Unit 2

THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM

CREATION OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION Islam

“submission to the will of Allah”

Muslim “one who has

submitted” First Followers

Khadija and close friends First sermons

Muhammad began preaching in Mecca

Drew criticism because people feared that monotheism would cause Mecca to lose pilgrims

MUHAMMAD

Born in 570 AD Married at 25 to Khadija Religious revelation at 40

Believed Angel Gabriel spoke to him

Mecca and Medina Kicked out of Mecca for

preaching Converted the people of

Medina to Islam Defeated Mecca in 630 AD

Dies in 632

DIVISION OF ISLAM

By 750 the Islamic Empire stretched from the Indus River to the Atlantic Ocean Expanded north vs. weakened Byzantine Empire Many conquered people accepted Islamic faith

Did not have to pay a tax placed on non-Muslims if they did

Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) ruled in the East Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus(756-976) ruled in Spain Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) ruled in North Africa Division

Arose after the murder of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad Opposed by the Shi’a who had supported Ali The Umayyad’s became known as Sunni Sufi Muslims began as an opposition to both

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Orkhan I Succeeded his father,

Osman, as sultan Conquered Adrianople

from the Byzantine Empire Ruled justly

Was kind to conquered people

Used system of local governments

Muslims – served in army but did not pay tax

Non Muslims – did not serve in army but did pay tax

Expansion Halted Timur the Lame’s invasion

Defeated the Turks in 1402 at Battle of Ankara

What is the status of the islands of Crete and Cyprus in this map? What does this tell you about the Ottoman Empire’s military? Why is this an important distinction given the date this map depicts?

OTTOMAN EXPANSION PEAKS

Sultan Mehmed II takes Constantinople (1453)

Selim the Grim takes Mecca and Medina (1510’s)

Suleyman the Great Takes Belgrade, Tripoli, and

parts of Austria and Hungary (1520’s)

Most powerful monarch on earth at that time

Had a splendid court and a well disciplined military

Post Suleyman Ottoman Empire slowly

decays until it ceases to exist after World War I

MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Mughals Mongol group that

ruled India after defeating the Turks

Babur Founder of Mughals Brilliant general

Defeated the Turks Victories began

Mughal expansion into India

MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar Babur’s grandson Ruled Mughal India from

1556 to 1605 Military leader

Unified a population of 100 million people

Blended cultures Married women who were not

Muslim Allowed freedom of religion Abolished tax on non-Muslims Had Jesuit missionaries teach

his son Bureaucratic government Promoted art, literature, and

architecture

MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar’s successors Jahangir

Allowed his wife, a Persian named Nur Jahan, to do most of the ruling

Attempted to make Islam the state religion of the Mughals

Son, Khusaru, rebelled against him and joined the Sikhs Sikh’s blend teachings of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam

Jahangir targeted Sikhs for religious persecution

Shah Jahan – 2nd son and successor to Jahangir Assassinated all rivals for the throne Loved 2 things – beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz

Mahal Did a poor job managing a nation during famine and war

THE TAJ MAHAL

Mumtaz died in 1631 after giving birth to their 14th childJahan had the Taj Mahal built to honor her