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Unit 2: Protestant Reformation

By: Mr. Washington

Today’s Schedule:

• Do now

• Denominations

• Christian Humanism

• Desiderius Erasmus

• Exit-slip

– I can explain the Denominations of the Catholic Church.

Just the Facts World History The Reformation 29:49

Do Now:

•Write down one fact or question

about the Renaissance.

Denominations:

Weakened the Catholic Church

What is the Protestant Reformation?

• A religious movement in the 1500's that split the Christian church in Western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches

• People grew displeased with the churches....

– Financial corruption

– Abuse of power

– Immorality The Protestant Reformation 1:36

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Christian Humanism

• Christian Humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves

• Christian Humanists wanted to reform the Catholic Church

Desiderius Erasmus

• Lived from 1466-1536

• Best known Christian Humanist because he developed "the philosophy of Christ" which meant to show people live good lives on a daily basis rather that how to achieve salvation

• Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within

• He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will

• Known as the father of the Reformation

The Humanist Movement 2:14

Thomas More

• Humanism was introduced to England by Italians living there

• One of the people Humanism reached was Sir Thomas More

• More’s best known Humanist work is the novel Utopia

• The book was meant for a humanist audience, and it was widely read across Europe

• Utopia contains both a criticism of English government and society and a vision of a perfect, but nonexistent, society based on reason

• The title has become a common word for any ideal society

• Was executed by Henry VIII, King of England

Exit-slip

•Denominations are just basically broken parts of…

•Who is known as the father of the Reformation?

Today’s Schedule:

• Do now • Continue early reformers • The Great Schism • Great Schism Activity • Exit-slip

– I can describe how the early reformers started the

Protestant Reformation.

– I can explain how the Great Schism divided the

Catholic Church.

Do Now:

•In detail explain who Desiderius

Erasmus is.

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John Wycliffe

• Lived from 1324-1384

• Interested in authority of clergy

• People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own

• Lived during Western Schism

• Declared a heretic after his death; body exhumed and destroyed

Jan Hus • Lived from 1324-1384

• He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by the Pope

• Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church

• At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs

Johann Tetzel

• German, Catholic preacher known for selling indulgences for Pope Leo X

• Coined the phrase, "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings/the soul from purgatory springs"

• The accusation that he had sold full forgiveness for sins, caused a great scandal

• It was believed that all of the money Tetzel raised was for the ongoing reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica

• Tetzel was later condemned for immortality

The Great Schism (Western Schism) • In 1378, Pope Gregory XI died • The College of Cardinals in Rome selected an

Italian Pope (Pope Urban VI) • A few months later, the French cardinals in

Avignon selected a French Pope (Pope Clement VII)

• So there were two different, in two different cities, claiming to be the Pope

• For over thirty years, Christendom was divided over which pope to support as the spiritual leader of the church

• In 1409, the cardinals met again and selected a third pope to unite the two sides (Alexander V)

• However, the other popes were unwilling to give up their power, so now there were three popes vying for authority

The Great Schism 1:56

Pope Gregory XI

Urban VI

Alexander V

Clement VII

Great Schism Cont.

• The existence of multiple Popes:

– Lessened the reputation and prestige of the Church

– Diminished the pope's authority

– Made secular rulers think they could dictate Church policies

• Finally between 1414 and 1418, the cardinals deposed the Avignon Pope, induced the Roman Pope to resign, and elected one Pope for the entire Catholic Church (Martin V)

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Great Schism Activity

• Develop four Newspaper Headlines for the elections of the four Popes and write a short article for each headline

Exit-slip

•Explain the Great Schism.

Today’s Schedule:

• Do now • Sparks of the Reformation • Printing Press • Start Martin Luther • Exit-slip

– I can explain how the development of the printing

press influenced the spread of religious ideas of the Reformation.

– I can describe how Martin Luther was a key figure of

the Reformation.

Do Now:

•The ________________ was when the Catholic

Church was divided with three popes.

What happened to spark the Reformation?

• Pope Leo X needed money to build St. Peter’s Basilica… so he sell’s indulgences

– Indulgences-Were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

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Language Barriers

• Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language (vernacular)

– Almost all Bibles were written in Latin before the Reformation

• It was the job of the church clergy to translate

the Bible to people

Important Development that aided the Reformation!!!

• The Printing Press!!!! –Books were available to the

masses and not just the rich (faster production, cheaper books)

–People had access to book whenever they wanted them

Printing Press= 36,000 pages per workday Hand Printings= 40 pages per workday

Reformation 2:13

Martin Luther • After surviving a violent

storm, he vowed to become a monk

• Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg

• Luther translated the Bible to German and believed that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves

Martin Luther 4:14

• He visited Rome early in his career

• He saw other clergy acting sinfully and began to question church doctrine

• He did not believe the church could provide salvation

Acceptance into heaven by forgiveness of sins

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church

• Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:

– Indulgences

– Justification

• Luther believed that the Bible was a the ultimate authority – not the pope or clergy

• He also believed in justification through faith alone, not faith and good works

Luther’s Beliefs

• Luther disagreed with the indulgences because he said only God could forgive sins, not man

• He directly challenged the church on this and other issues

• He risked excommunication and even death

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Exit-slip

•Explain how the Printing Press

revolutionized the world.

Today’s Schedule:

• Quiz (Do now)

• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

• Activity

• Exit-slip

– I can explain Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.

– I can describe the reforms made by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Luther’s 95 Theses • In 1517, the 95 Thesis were 95

complaints about the Catholic Church nailed to a church door by Martin Luther

• Were considered a turning point in European History because the power of the church was decreased and the royal power grew

• They were written in Latin – Luther’s Intention: NOT TO BREAK

WITH THE CHURCH, BUT TO REFORM IT

95 Theses

• Criticized

– 1. indulgences

– 2. Power of the pope

– 3. Wealth of the church

• God’s Grace won by Faith Alone

– Catholic view: Good works

Luther’s Showdown with the Church

• Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his teachings

• In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther

• Luther burned the excommunication notice

Reaction to Luther • Gained support from people (including the princes)

• Gained criticism from the Church

• Millions converted to Luther’s new Lutheran Church

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95 Theses Activity

Scan over the 95 Theses AND write a paragraph explaining how you think

Pope Leo X would have felt about them.

Choose 12 of the 95 theses AND

Rewrite them on your own paper THEN Reword them into modern-day English.

Exit-slip

•Explain how Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

changed the Roman Catholic Church and

Western Europe.

Today’s Schedule:

• Review unit • Do now • Holy Roman Empire • Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms • Finish Martin Luther • Diary Entry for Martin Luther (activity) • Exit-slip

– I can describe how the Diet of Worms and the Edit of

Worms tried to control Martin Luther.

– I can analyze and explain how the Protestant Reformation

changed Christianity.

Do Now:

•Explain Martin Luther.

•The 95 Theses were…

Holy Roman Empire in 1500 • Located in modern Germany

• Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states

• Each state had its own prince

• The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V (Catholic)

The Diet of Worms- April 1521

• Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms

– Diet= assembly or meeting of German princes

• Luther was asked again to recant- he still refused

The Diet of Worms 3:08

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Edict of Worms

• The Catholic Church also issued the Edit of Worms which banned the writings of Luther and labeled him a heretic

• It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food

• Frederick the Wise hid Luther in his castle

A New Name

• Lutherans started calling themselves “Protestant,” for those who protested the Pope’s authority

The Princes Reformation • The Protestant Reformation divided

Germany politically

• Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Popes in their states

• Charles V, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, tried to force princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success

Peace of Augsburg

• Charles V was forced to allow Lutheranism as a legal religion

• A prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran or Catholic

Luther’s Later Life

• His new Lutheran Church grew

• He married a former nun and had 6 children

• Luther and his wife lived in and old monastery

• Luther lived to be 62 years old

Martin Luther Journal Activity

Create 3 Journal Entries for Martin Luther

–Before the Diet of Worms

–Following the Diet of Worms

–Following the Edict of Worms

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Exit-slip

•Explain the Diet of Worms and the Edict of Worms.

Today’s Schedule:

• Do now

• John Calvin

• Calvinism

• Ulrich Zwingli

• Exit-slip

– I can explain the idea behind Calvinism.

The Protestant Reformation 21:15

Do Now:

•Define recant.

•Define diet.

John Calvin

• French lawyer

• Literal interpretation of the Bible

• Faith revealed by living a righteous life

Emphasized the “power, grace, and glory of God,” which led him to the idea of predestination

John Calvin 2:34

John Calvin’s Beliefs • Calvin set forth the idea of PREDESTINATION

– God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not

• Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

– Theocracy= government where religious leaders have all the power

Calvinism

• Calvin thought people were sinful by nature and couldn’t earn Salvation

• Protestants in Geneva, asked Calvin to lead their city- he did so with strict rules

• Everyone attended religious class, couldn’t wear bright clothing or play cards

• Authorities imprison or excommunicate anyone who broke the rules

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John Knox

• To many Protestants, Geneva was an ideal city

• John Knox, a preacher from Scotland put Calvinist ideas into Scottish towns after visiting Geneva

The Calvinists 1:26

French Protestants are known as Huguenots

Calvinism Spreads • Protestant nobles, led by John Knox succeeded in making

Calvinism Scotland’s official religion

• Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians

• Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopted Calvinist form of church organization

• Although many Protestant churches trace roots back to Calvin, they have softened Calvin’s strict teachings

Ulrich Zwingli

• In 1519, he was appointed cathedral priest in the Great Minister of Zurich

• His first act was to petition for an end to clerical celibacy and for the right of all clergy to marry

• Anything not backed by the Bible was not to be believed or practiced

• Council of Zurich supported Zwingli reforms

Leader of the reformation in

Switzerland “The Bible is the Truth”

Ulrich Zwingli 1:50

Ulrich Reforms • Removed all “extras” from churches

– Images – Paintings – Decorations – Music

• Mass was replaced by new liturgy – Consisting of Bible readings, prayer, and

sermons

Anabaptists

• Believed in baptizing only adults who choose to be Christian

• Believed church and state should be separate

• Refused to fight in wars

• Viewed Catholics and Protestants as radicals who threaten society

• The forerunners of the Amish and Mennonites influencing the Quakers

• Menno Simmons was the founder of the Mennonites

Women in the Reformation

• Marguerite Navarre, sister of King Francis I, protected John Calvin from being executed while in France

• Martin Luther’s wife, Katherina, managed family finances and argued with her husband about women’s equal role in marriage

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Exit-slip

•Explain Calvin and Calvinism.

•Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

Today’s Schedule:

• Review unit

• Do now

• English Reformation

• Henry VIII

• Activity

• Exit-slip

– I can explain Henry VIII and his role in the English Reformation.

Do Now:

•Explain the Anabaptists.

Henry VIII

• Opposed Luther’s beliefs

• Named “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X

• Reformer due to circumstances not personal beliefs

• Was a Roman Catholic, later broke with the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope

King of England who created his own church

to get a divorce.

The English Reformation 1:58

Henry needed a Divorce! • Catholic Church does not grant a divorce

• Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce a male heir, only a girl- Mary Tudor

• Henry need a male heir to preserve the dynasty

• Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could produce a male heir

– Annul-to declare a marriage invalid based on laws of the church

• The Pope denied the annulment

• Henry created the Church of England and made himself it’s leader

Another Girl for Henry

• Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn

• He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him another girl- Elizabeth Tudor

BRITISH BIRTH ANNOUCMENT OF THE BIRTH OF ELIZABETH I SEPTEMBER 7TH, 1533

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Mary I (Bloody Mary) • Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

• At the start of her reign she was kind and gently and even gave a royal pardon to Lady Jane Grey who took the throne

• Mary tried to return England to Catholicism to no avail, she even married Price Philip of Spain (Catholic) to bring Catholicism to England

• Events throughout her early reign made her cruel and wicked

• During her reign she earned the nickname Bloody Mary because she prosecuted so many Protestants

• She died alone and childless

Mary and Elizabeth Tudor 1:36

Elizabeth I • Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne

Boleyn

• Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Mary I’s reign

• Through compromises, Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants

• Made England a firmly Protestant nation

• Little religious turmoil for decades

England under Queen Elizabeth I 3:15

Exit-slip

•How many wives did Henry VIII

have? List them.

Today’s Schedule:

• Do now

• Counter-Reformation

• Activity

• Exit-slip

– I can explain the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation).

Do Now:

•Which queen of England tried to

bring Catholicism back?

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Counter Reformation

• Wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism

• It was losing followers which meant it was losing money

• They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church

Counter Reformation 2:10

Think of this… The Catholic Church wanted to repent for it’s

• Society of Jesus or Jesuits (missionaries)

• Inquisition (Church court to punish Protestant heretics)

• No more indulgences

• Stop the spread of Protestantism

Council of Trent

• The Council of Trent met to reform the Catholic Church

• The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices

– Salvation comes through faith and good works

– The Bible is not the only source of truth

• The council took steps to end Church abuses

The Jesuits

• Ignatius of Loyola -religious leader who was devoted to the

Catholic Church

• Formed the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, to defend and spread the Catholic faith around the world

• Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas

• Known for setting up schools

Spanish and Italian Inquisitions • Spain: persecution of Mariscos (Christian Moors) and

Marranos (Christian Jews)

• Succeeded in bringing southern German and Eastern Europe back to Catholicism

• An effort to prevent the spread of Protestant religions

• Index of Prohibited Books: catalogue of forbidden reading

• Ended heresy in the Papal States; rest of Italy not affected significantly

Spread of Christianity • Protestant England settled in what is now the

United States

• Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America

Protestant

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Spread of Christianity • Protestant England settled in what is now the

United States

• Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America

Protestant

Catholic

Exit-slip

•What was the Counter

Reformation?

Today’s Schedule:

• Start unit project

Today’s Schedule:

• Continue unit project

Today’s Schedule:

• Finish unit project

• Start presentations

Today’s Schedule:

• Pass out study-guide

• Finish presentations

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Today’s Schedule:

• Go over study-guide

• War!

Today’s Schedule:

• Test

Today’s Schedule:

• Open Response Practice

• RAP

Protestant Reformation Open Response

The Protestant Reformation was a time when the Catholic Church fought to hold on to its crumbling “empire.” The Catholic Church fought against many reformers including John Calvin, Desiderius Erasmus, and Ulrich Zwingli.

A) Explain the events before and after Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses.

Before the nailing of the 95 Theses by Martin Luther….

After the nailing of the 95 Theses by Martin Luther…

B) Explain Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church.

Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church all started with…

C) Explain in detail the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation).

The Catholic Reformation was basically…

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Today’s Schedule:

• Open Response