UNIT 2 RESOURCES

Composition of Earth

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Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-879209-0MHID: 0-07-879209-6

Printed in the United States of America

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To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Unit 2 Composition of Earth

Reproducible Student Pages

Student Lab Safety Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Chapter 3

Matter and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 4

Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 5

Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 6

Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Teacher Guide and Answers

Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Table ofContents

vi

Copyright

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Lab Safety Form

Name:

Date:

Lab type (circle one) : Launch Lab, MiniLab, GeoLab

Lab Title:

Read carefully the entire lab and then answer the following questions. Your teacher must initial this form before you begin.

1. What is the purpose of the investigation?

2. Will you be working with a partner or on a team?

3. Is this a design-your-own procedure? Circle: Yes No

4. Describe the safety procedures and additional warnings that you must follow as you perform this investigation.

5. Are there any steps in the procedure or lab safety symbols that you do not understand? Explain.

Teacher Approval Initials

Date of Approval

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Reproducible PagesTable of Contents

Chapter 3 Matter and Change MiniLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

GeoLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Teaching Transparency Masters and Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

STP Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1

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MiniLab 3MiniLab 3

2 Chapter 3 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe GeoLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Identify Elements

What elements are in your classroom? Most substances on Earth occurin the form of chemical compounds. Around your classroom, there arenumerous objects or substances that consist mostly of a single element.

Procedure

1. Read and complete the lab safety form.

2. Create a data table with the following column headings: Article, Element,Atomic Number, Properties.

3. Name three objects in your classroom and the three different elements ofwhich they are made.

4. List the atomic numbers of these elements and describe some of theirproperties.

Analysis

1. Categorize List two examples of a solid, a liquid, and a gaseous object orsubstance.

2. Compare and contrast liquids, solids, and gases.

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GeoLab and MiniLab Worksheets Chapter 3 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 3

Name Class Date

Many rocks on Earth form from salts precipitating out of seawater. Salt ionsprecipitate when a salt solution becomes saturated. Solubility is the ability ofa substance to dissolve in a solution. When a solution is saturated, no more of thatsubstance can be dissolved. What is the effect of temperature and evaporation onsalt precipitation? How do precipitation rates affect the size of crystals?

ProblemUnder what conditions do salt solutions becomesaturated and under what conditions does saltprecipitate out of solution?

Materialshalite (sodium chloride)

250-mL glass beakers (2)

distilled water

plastic wrap

laboratory scale

hot plate

shallow glass baking dish

refrigerator

glass stirring rod

ObjectivesIn this GeoLab, you will:

Observe salt dissolving and precipitating froma saturated salt solution.

Identify the precipitated salt crystals. Compare the salt crystals that precipitate out

under different conditions.

Hypothesize why different conditions producedifferent results.

Safety Precautions

Always wear safety goggles and an apron in the lab.Wash your hands after handling salt solutions. Usecare in handling hot solutions. Use protection handling hot glassware.

Precipitate Salt

P R E P A R A T I O N

1. Read and complete the lab safety form.

2. Make a data table to record your observations.

3. Pour 150 mL of distilled water into a 250-mLglass beaker. Add 54 g of sodium chloride tothe distilled water in the beaker and stir untilonly a few grains remain on the bottom of thebeaker.

4. Place the beaker on the hot plate and turn thehot plate on. As the solution inside the beakerheats up, stir it until the last few grains ofsodium chloride dissolve. The salt solutionwill then be saturated.

5. Pour 50 mL of the warm, saturated solutioninto the second 250-mL glass beaker. Coverthis beaker with plastic wrap so that it forms agood seal. Put this beaker in the refrigerator.

6. Pour 50 mL of the saturated solution into theshallow glass baking dish. Place the dish on thehot plate and heat the salt solution until all theliquid evaporates. CAUTION: The baking dishwill be hot. Handle with care.

7. Place the original beaker with 50 mL of theremaining solution on a shelf or windowsill.Do not cover the beaker.

8. Observe both beakers one day later. If crystalshave not formed, wait another day to makeyour observations and conclusions.

9. Once crystals have formed in all threecontainers, observe the size and shape ofthe precipitated crystals. Describe yourobservations in your data table.

P R O C E D U R E

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4 Chapter 3 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe GeoLab and MiniLab Worksheets

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Precipitate Salt

1. Describe the shape of the precipitated crystals in the three containers. Does theshape of the crystals alone identify them as sodium chloride?

2. Infer how heating the salt solution affected the solubility of the sodium chloride.

3. Interpret what effect cooling has on the solubility of salt. What effect doesevaporation have on the solubility of salt?

4. Evaluate the relationship between rate of cooling and crystal size.

A N A LY Z E A N D C O N C L U D E

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GeoLab and MiniLab Worksheets Chapter 3 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5

Name Class Date

Precipitate Salt

Use Other Substances Design an experiment to investigate other solublesubstances. Test to see how much of the substance can be dis