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In the texts

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1 Draw lines to match the information with its source on pages 10–11.

Information source What you learn

a What Is a Volcano? types of mountains, including volcanoes

b diagram of a volcano appearance and colour of lava

c photo of Mount Garibaldi example of a mountain made by a volcano

d Mountains of the World steps in volcano research

e photos of lava dangers of a volcano

f sign structure of a volcano

g diary entry features of volcanoes

2 In What Is a Volcano?, underline a caption for the picture of flowing lava. Done

3 Why are captions important?

4 The diary entry on page 11 was written by a research scientist. How is it different to an

information report?

5 How should an information report begin?

6 Highlight the general statements of each report on pages 10–11. Done

7 Would the general statements be different for older readers? How?

8 An information report often has a glossary, which explains technical words in the text.

Which words from the texts on pages 10–11 would you place in a glossary?

9 Why do you think people find volcanoes so interesting?

1 Read What Is a Volcano? and answer true or false.

a Volcanoes occur only in mountainous areas. _____________________________

b Molten rock and lava are the same things in different places. _____________________________

c Volcanoes shape the Earth’s surface. _____________________________

d We don’t need to monitor dormant volcanoes because they are inactive. ___________________________

e Active, dormant and extinct are types of volcanoes. _____________________________

2 In what ways can volcanoes cause disasters?

3 The part of the Earth we walk on is called the crust. Why?

4 Look at the diagram on page 10. Write descriptions for the following features.

a magma chamber

b crater pipe

c vents

5 On the diagram, circle the caption that best describes how volcanic activity creates

mountains. Done

6 What do you think the person in the photo is doing?

7 What are the two ways that mountains form?

8 Write some examples.

a fold mountains:

b block mountains:

c dome mountains:

9 Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. What range of fold mountains is it in?

10 On the warning sign, what does hazardous to your health mean?

Read and learn

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11 Why are many words left out of the diary text on page 11?

12 Back at base camp is a fragment of a sentence. Write it as a full sentence.

13 What do you think seismo means?

14 Where is Bogotá?

Your turn1 Would the sign on page 11 stop you from approaching a volcano?

Write a new sign and explain why yours is better.

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2 Write an information report about volcanoes for young

readers — children in the first three years of primary school.

Use the texts on pages 10–11 and other sources of information.

a Make notes about the most important facts. Use your own

keywords and short phrases.

b Write a general statement to introduce your topic.

c Arrange your notes in order by numbering them. Done

d Write one topic sentence for each main fact.

e Choose one topic sentence and use it to write a paragraph.

Use your plan to write a full report on volcanoes, and then read it to a younger class.

Check: Have you used technical words?

Have you been clear and accurate?

Have you used your own words?

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An information report presents information about something. It usually describes an entire class of things, such as planets or plants. It has:

features (each begins with a topic sentence)

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

_

_

Sentences and paragraphsSentences have different structures, depending on the number and type of clauses they

contain. A simple sentence is one independent clause.

eg The huge tree fell down.

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. The clauses are joined with a

comma and coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), or a semicolon.

eg The huge tree fell down, and it lay across the road for many days.

independent clause independent clause

A complex sentence has an independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses.

eg The huge tree fell down when powerful winds blew up a severe storm.

independent clause dependent clause

1 Are these sentences simple, compound or complex?

a Volcanic fumes are hazardous to your health and may be life threatening. __________________

b Do not enter this area if you are a person at risk. __________________

c Fold mountains are the tallest mountains in the world. __________________

d When vents are blocked by material from previous eruptions, pressure builds up inside

the volcano. __________________

e They bury towns and create islands and mountains. __________________

2 Add another independent clause to these sentences to make a compound sentence.

Join them with a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

a We reached the best spot to view the volcano

b Scientists explored the volcanic region

c Lava flowed down the hillsides

d

and slowly approached the villages.

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3 Rewrite the following correctly.

a Dylan and John were late to training. Because they had been writing their assignment.

b They had found great information and made excellent notes they wrote it on the

computer so their teacher would be impressed.

4 Paragraphs consist of sentences about the same point. Circle the ideas that belong in

the same paragraph.

a volcanic ash is dangerous d very high winds g ash forms in a plume

b boats stay in harbours e people may suffocate h cause flooding

c warm water heats the air above f tiny particles form ash i occur in tropical areas

5 Number the following sentences in order to form a paragraph.

The snow mixes with soil and fallen ash, ripping houses and trees from the ground

and carrying them downstream.

Devastating mudflows known as lahars are caused by ash, soil and rock combining on

volcanic slopes.

In 1985, an eruption of the Nevada del Ruiz volcano in Colombia caused lahars that

buried the town of Amero, killing 23 000 people.

Lehars also occur when snow melts due to the heat of the eruption.

6 A topic sentence is a summary of the paragraph’s main point. Write a short paragraph

to follow this topic sentence: Studying volcanoes is one of the most dangerous jobs there is.

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Books read

poetrycool games

My stuff

photos

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Unit 1: Positive peer pressure UUnniitt 22:: !

Cut and stick pictures from magazines or newspapers

drawingsapers

great websites

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plays

Diary

Print your name here:

Start of test

Read the texts on pages 2 and 3, and answer questions 1 to 4.1 What do the letters B, L and T stand for

in the text on page 2? O bacon, lettuce and tomato

O Be friendly. Let it happen. Take the time

to listen

O Be there for each other. Let others be

themselves. Take the time to listen.

2 The photo of hands is used to show O short fingernails.

O hands being close and friendly.

O that clean hands are important for

good health.

3 In Healthy Relationships, bullying can happen to

O all children.

O children under 8 years of age.

O anyone of any age.

4 How would someone find out that two-thirds of children enjoy good relationships with their parents?

O Make a guess.

O Ask children in a survey.

O Ask a teacher.

Study the texts and pictures on page 10 and answer questions 5 to 8.5 The purpose of What Is a Volcano? is to

explain O where volcanoes are found.

O why volcanoes are dangerous.

O how a volcano occurs and what it does.

6 Which statement shows most clearly that volcanoes change the world?

O Volcanoes have a massive impact on

the landscape.

O Volcanoes are reported worldwide.

O Volcanoes kill large numbers of people.

Use a pencil. DO NOT use a pen. If you make a mistake, rub it out and try again.

Assessment: Units 1 and 2

This is a test to see how well you understand what you have read, and to see what you know about using language, spelling and punctuation. It is also a writing test.

InstructionsRead each question carefully. Some questions will ask you to read a text from another page in this book before answering.

There are three different ways to show your answer:

answer. O

(First name) (Family name)

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7 The crater pipe forces its way through O the lava flow.

O the main vent.

O layers of rock.

8 What happens to ash from a volcano? O It falls to Earth.

O It floats into space.

O It mixes with clouds and falls as rain.

Read the texts on page 11 and answer questions 9 to 12.9 Which statement is true? O The Himalayas are volcanic mountains.

O Mount Kilimanjaro is a fold mountain.

O The Adirondack Mountains are volcanic

mountains.

10 Peaks and valleys in volcanic mountains are caused by

O explosions.

O erosion.

O tectonic plates.

11 The people kept to the outer rim because

O there was more lava there.

O the seismo readings would be easier.

O the students would be safer.

12 The diary was written by a O seismologist.

O university student.

O reporter.

Look at the pictures and illustrations on pages 2 and 3, and answer questions 13 and 14.13 The photographs O show that celebrities are in the texts.

O show real people in everyday situations.

O highlight differences between people.

14 Captions O describe the information the pictures

are giving.

O give us different information.

O point out how important the

photograph is.

15 Points which explain how or why something happens are called

O list points.

O bullet points.

O pin points.

16 Which contraction is correct? O theyr’e O they’re O the’re O their

Read the following text and answer questions 17 and 18.

“There is no way out of this maze. I can see no exit! I’m quite sure I can’t …”

17 The punctuation mark after the word can’t is

O a dash.

O a hyphen.

O an ellipsis.

O a colon.

18 The punctuation mark after the word exit is

O a question mark.

O an exclamation mark.

O a quotation mark.

O a mistake.

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Assessment: Units 1 and 2

19 Shade two bubbles to show where dashes should go in this sentence. O O O O O

We will put those plants in a row no, not there over there against the fence.

20 Are these sentences simple, compound or complex? Your best friend is coming over, but you can take them to a movie.

Your best friend is coming over.

When your best friend comes over, you can take them to a movie.

21 What is the best topic sentence for this paragraph:

Most dogs like to think they are the leader of a family. They can get very demanding if you don’t keep them under control. This can be a problem for some families.

O My dog was a stray.

O Dogs give families a lot of joy.

O Dogs in the wild have a leader in their pack.

O Our neighbour’s dog bit him one day.

Spelling mistakes in these sentences have been circled. Write the correct spelling for each circled word in the box.

22 The seismologist took larva samples to the laboratory.

23 It is difficult to resist peer presseure .

24 Always be positive and except your friends’ differences.

Shade two bubblesO O

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Gather ideas

can we bring it about? Politicians

talk about peace. Parents and

teachers ask us for peace. “War

is a cowardly escape from the

problems of peace.”Mann, 1875–1955.

Plan your narrativePlan a beginning, middle and

end for your story. Who are your

characters and what are they

like? Where is your narrative

set? Is it in the present or past

tense? Are you going to write

in the first person (I or we) or

the third (he/she/it/they)? What

complication emerges that needs

to be resolved?

RememberUse your imagination! Check your

spelling and punctuation. Use

connectives to link your ideas.

25 Write a narrative on the theme of peace.

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