unit 2 unit 2: 20 exam century depth studies gcse history b (4045): modern world history. unit 1...

AQA GCSE History B (4045): Modern World History.

Unit 1 International Relations: Conflict & Peace in the 20th

Century – exam (37.5%) : 1.The Origins of the First World War

2.Peacekeeping 1918-19 & the League of Nations

3.Hitler’s Foreign Policy &the Origins of the Second World War

•Unit 2 20th Century Depth Studies – exam

(37.5%) :3. The Roaring Twenties: USA 1918-19295. Hitler’s Germany

6. Depression & the New Deal: USA 1929-41

•Unit 3 Historical Enquiry – British History –Controlled Assessment (25%)

Exam: one hr 45 mins

Exam: one hr 45 mins

Paper 2

Exam Questions

Unit 2Twentieth Century Depth Studies

Unit 2: 20th Century Depth Studies

A: The Roaring 20s: USA 1918-29

•Ans 4mk, 6mk + 10mk question

B: Hitler’s Germany: 1929-39

•Ans 8mk + 12mk question

B: Depression & the New Deal: USA 1929-41

•Ans 8mk + 12mk question

35 mins for each section

Grade Boundaries – June 2011 exams

MAXIMUMSCALED MARK

A* A B C D E F G

60 44 39 34 29 23 17 11 5

UNIT 2

Unit 2: Section AA: The Roaring 20s: USA 1918-29

• 4 mark Questions

Level1: Basic comprehension (taking info from the source) (1-2 mks)

Level 2: Ans shows understanding & is able to make inferences (3-4 mks)

• Make 2 inferences• Only write a few lines

• Don’t paraphrase or copy out the source

• This question is not focusing on knowledge

4 mkComprehension & Inference Question

Page 1

The Roaring Twenties, USA 1918—1929—4 mark questions 1. 2 3. 4. 5.

By 1920 large numbers of immigrants had settled in the growing cities. Many were Catholics from South-ern and Eastern Europe. They spoke languages that were strange in the mainly English and German speaking cities. These recent immigrants were felt to be not as good as earlier arrivals, but in reality this reflected racial prejudice. Source E A description of immigrants who had ar-rived in the USA.

What does Source E suggest about immigrants who had arrived in the USA by 1920? (4 marks)

Source E Attitudes to European involvement after the First World War In 1917 millions of Americans had supported President Wilson’s decision to involve the USA in the First World War. It was a cru-sade to make the world stable and democratic. However, after the war many Americans wanted to withdraw from European entanglements. Others lost interest in the complex de-bates about the League of Nations.

What does Source E suggest about American attitudes towards involvement in Europe after the end of the First World War? 4 marks

Source E Immigration and the quota system of 1921 The quota system was set up in 1921. It was a victory for the ‘WASPs’. They had little respect for the southern and eastern Europeans who were most of the immi-grants between 1900 and 1920.

What does Source E suggest about American attitudes towards immi-grants? (4 marks)

Source E The cinema in the 1920s in the USA By the 1920s Hollywood had become the film-making capi-tal of the world. Movie-going was now one of the most pop-ular leisure pursuits in America. In 1920 cinemas had sold 40 million tickets a week. By 1930 they were selling nearly 100 million. There was a so-called ‘picture palace’ in al-most every town.

What does Source E suggest about the cinema in the USA in the 1920s? (4 marks)

Source E Advertising in the USA in the 1920s A whole advertising industry grew up to promote the vast range of consumer goods on offer. It used increasingly sophisticated techniques. Adverts were more colourful than before and catch phrases were introduced. Magazine advertising increased greatly and radio advertising began as a completely new venture.

What does Source E suggest about advertising in the USA in the 1920s? 4 marks

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The Roaring Twenties, USA 1918—1929—4 mark questions 6. Source E The Jazz Age

Jazz was a new form of music that developed from early kinds of black music. Jazz music appealed to young people because it was often played in bars and clubs which sold illegal alcohol. These places were therefore seen as daring and exciting. The jazz too seemed wild and dramatic and it soon became a craze.

What does Source E suggest about the popularity of Jazz in the 1920s in the USA? (4 marks)

Sample Board Examples:

Level 1 Answer: Jazz was a new form of music. It appealed to young people. Jazz became a craze. It was wild & dramatic. Level 2 Answer: Jazz was popular – but partly because it was linked with other exciting things such as illegal alcohol & bars & clubs. Young people were able to associate jazz with excitement, novelty, risk, freedom of expression & shock-value. Listening to jazz music was a form of political protest, casting away social restraints & associating with the black community. Source E suggests that Jazz music was a new innovation at the time and was rising in popularity. It was something that at first was more contained to the countryside where Negros lived but soon started to spread into the cities. The popularity of the music rose but was more attractive to the youth rather than the older generation who preferred to stick with their own type of music. The power in the music was very strong and it exhibited an animal like attitude from youths. As alcohol was prohibited at the time, the Jazz and illegal alcohol were a perfect combination in speakeasies where people came to relax =4 marks Source E suggests the Jazz music was very popular and appealed to young people as it was seen as daring and exciting. It originated from early kinds of black music and so youth enjoyed listening to it as it was a form of political protest – keen to cast away any social restraints of the previous generations i.e. associating with the black community if you were of white skin. Another reason why Jazz was so popular – suggests source E – was because it was played in bars and clubs that sold illegal alcohol. Jazz, like alcohol in the time of prohibition, was associated with freedom of expression and it was wild. Source E suggests that ‘it soon became a craze’.

Page 3

The Roaring Twenties, USA 1918—1929—6 mark questions

1. Explain why the USA had an economic boom in the 1920s. (6 marks)

2. Explain the extent of social change achieved by flappers in the USA in the 1920s. 6 marks 3. Explain the consequences of Prohibition for the USA in the 1920s. (6 marks) 4. Explain why the Stock Market boom developed in the 1920s. (6 marks)



Level1: Simple description &/or identifies a reason(1-2 mks)

Level 2:Either several reasons identified or one explained in detail/depth (3-4 mks)

Level 3: Developed explanation of two or more reasons (5-6 mks)

• Explain• Don’t just describe

• The focus will be causation, consequence or changes

6 mkExplanation

Question

You could have included: Read the Q carefully – do not just write about the boom—Prosperity/isolationism/tariffs/rugged individualism/confidence, People keen to buy shares/increased demand, Govt encouragement/little regulation (laissez faire) & low taxation, Investors borrowed money (low interest rates) to buy more shares & banks/Buying on the margins, Mass prod & growth of HP, Give a range of reasons & explain in detail. Could link/interconnect the causes of the boom

Sample Board Examples: majority of Americans (white mostly) in a positive way. After World War One, America knew it wouldn’t be able to sell as many goods as it used to Europe because of the reparations after the war. These were financial reparations stopping Amer-ican people selling overseas as Europe couldn’t afford to buy. America adopted an isolationist attitude and wanted to stay away from European affairs to concentrate on its own prosperity. The Republican government at the time adopted business policies such as lassiez-faire and the 1922 Fordney-McCumber Tariff to help boost the American economy. The Fordney-McCumber Tariff was introduced which made overseas goods expensive as they had to pay high tariffs to sell the goods which made American goods cheaper to buy and meant more people would buy American goods. Lassiez-faire policy meant that the government would interfere as little as possible with the people and believed in rugged individualism mean-ing people being responsible for their own money. Low taxation was introduced so that Americans would have more money to spend on American goods so rich people would invest more and others would buy more. Mass production also meant that goods could be produced faster such as cars. In 1903 Henry Ford opened the Ford Company and the T-Model was introduced in 1909. By 1914 it only took 93 minutes to make a car from the previous 14 hours and manufacturing belts were used as well. The manufacturing of cars introduced more jobs in industries such as lighting and in the electric industry. Hire purchase was also introduced which meant people could buy goods on credit. They would pay a deposit and could pay the rest for the goods when they had enough money. This meant more people bought goods so more jobs were made for in-dustries to make goods faster. Share purchase was also introduced as people started buying shares on the stock exchange the profits but also selling the shares on. The value of shares went up by 300%. People were buying shares ‘on the margin’ where they would get 90% of the loan from the bank and buy the shares and then expected to pay the bank back with the profits. Their houses were taken as guarantees. Confidence also played a major factor in the boom as everyone thought that they were entitled to prosperity and people were confident in the economy and repaying the loans that they had taken. = 6 marks

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5. Explain how the Ku Klux Klan affected the USA in the 1920s. (6 marks)

6. Explain the effects of immigration controls (introduced in 1921 and 1924) on the USA. 6 marks

Cont: Sample Board Examples: The Stock Market boomed in the 1920s because of a number of reasons. Mass marketing was the first reason as the production line was invented which meant cars could be made in 93 minutes instead of 4 hours and new technology became available, new jobs were created trying to work machinery. Mass marketing was also another reason, advertising became more popular and main stores like Woolworths developed and catalogues were sent out to rural areas which meant people could buy things even if they couldn’t afford it which meant more money went to factories which created more jobs and more money. This meant people could afford to buy shares. Confidence alsocaused the Stock Market to boom as people were confident they would be able to pay back their loans and so bought more shares. Government policies also meant that they lowered tax so that people would spend more and it allowed them to spend more money on shares. People bought shares because they thought they would be able to make money off them when they sold them again. Mass marketing and production produced more jobs which gave people more money in order to buy shares. The growth of prosperity allowed this to happen and so did isolationism as the Fordney-McCumber tariff put high taxes on foreign goods which meant people spent more money on American goods so more money circulated in America so people could buy more shares. = 5 Marks

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1.

2.



Level 1: Taken at face value &/or general response (1-2 mks)

Level 2: Simple comments on content &/or provenance (3-5 mks)

Level 3: Developed analysis of content or evaluation of provenance (6-8 mks)

Level 4: %L3 + good L2 (9 mks) Good L3 + good L3 (10 mks)

• Provide: analysis of content + evaluation of provenance

• Provide depth.

• Need 2 developed answers/argument

10 mkUtility Question

Useful/ not usefulReliable/ weaknesses & limitations/bias

SPAG = 3 mks

Source F From an account written in the 1920s about travelling on a tram in a northern city in the USA. It was written by a Black American, Richard Wright, who had recently moved from a state in the south of the USA to one in the north. He went on to write novels publicising the problems facing Black Americans between the wars. When we got on a street tram for the first time, we were told that we could sit where we wanted, but we were still scared. We cannot shake off three hundred years of fear. A white man sits down next to us, not even looking at us, as if it was a normal thing to do. Out of the corner of our eyes we try to get a glimpse of the strange white face that is only a few inches from ours.

How useful is Source F for studying attitudes towards Black Americans in the USA in the 1920s? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. (10 marks)

Source F What led to the Wall Street Crash It is taken from The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-1932, by W.E.Leuchtenburg, published in 1958. During the 1920s the author was only a boy and he researched thoroughly using documents before writing this book. He was a professor of history at various American universities. Workers in industries, though better off in the 1920s, received wage increases that were very small compared with the huge profits enjoyed by business bosses. As a result, the purchasing power of workers was not great enough to sustain prosperity. Profits were plunged into the stock market, producing a runaway speculation in ever-increasing prices of stocks and shares.

How useful is Source F for explaining the causes of the Wall Street Crash? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. 10 marks

Page 6

The Roaring Twenties, USA 1918—1929—10 mark questions 3. 4.

How useful is Source F to an historian studying attitudes towards the stock market in the USA in the 1920s? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. (10 marks) Source F The importance in people’s lives of the American stock market. This cartoon comes from the New York Magazine in 1927. It shows a man in hospital about to have an operation but still worrying about his investments.

Source F Al Capone on the front cover of the popular US magazine, Time, 1930 The magazine covered stories about rich and famous celebrities. How useful is Source F for studying American attitudes towards organised crime and gangsters dur-ing the period of Prohibition? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. (10 marks)

You could have included: Useful = recog & well known AC, Amer attitudes towards him. Portrayed as ‘good guy’ & entrepreneur, businessman, supplying Amers & outwitting Prohib agents. Reflecting popular views, idolised & fascination with criminals/

•Weaknesses/Limitations = He controlled publicity & media depictions.

Does not show St V’s Day Massacre. We don’t know what the mag says -Magazine – reflecting views of wealthy & educ Amer readers/escapist reading about rich & famous/iconic Amer mag/influential/ such an image would attract attention & readers/many readers would disagree with AC actions

explain what AC did as a gangster Useful/ not useful

Reliable/ weaknesses & limitations/bias—year after event

Weaknesses/Limitations = He controlled publicity & media depictions. Does not

show St V’s Day Massacre. We don’t know what the mag says-Magazine – re-flecting views of wealthy & educ Amer readers/escapist reading about rich & fa-mous/iconic Amer mag/influential/ such an image would attract attention & read-ers/many readers would disagree with AC actions

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Sample Board Examples: In the 1920s era of the USA, it was a time of boom, but also it was a time of organised crime. The source F shows a picture of Al Capone, the most popular and well known criminal of the era, it shows the man on the cover of Time magazine which was the most popular magazine in America. From source F you get a view on the attitudes that Americans had towards organised crime and gangsters during Prohibition. From this source you get a view that Al Capone was a celebrity of the era and was loved by many people, this is true to an extent. Al Capone supplied the American people the illegal items which made him a popular man in parts of the USA. This is because of the time, the USA was under the Volstead Act of 1920 which made alco-hol illegal to the people of America, many people were unhappy about this and Al Capone was there to supply them with what they wanted. So this did make him a popular figure. However source F may not be completely useful for seeing how Al Capone and organised crimes was viewed. As many people in gangs paid bribes to top government officials or people of high power, this might show that the source doesn’t portray how Al Capone and other people in crime were viewed as he may have paid the own-ers of the magazine to put him on the front of Time. Therefore this would imply that organised crime was not viewed as popular but the people in it had the money to make themselves out to be celebrities. The source pictures Al Capone a member of a gang on the magazine this is useful as it shows that the people of the USA were used to seeing organised crime out in the open and did not mind. However this view was not shared by all those in America, there werecertain groups highly opposed towards the supply of alcohol by gangs and the crime that it brought to the city during the time of Prohibition. These people were groups such as the Women’s Temper-ance League and the Anti-Saloon League, these groups were against what Al Capone and other gangs were doing. There were also people opposed to the bloodshed but could do nothing about it because of bribes such as the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre where rival gang members were killed. Police wanted to arrest him but they had no se-cure link. This suggests that not all people had affection for the gangs. From the source it is partially useful for a his-torian as what it does is shows the views of certain people that he was a celebrity and a big business man supplying what people wanted. It is also useful in showing the people of the USA were used to seeing about him in the open. However it is not useful in showing the bribes that they might have given to be seen as celebrities and also those opposed to crime. = 9 marks

Source F is useful for studying American attitudes to organised crime and gangsters towards Prohibition because Al Capone is on the front of a popular magazine which shows he was popular amongst people because he’s on the magazine. Al Capone was a gangster who was popular with the public because he used to give money to charities and attend sports. He was a feared gang leader though and he would kill his own men if he believed they were plotting against him. He used to be a supplier of moonshine which was illegal alcohol during Prohi-bition and he ran speakeasies. Al Capone was popular and people had a good attitude towards him be-cause he gave to charities. The Valentine’s Day Massacre was a turning point though when Al Capone killed Bugsy Moran’s men, he was arrested for tax evasion and Prohibition ended. The public had a laidback attitude to organised crime and gangsters. Policemen were willing to tell people where the closest speakeasy was and alcohol was imported from Canada and it was hard to control. Moe Smith and Einstein were two famous agents who tried to stop organised crime as they would go into speakeasies and order a drink and arrest whoever served them. Overall source F is very useful for studying American attitudes towards organised crime and gangsters as it shows Al Ca-pone is very popular as he appears on a popular magazine but from my own knowledge I know that peo-ple only had a positive attitude because he would give money to charity and was popular because he was a fan of sports games. Organised crime and gangsters weren’t popular because of how they mur-dered people and the Valentine’s Day Massacre was the end of Prohibition because organised crime had gone too far. = 6 marks

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The Roaring Twenties, USA 1918—1929—10 mark questions 5. 6.

Source F The attitude of the Republican Party in the USA towards the League of Na-tions, 1919. It is taken from a speech by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, 12 August 1919. The League of Nations is mainly a political organisation. I object strongly to American politi-cians wasting time discussing disputes in which we have no direct interest. I wish to limit our involvement in the arguments of Europe. We have interests of our own in Asia and in the Pa-cific. The less we get involved in Europe, the better it is for the United States. How useful is Source F for studying attitudes in the USA in 1919 towards the League of Nations? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. (10 marks)

Source F Seizing illegal alcohol in the USA in the 1920s The photograph was taken in 1922. It shows apparatus capable of containing 500 gallons of whisky, seized in Washington DC, not far from the President’s White House How useful is Source F for explaining attitudes towards Prohibition in the USA in the 1920s? Use Source F and your knowledge to explain your answer. 10 marks

See these questions in your ‘Student Guide:’

Page 9

Hitler’s Germany: 1929—39

Unit 2 20th Century Depth Studies – exam (37.5%)

•5. Hitler’s Germany

1929-39

•How & why was Hitler able to become Chancellor in Jan 1933?

•How did Hitler change Germany from a democracy to a Nazidictatorship, 1933-34, & then reinforce this?

•To what extent did Germans benefit from Nazi rule in the 1930s

Unit 2: Section BB: Hitler’s Germany: 1929-39B: Depression & the New Deal: USA 1929-41


Level 1: Basic description using source &/or own knowledge (1-2 mks)

Level 2: Either detailed description on part or Outline on wider range (3-6 mks)

Level 3: Detailed on several aspects including source as well as knowledge (7-8 mks)

• Description & use source 8 mk Description Questions using

Sources & KnowledgeGrade C = half marks or above

L2 3-6; L3 7-8



• Provide a detailed description

• Combine this with info from the sources & your own knowledge

8 mk Description Questions using

Sources & Knowledge

Level Feature Mark

1 Answer gives very limited description,

using source and/or own knowledge. 1-2

2 Answer EITHER gives detailed

description of limited range

OR gives limited description of a

wider range of aspects

3-6

3 Answer gives detailed description of

several aspects, using the source and

own knowledge.

7-8

Page 10

B Hitler’s Germany: 1929—39—8 mark questions

1.

2.

3.

Source H A picture of the Mother Cross. This medal was awarded to German women who gave birth to more than four children. It entitled wearers to a special salute from Hitler Youth mem-bers. Use your knowledge as well as Source H to describe how Nazi policies affected the lives of German women in the years 1933–1939. (8 marks)

Source H A Nazi election poster, 1932 The poster says ‘Our last hope: Hitler’.

In early 1929 the Nazis had very few seats in the Reichstag, yet by 1932 they had more than any other political party. Use Source H and your knowledge to describe how the Nazis achieved this in the years 1929–1932. (8 marks)

You could have included: Nazis used violence & propaganda, many agreed with their hatred of TofV, details on effects Wall St Crash on Germ & how this helped the Nazis gain support, propaganda message & methods, role SS & SA, weaknesses Weimar constitution & aging President.

Source H Nazis campaigning to stop Germans buying from Jewish shops The message on the placards is ‘Germans! Stand up for yourselves! Don’t buy from the Jews Use Source H and your knowledge to describe Nazi policies towards the Jews in the years 1933–1939. (8 marks )

You could have included: Jews treated as inferior, shops attacked, marchers telling not to buy from Jewish shops, Nuremberg laws 1935 taking away Jewish rights as citizens & banning ’mixed’ marriages, boycott of shops, general propaganda (like source H), , restrictions Jews in professions, Kristallnacht, need to show chronological progression. So not write about the Holocaust.

Sample Board Examples:

Hitler used brutal policies towards the Jews in the years 1933 – 39. He encouraged Aryan women to have children with other Aryans in an attempted to stop the Jews from infiltrating his ‘pure’ society. They were part of the ‘Untermenschen’ and so they were a burden to society in Hitler’s eyes therefore he en-couraged people not to buy from Jewish shops as this source suggests. A significant way in which he tried to fulfil his aim in ostracising the Jews was by having a lot of anti-Semitic propaganda. Indeed this source was used at the time to intimidate those who bought from Jewish businesses since the people parading are members of the SA and so you would feel you had to obey to avoid getting arrested or threatened by them. This kind of propaganda came paired with things such as lists put up entitled ‘Enemies of the State’ which had names of those still buying from Jewish shops. In the years 1933 to 1945 800,000 million people were arrested as enemies of the state. Hitler also attempted fulfil his policy of wiping out the Jews with propaganda in culture. Cont

Page 11

Cont: Sample Board Examples: Films often started with short feature films often about ‘standing up’ for yourselves and getting rid of Jews in an at-tempt to indoctrinate people into believing they were the getting rid of Jews in an attempt to indoctrinate people into believing they were the Untermenschen. This also happened at schools where in May 1933 children were encour-aged to burn Jewish books. The main event in which Hitler tried to show the Jews he wanted them gone was Kris-tallnacht where 91 Jews were killed and their businesses wrecked. Then two days later the Jews were fined 1 billion pounds worth of damage. Not only did this even scare Jews it also intimidated, like the source, those who still bought from Jewish businesses. By December 1936 all Jewish businesses were confiscated. The main way in which Hitler carried out his anti-Semitic policy was with the Final Solution and the concentration camps where millions of Jews were sent to places such as Auschwitz to endure hard labour or be gassed.

Level 3 = 8 Marks

When Hitler came to power he quickly established his wishes for Germany and his desires for its future as well as his opinions and basic policies of the Nazis. One of his views was that Jews were to blame for Germany’s economic depression, they were the rich bankers and lawyers who were greedy and it was their fault Germany’s economy crashed. The source is a good example of some of the ways Nazis intended to push Jews out of the picture. Source H shows a group of men, presumably they are Nazis. Most of the men in the group are carrying posters which translated read, ‘Germans! Stand up for yourselves! Don’t buy from the Jews’. This simple, precise message was very typical of the Nazis. Josef Goebbels the head of propaganda knew that short, direct messages worked best when convincing the mass-es. One of the first things Hitler did against the Jews when he came to power was organise a one day boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. He had SA men stand at the entrances of Jewish shops and physically stop people from entering the shop. These placards are presumably produced around the time of this boycott to remind people to stop giving Jews their money. Hitler didn’t stop there, over the next few years he introduced several more anti-Jewish policies. He banned marriage between Jews and Aryans, he also had many Jews dismissed from their jobs. Jewish teachers were not allowed and Jewish doctors and lawyers were not allowed to work for Aryans. Hitler want-ed to pick out Jews as much as possible so they could be identified easily. Jews therefore had a red letter ‘J’ stamped on their passport. The Nuremburg Laws were introduced which took away Jewish rights as citizens. Jews were classed as second rate citizens. Hitler even went to the point where in the late 1930s he encouraged Jews to evacuate Germany and move to live

The source H does give a very accurate image of policies Hitler introduced towards Jews, it does not show them all though and it does not display the degree of hatred Hitler must have had for the Jews to introduce some of the policies he did in the late 1930s. Level 2 = 6 Marks Source H Nazis campaigning to stop Germans buying from Jewish shops. The message on the placards is ‘Germans! Stand up for yourselves! Don’t buy from the Jews Use Source H and your knowledge to describe Nazi policies towards the Jews in the years 1933–1939. (8 marks) Source H is a clear example of one of Hitler’s and his Nazi parties policy. Hitler put the blame on all Jews in Germa-ny for the collapse of finance and because of the Wall Street Crash. Hitler wanted to make it clear what his aims were and by winning the hearts of most Germans, he was able to reach what he wanted to be – a Führer, a leader, a dictator. Hitler was only able to get to this position because of the death of General Paul Von Hindenburg. Hitler was quick to put all blame on the Jews and as a result, with the help of the SS and synagogues. With the help of propaganda and Josef Goebbels, head of propaganda, Hitler was able to ‘brainwash’ many Ger-mans into believing that Jews were bad people and were money-grabbers. Anti-Semitism did already exist in Ger-many before Hitler came along. However, Hitler and the Nazis made worse of what was already there. Source H shows several Nazi members campaigning to try and stop Germans from buying at Jewish shops. These Nazi members would walk the streets of Germany freely and many people would do what the placards said. People thought that if they did not do what these placards said, they would be betraying Hitler and they thought that they would be punished as a result. Level 2 = 3 Marks


4.

4. Roehm expanded the SA in the early 1930s into a huge organisation of street fighters, but his ambitions to take over the army made him a threat to Hitler. He was shot in the purge of the SA, known as the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934 Using Source H and your knowledge, describe the Night of the Long Knives and the immediate consequences. 8 marks

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B Depression & the New Deal: USA 1929—41—8 mark questions

1.

2.

3..

Source J The Consequences of the Great Depression in the USA The photograph shows unemployed people in New York queuing for food on Christmas Day, 1931.

Using Source J and your knowledge, de-scribe the main effects of the Wall Street Crash on the people of the USA. (8 marks)

Source J The Consequences of the Great Depression in the USA The photograph shows unemployed people in New York queuing for food on Christmas Day, 1931.

Describe the effects of the Depression 1929-32 on indus-trial workers in American cities & on farmers. (8 marks)

Source J A cartoon from 1936 showing Con-gress and the President telling the Supreme Court to support Roosevelt’s New Deal Use Source J and your knowledge to de-scribe criticism of, and opposition to, the policies of the New Deal in the years 1933–1939. (8 marks)

You could have included: Economic concerns, debt, taxpay-ers/Business/ Supreme Senator Juey Long/republicans (rugged individualism), Father Coughlin/Communists/Didn’t help everyone. Must write about Supreme Courts view.

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B Depression & the New Deal: USA 1929—41—8 mark questions

3.

4.

5.

Cont: Sample Board Examples: As we can see in Source J, one of the main critics to the New Deal was the Supreme Court. In 1936, as shown in the sources the Supreme Court and FDR conflicted. The dispute was originated from a Jewish Chicken farms sell-ing sick chickens to a business. The NIRA (The National Industrial Recovery Administration) got included with the business and interfered with it. This, deemed by the largely republican court was ‘unconstitutional’ and felt the actions of FDR’s NIRA and NRA were wrong and not for him to get involved with. Other criticisms steamed from the idea that the New Deal was not doing enough for the country’s recovery and some said that it was not only unfair on the tax payer to have to contribute so much, but also that it was a large waste of money/ There is a famous political cartoon which stresses both these ideas showing FDR ineffectively ‘pumping’ the New Deal pump and wasting $16 billion on schemes that did not work.Another famous critic of the New Deal was Henry Long who claimed that the New Deal was providing no reco ery for the American economy, just vague relief for its people. There was also a priest who, in contrast and opposition to FDR’s fireside chats, criticised the New Deal publically on the radio. There were also criticisms of some of the alphabet agencies such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, which only paid its workers £1 per day, described as ‘cheap labour’. Also the AAA infamously slaughtered 6,000,000 chickens as well or only giving to of its food to ten poor and destroying 9/10 in an effort to increase the value of food. Criticisms also stem from the result of the spending cuts of 1937 where, unemployment rose again by 2,000,000. People jumped on the fact that the New Deal relied on too much investment and wasn’t stable. = 8 marks Source J portrays the complete opposition of the Supreme Court to the policies of the New Deal as constructed by Roosevelt when elected for the second time in 1936. Roosevelt aimed to provide relief and recovery for certain groups of people that had suffered Depression bad in 1929 when an economic crisis occurred in America and share prices collapsed, crippling the American economy and banking system. As an effect of the crash there was a lot of unemployment and prices had increased on unpopular goods as there had been no demand for it, meaning farmers, especially, were affected. President Roosevelt and Congress worked together to reopen the trustworthy and honest banks by closing them all for a four day holiday and running an Emergency Banking Act through Con-gress which resulted in only a few of the banks reopening again. The Supreme Court would disagree with this act as they did not see it as recovery as many bankers lost their jobs so it acted as a contribution to unemployment which was at an all-time high at this period of Depression. Roosevelt set up many alphabet agencies that were agencies used to help certain groups recover. For example the Agricultural Administration Agency (AAA) stopped farm owners losing their farms by decreasing the prices of farm food so demand would increase and they could pay the mortgages. However, the Supreme Court objected this idea as they felt each nation should be in control of their own land rather than intervention from a government as had been the policy of ‘rugged individualism’ under Hoover’s rule. In the second New Deal the World Progress Act was created and the Supreme Court objected this as they didn’t believe giving people unnecessary jobs was helpful as it wasted the limited resources they had and was basically like paying people for doing unhelpful work within the community. The Supreme Court did not believe the alphabet agencies were helping anything as they did not completely solve unemployment or farming issues which were the largest affected areas of the depression. = 5 marks

Source J The Hoover Dam under construc-tion The dam was started by President Hoover in 1931 using government money, and completed five years later. Use Source J and your knowledge to de-scribe President Hoover’s attempts to deal with the Depression, 1929–1932. (8 marks)

Source J : The New Deal and unemployment There were millions of needy people in the USA. Roosevelt was willing to in-volve the government in direct relief measures. One of these was the FERA, set up in May 1933. Using Source J and your knowledge, describe how the New Deal aimed to help those suffering from poverty. 8 marks

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1. The Wall Street Crash enabled Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany in January 1933.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks)

2.‘Germans benefited from Nazi rule in the years 1933–1939.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks)

3.‘Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship because he banned other political parties.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks)


• 12 mark QuestionsLevel 1: Simple description or identifies one factor (1-3

mks)

Level 2: Identifies or describes several factors (4-6 mks)

Level 3: Developed explanation of 1 or more features. May not be balanced. Conclusion probably attempted (7-10 mks)

Level 4: Level 3 + balanced conclusion/judgement (11-12 mk)

• Use paragraphs• Need detail/depth• Need to be balanced: yes/no• Reach a judgement

12 mkEssay

You could have included: Yes = Nazis provided jobs, reduced unemployment drastically, ended the Depression, allowed Germans to regain pride, foreign policy successes 1935-38, provision of leisure activities, helped families, children opportunities via Hitler Youth, creating apparent political stability. No = end of democracy & freedoms, limitations for women, cultural censorship, fate of minorities such as gypsies & Jews, foreign policy expansion 1938-39 &worries over this—main focus should be domestic

You could have included: Hitler banned (abolition of) all other political parties & Trade Unions so that only Nazis met in Reichs-tag, got rid of Communists after Reichstag fire, consequences of Reichstag fire, Enabling Act, other methods towards dictator-ship included SS & Gestapo, adopting title of Fuhrer, propaganda methods (film, posters, newspapers, speeches, parades, cen-sorship, control of education & youth movements, control of church,

Level Feature Mark

1 Simple description and/or mentions one reason 1-3

2 EITHER Identifies several reasons with limited

development

OR Explains one reason/aspect using knowledge

and understanding.

In both cases, the answer may or may not make a

direct reference to the exact wording of the question

4-6

3 Explains more than one reason with some

considerable detail of knowledge.

The answer might be slightly less detailed, but

include a judgement on whether the quotation is

valid or not.

7-10

4 A detailed answer which explains several reasons

with good factual knowledge. It is also organised to

suit the structure of the question with the quotation

and reaches a valid reasoned conclusion.

11-12

Mark Scheme

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3.

Cont: Sample Board Examples: The main way in which Hitler created a dictatorship was because he used the Enabling Act to ban other parties cre-ating a one party state. Other significant ways were creating the Terror State and the least significant ways he was able to establish a dictatorship were the Reichstag Fire and the Night of the Long Knives. The least significant ways in which Hitler established a dictatorship was the Reichstag Fire and the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler used the Reichstag Fire to show how the Nazis were the one party to support and that communists were against Germany’s government. Although it seemed a communist plot, the Nazis may have had some involvement since Hitler seemed so pleased about it as propaganda. Hitler also used the event, to make use of the Article 48 to ‘sort’ the situation out and so on the same night 4000 communists were arrested. This makes it significant in trying to establish a dictator-ship since Hitler used it to extinguish political opponents. The second least significant way in which Hitler established a dictatorship was with the Night of the Long Knives where he got rid of the threat of the 5.2 million strong informal army the SA and Rohm. 400 SA members were killed and this helped Hitler create a dictatorship since he was able to get the support of the official army who disliked the SA. He was also able to get rid of the threat of Rohm who seemed adamant at turning the SA into a second army and interfering with Hitler’s plans. However, it was not the most significant war since it only got rid of the threat of the SA. Hitler would need a lot more to turn Germany into a dictatorship. A significant way in which Hitler established a dictatorship was by creating the Terror State. Hitler made the Gesta-po, or secret police, who had the power to arrest anti-Nazis or ransack anyone’s home. This was significant since it meant everyone wanted to vote for the Nazis to avoid being arrested. Everyone knew of someone who had been arrested and so it led to a fear which meant people were coerced into supporting Hitler. He also created the elite SS who ran the death camps again increasing fear in Germany since everyone realised if they weren’t publically pro-Nazi they and their family could be in danger making it significant for Hitler being able to establish a dictatorship. Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship because he banned other political parties. Shortly after he came to power he passed the Enabling Act however in order to pass it he had to get 2/3 majority so in order to achieve this he expelled 81 communists from the Reichstag. This gave him the power to pass any laws he wished and so on July 14th he passed the law that made Germany into the one-party state by banning other politi-cal parties. This was the main way in which he established a dictatorship because it meant everyone had to vote for the Nazis and so freedom of speech was eradicated. The Enabling Act also allowed Hitler to ban trade unions on the 2nd May and so this gave him even more power because there were no people who could articulate dislikes about Hitler and so he was able to become a dictator. In conclusion, Hitler was able to become a dictator since he created the Enabling Act and this allowed him to ban other political parties. It seemed that Hitler would stop at nothing to achieve supremacy and so the Enabling Act only acted as a catalyst for him gaining this immense power. Level 4 = 12 Marks Eliminating political parties was one of the ways Hitler managed to become a dictator but it was not the only way. Hitler who used a lot of propaganda and also some violence to become dictator of Germany. In a time of economic disaster people began to look towards extremist solutions. Nazis were favoured by businessmen and the unem-ployed whereas communists appealed to the poor working class. The communists were Hitler’s biggest political ene-my. When the Reichstag Fire rook place Hitler jumped at the chance to blame the communists. He managed to persuade President Hindenburg to pass a law known as the ‘Protection of the People and the State’ this law enabled Hitler to eliminate people who he believed were threatening to the safety of citizens or the government. After it came out that the communists had supposedly started the Reichstag Fire Hitler deemed them to be an ene-my of the state. After the March election he banned communists. This left more rightwing parties in the German governing body, Hitler was able to persuade these remaining parties to pass an Act which would enable Hitler to pass laws without the president, this was the Enabling Act. After Hitler had achieved this he banned all other parties besides Nazis, and when President Hindenburg died Hitler combined the title of president and chancellor into one and became a Führer, the leader of Germany, a dictator. to establish a dictatorship but before he could be in a high enough position of power to do this Hitler had to have a lot of support from citizens, this he achieved through propaganda and violence. The man in charge of propaganda was Josef Goebbels, he produced all kinds of propaganda including posters and pamphlets with short slogans and phrases which successfully convinced Germans to adopt Hitler’s views. His propaganda was much more effective than any of the other political parties. Hitler was also a good speech maker, often using short simple phrases to cap-ture the audience. All of Hitler’s campaigning convinced people to join the Nazis and gained Hitler a lot of support. Violence was also used in eliminating the political enemy, Hitler would have the SA take down prominent com-munists or opposers to the Nazis and would also have them disturb political meetings of other parties. Level 3 = 8 Marks

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4. “Jews and other non-German groups suffered from severe racial persecution throughout the period 1933-1939.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. 12 marks 5. “ The problem of unemployment in Germany, 1929—1933, allowed Hitler to become Chancellor.” Do you agree?Explain your answer. 12 Marks

Cont: Sample Board Examples:

I agree with the statement that Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship because he banned other par-ties, as after the failure of the Weimar Constitution, and the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the people of Ger-many were looking for an extreme party to help sort out the situation in Germany. Hitler and the Nazi Party gained more votes, and by banning all the other par-ties, the Nazis were the only party left for people to vote for, and this meant Hitler had a rise in power so he could begin to do what he wanted; create a strong, pure Germany. However, I believe there are other important reasons why Hitler managed to establish a dictatorship. First of all, when he was appointed chancellor by Von Papen, this meant that Hitler could have increasing impact in decisions made in Ger-many, and then the Reichstag Fire in 1936 was also another reason. Hitler blamed the starting of the Reichstag Fire on the Communist Party, and because he was chancellor, this meant he was in control of Article 48 – he could take emergency power over Germany, and he persuaded the people that com-munism was evil and he needed to protect Germany. Other ways in which Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship was through the Gestapo (secret police). Phone calls and actions of the German people were constantly monitored through the secret police, and if they believed that someone was against the Nazi Party, they would be dealt with, possibly through concentration camps, meaning that more and more people felt threatened into voting for the Nazi Party, and they gained more and more support. Hitler was a strong and powerful leader, and his leadership skills were a further reason why he was able to create a dictatorship. His ability to make powerful speeches, and his use of propa-ganda against communists, or any other party was another reason why he won votes and power, and many people were inspired by him as he promised them employment and ‘lebensraum’. In conclusion, I believe that by banning other parties, this was one way in which Hitler created a dictatorship, however I believe that there are also other important factors such as the Gestapo, propaganda, and the economic crisis where people turned to Hitler for support. Level 2 = 6 Marks Yes, I agree because Hitler’s rise to power also had its obstacles, which were mostly other parties such as the communists. Hitler opposed these and made sure they were banned. Other parties didn’t have the opportunity to make a vote, because Hitler sent the SA to threaten and even kill them. Nobody stepped up to Hitler because they were scared. Because he was Chancellor at the time, he used Act 48 to make a lot of emergency laws and part of this was to ban other parties. So there couldn’t be a fair vote for anything. People may disagree because they believe that the banning of parties isn’t the only reason. Another reason could be that Hitler made amazing speeches so a lot of people agreed. Also because Hitler had complete control over the media, and he used propaganda to spread the news about the Nazi Party. He brain-washed children’s minds and made them believe the Nazi way was the right way. Also because he made youth clubs and changed school timetables, so that mostly everything getting to children was Nazi related. He also arrest-ed people who were against Nazi Party. Not a lot of people were arrested. A lot of Germans disagreed with Hitler’s plans but kept silent. Overall, the banning of parties was the reason why he established dic-tatorship because nobody else had the chance to bring other ideas to the government. Level 2 = 4 Marks

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B Depression & New Deal: 1929—41—12 mark questions 1. ‘The collapse of business and industry was the most serious effect of the Depression in the USA in the years 1929 to 1932.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks) 2. ‘The New Deal led to the economic recovery of the USA in the 1930s.’ Do you agree? Explain your an-swer. (12 marks) 3. “The USA’s main economic recovery only happened after World War Two had started, not during the years 1933-1939.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks) 4. By 1939 the New Deal had achieved its aims.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks) 5.“The Depression in the USA developed in the years 1929-1932 because President Hoover failed to act.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks) 6. “President Hoover’s failure to deal with the Depression in the years 1929-1932 made sure that Roosevelt would be elected as President” Do you agree? Explain your answer. (12 marks)

You could have included: Mistakes, failures—political beliefs/stance, Hoovervilles, Bonus Army, Tariffs, Hoover Dam, Emergency Relief Act. Successes—action taken to revive the economy. Roosevelt received 75 % vote, Hoover 40% & 6 states voted for Hoo-ver. Consider extent agree with statement.

Sample Board Examples: I agree with this partly, as I also believe that FDR’s positives were also a major benefactor in Roosevelt’s ‘landslide’ win elections. Firstly, Herbert Hoover was a self-made republican who was a great believe in ‘Laissezfaire’ politics which do not involve much interaction from the Federal government. Herbert Hoover’s failure largely stemmed from his stubborn approach; not allowing any criticisms get in the way of his ‘rugged individualism’. Hoover’s failures and lack of involvement made all the USA’s shantytowns known as ‘Hoovervilles’ and the newspaper that people defined under ‘Hoover blankets’. Hoover did not however, do nothing at all, but what he did simply wasn’t enough. He first tried to help the farms out the Great Dust Bowl problem – the Farm Board Association tried to buy goods off farms but simply didn’t have enough investment to work effectively. Hoover also tried to protect the economy by news of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, the thought that by protecting the domestic market, people would be forced to buy American goods and reboot industry. However, in order to do this he decided to increase tariffs on the inferiority of foreigngoods. This idea backfired and Hoover ended up reducing trade as the foreign countries increased their tariffs in retaliation. He also didn’t realise the Americans couldn’t afford their own goods and the US spiralled into further depression. Hoover guard attitude and grave mistakes resulted in Iowa farmers protesting that: ‘In Hoover we trusted and now we are busted’. Between 1929 and 1939 109,371 busi-nesses collapsed due to Hoover reflecting how ineffective he was. FDR, on the other hand was presented in great contrast to his opponent in the ’32election. People liked his active polices on his proposition of the New Deal. FDR gained the confidence of his people via the radio by his ‘fireside chats.’ They also saw that he had overcome polio and this give his people confidence that he can do the same for the FDR toured the country on his train the ‘Roosevelt Express’ getting to know his nation. People also liked him and he promised to save the ‘forgotten man’ – the blue collar worker would be renumbered and helped. People also liked FDR’s promise to end prohibition and all the gang violence it involved. In conclusion, it was not only Hoover’s failure which resulted in the landslide victory of FDR, such as the backfiring Hawley-Smoot Tariff, the FBA but also FDR’s positive acts and to laissez faire which more people attracted to the idea of FDR and his New Deal. = 10 marks

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B Depression & New Deal: 1929—41—12 mark questions

Sample Board Examples: I believe that President Hoover’s failure to deal with the Depression made Roosevelt seem the next president to be elected. Americans simply gave up on Hoover as they strongly believed that he could not take America out of the Depression and put them back on track. The fact that Hoover put America into Depression made people feel that he could not take them out. Unemployment soared whilst Hoover was in charge and many wealthy families lost all their possessions under Hoover’s control. Many ‘Hoovervilles’ were made for those families who lost their homes. The Hoovervilles were simple basic houses created with material that were built on wasteland. The fact that Hoover-villes were names after Hoover suggests that he was the blame for the American situation at the time. Hoover’s ac-tions shown towards the Bogus Army marches made people feel like he did not care for the poor. Hoover’s promises now meant nothing to Americans as they soon lost all hope and belief in President Hoover. Franklin Roosevelt was a man who had past experience in politics. He was a man who made basic but inspired speeches and travelled all over the country to talk to the people of America. As Roosevelt had to be seated in a wheelchair, people thought of him as an inspiration to everyone. Roosevelt’s fireside chats made him seem close to the public especially when his talks were warming. Americans had belief in Roosevelt and the hope that he would bring America out of the Depres-sion and improve the countries situation. The belief came from the speeches and promises that Roosevelt talked about. These promises sounded realistic and this is why Americans were quick to elect Roosevelt as president and not continue with Hoover. Examples of Roosevelt’s promises included sorting out the financial situation and putting an end to Prohibition. This gave Roosevelt a huge amount of support as Americans thought Prohibition was a bad idea and only brought crime to America. = 6 marks

See these questions in your ‘Student Guide:’

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Paper 2— SECTION A ;Question types and how to structure 2013

USA in the 1920s

Question a) What does the source suggest ?…… 4 marks Aim: to show you understand the source information and what it implies of infers “ Firstly the source states that…..” copy a relevant point from the source “Secondly it also tells us that……”…..” copy another relevant point from the source “ Thirdly it suggests that…………. Make a suggestion/inference about the topic based on the information in

the source “ Finally it can be inferred that………”Use the information in the source to make a second suggestion about

the topic

Question b) Explain ……..6 marks Aim: to explain the causes, consequences or parts of an event from your own knowledge Using your own knowledge you need to break down the “ story” into different parts and describe and explain these in detail. This might involve a set of different causes, consequences or parts of an event YOU DO NEED CLEAR PARAGRAPHS “The first ……... was…….”—with facts in detail “Secondly…….”—with facts in detail “Thirdly…….” “Finally there were other factors/aspects/consequences”( Summarise the remaining other aspects/ reasons)

Question c) How useful is the source 10 marks Aim: assess how useful might this information be to a historian “Source X is from….It shows……”Briefly summarise the source and what it shows/tells you about the

issue in the question “Source X is useful to show……” Explain what it is useful for & support using Factual Knowledge “ It does have some limitations….” Explain what it is missing & support using Factual Knowledge “The provenance of the source also affects it’s utility”—Explain why the provenance makes it more or

less useful—Make sure you look at both sides . What makes it useful for some purposes ? Less use-ful for others—at least 2 paragraphs

“ In conclusion…” Conclude summarising the usefulness always referring to the purpose of the source

Remember to include

Facts and Key words

5 minutes /Four sen-

tences MAX

PROVENANCE means…

Where does the source come from?

Who wrote it drew it or said it ?

When was it produced ? Is it affected by events at

the time?

Is the person a reliable witness

whose opinions might be useful ?

Is it a useful guide to opinions

at the time ?

If it is written later is it affected

by hindsight ?

Is it written by someone with

strong or one sided point of view ? Bias

What was the motive or purposed of the au-

thor ? ( offer both sides if possible here )

Does the type of source reflect a method used

at the time to inform or persuade?

How can the content of the source be useful ?

It might, for example... “Provide facts which illustrate” ( some underlying issue/

view you know about)

“Provide facts which undermine”( some underlying issue/

view you know about)

“Shows historians how” ( draw inferences) “suggests that “

“Supply facts for historians on”( who want to study a spe-

cific topic)

Supply facts for historians (studying a specific politi-

cal ,economic or social aspect of as period or issue)

Tell historians ( some specific thing) about the author

Show historian ( some specific thing) about one political

or social grouping

Show a specific viewpoint

Paper 2 Section B—Question types and how to structure DEPRESSION & THE NEW DEAL

HITLERS’S GERMANY

Question a) Using Source X and your own knowledge describe…… 8 marks

•“Source X show one of the ways …….” You must start off describing the source – using your own knowledge to explain it. •”However other methods/factors…..” (Explain/describe the situation etc) •Furthermore…… You then need to write in detail on one aspect •Moreover…….. You then need to write in detail on a second aspect You must have plenty of facts

Question b) “…….” A viewpoint e.g. “ The New Deal was a Failure”…… Do you agree?

Essay 12 marks 1. Start off by defending the statement in the question—this could be more than one paragraph •”There is an argument that….. was the main reason for…….This can be supported by….”

•”Secondly……” Finish this section with a sentence “ All of the above suggests that …..” it was or wasn’t accurate? 2. You then need to explore the alternative side of the statement •”However there are other reasons why….” (Explain another factor- evaluate – more or less important than the one in the question) • “Further more”…..explain another factor – repeat •”Additionally……” •”Therefore ….. was /wasn’t ………. because” (evaluate the view in the question – Explain why you have reached your conclusion

You must have plenty of facts

unit 2 unit 2: 20 exam century depth studies gcse history b (4045): modern world history. unit 1...

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