatcanbeobserved,tested,andmeasured.
B. Cri=csoflearningtheoriesarguethattheydonot
explainpersonalitynorgiveenoughaPen=ontotheinfluenceofsuchthingsasgene=cfactors,emo=onalinfluences,andchildhoodexperiencesontheforma=onofpersonality.
IV.Conclusion
C. Accordingtothelearningtheories,wehavedifferentpersonali=esbecausewehavedifferentexperiencesinlife.Differentbehaviorshavebeenreinforcedindifferentways,andwehaveuseddifferentmodelsformodelingourbehavior.Differentpersonali=esaddtothediversityoflife.