UNIT 2WESTWARD EXPANSION

NOTES AND LECTURE POINTS FORTHE ENTIRE UNIT 2

The Articles of Confederation

The Big IdeaThe Articles of Confederation provided a framework for a

national government.

Main Ideas• The American people examined many ideas about

government. • The Articles of Confederation laid the base for the first

national government of the United States.• The Confederation Congress established the Northwest

Territory.

Main Idea 2: The Articles of Confederation laid the base

for the first national government of the United States.

• The Articles of Confederation created a national government with limited powers.– Congress could settle conflicts among states, make coins,

borrow money, ask states for money and soldiers, and make treaties with other nations.

– States had the power to refuse requests.– There was not a president or a national court system.

• The Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, and sent them to each state for ratification.

• The first national government of the United States was established after the last state ratified the Articles in March 1781.

Main Idea 3:The Confederation Congress

established the Northwest Territory.

• Congress passed Land Ordinance of 1785 to raise money to pay debts.

• Ordinance provided for surveying and dividing western lands.

• Land was split into townships.

• Each township was divided into lots for sale to the public.

• Congress passed Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

• Established Northwest Territory and a system for creating new states

• Included what are now the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

• Required the provision of public education and banned slavery

Challenges for the New Nation

The Big IdeaThe United States faced significant foreign and domestic

challenges under Washington.

Main Ideas• The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events

in Europe. • The United States and Native Americans came into conflict

in the Northwest Territory.• The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s administration.• In his Farewell Address, Washington advised the nation.

Main Idea 1: The United States tried to remain neutral

regarding events in Europe.

• The French Revolution against the French king broke out in 1789.

• France and Great Britain later went to war.• Some Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, supported

the French. • President Washington and others wanted to remain

neutral. He believed this was the safest plan for the U.S. in the long run.

• The United States issued the Neutrality Proclamation, in 1793, saying it would not take sides.

Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality

Jay’s Treaty• The British were seizing

American ships in the French West Indies.

• Washington wanted to prevent another war; so did the British.

• Jay’s Treaty was signed in 1794.

• It settled disputes that had arisen between the two countries in the 1790s.

• The treaty was unpopular in the United States.

Pinckney’s Treaty• The Spanish disputed the U.S.

and Florida border.• Spain closed the New Orleans

port to U.S. trade in 1784.• This hurt the American

economy.• Pinckney’s Treaty was

signed in 1795.• The southern U.S. border was

set at 31° N latitude.• The port of New Orleans

reopened.

Main Idea 2: The United States and Native Americans

came into conflict in the Northwest Territory.

• Americans settled in the Northwest Territory despite Native Americans’ protests.

• Native Americans went to war.• Early Native American victories came under Chief Little

Turtle.• General Anthony Wayne’s troops won the Battle of Fallen

Timbers in 1794.• The Treaty of Greenville ended the war in 1795 and

gave Americans most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

Reaction to Whiskey Tax

Whiskey Rebellion Is Crushed

• People in areas like western Pennsylvania were angry at the tax on American-made whiskey passed by Congress in 1791.

• Whiskey was a cash crop to western Pennsylvania farmers.• Farmers were angry that cases about the law were tried in

district courts, often far away from the people affected.

• Fighting broke out in 1794.• Washington led an army against the rebels, but the Whiskey

Rebellion ended without a battle.

Main Idea 3: The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s administration.

Jefferson Becomes President

The Big Idea Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new

era in American government.

Main Ideas• The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in

power from one political party to another. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government

were reflected in his policies.• Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial

branch of government.

Chapter 8 – The Jefferson EraSection NotesJefferson Becomes PresidentThe Louisiana PurchaseThe Coming of WarThe War of 1812

VideoExpanding Frontiers

ImagesThe USS ConstitutionFirst Lady Saves Washington’s Portrait

Quick FactsThe Election of 1800Analyzing the War of 1812Chapter 8 Visual Summary

MapsThe Louisiana Purchase and Western ExpeditionsThe War of 1812

Jefferson Becomes President

The Big Idea Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new

era in American government.

Main Ideas• The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in

power from one political party to another. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government

were reflected in his policies.• Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial

branch of government.

Main Idea 1: The election of 1800 marked the first

peaceful transition in power from one political party to another.

• Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran against Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

• Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73 electoral votes each.• The House broke the tie by selecting Jefferson to be

president; Burr became vice president.• The tie led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment,

which provided for a separate ballot for president and vice president in the next election.

Adams and the Federalists

• Rule by the wealthy class• Strong federal government • Emphasis on manufacturing • Loose interpretation of the

Constitution• British alliance

Parties and Beliefs

Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans

• Rule by the people• Strong state governments• Emphasis on agriculture• Strict interpretation of the

Constitution• French alliance

Main Idea 2:President Jefferson’s beliefs about

the federal government were reflected in his policies.

• Democratic-Republican–controlled Congress helped put his republican ideas into practice.– Allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire.– Lowered military spending.– Got rid of domestic taxes.

• Believed main functions of federal government were– Protecting the nation from foreign threats.– Delivering mail.– Collecting customs duties.

• Kept some Federalist ideas, like Bank of the United States.

Supreme Court Ruling

Background

• William Marbury appointed justice of peace by President Adams just before he left office.

• Marbury’s commission was not delivered; Jefferson took office.

• Marbury sued Jefferson administration to get his commission.

• The law Marbury based his claim on was unconstitutional—Judiciary Act of 1789.

• Ruled that the Supreme Court did not hear cases like this one, according to the Constitution; thus, the law that Marbury used was unconstitutional.

Main Idea 3:Marbury v. Madison increased the power of

the judicial branch of government.

Importance of Judicial Review

• Chief Justice John Marshall wrote Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison.

• Ruling established judicial review—Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

• Made judicial branch equal to other two branches of government.

The Louisiana Purchase

The Big IdeaUnder President Jefferson’s leadership, the United States

added the Louisiana Territory.

Main Ideas• As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi

River became more important to the United States. • The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the

United States.• Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased

Americans’ understanding of the West.

Main Idea 1: As American settlers moved West, control

of the Mississippi River became more important to the United States.

• Thousands of Americans had settled between the Appalachians and the Mississippi by 1800s.

• Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted as states.• Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to

move products east.• Jefferson worried about foreign control of New Orleans and

Louisiana.– Americans depended on the river, which could be

disrupted if a foreign power shut down access to New Orleans.

Spanish Control

French Control

• Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana—land stretching from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains.

• Spain gave land to France in treaty.

• French leader Napoléon wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America.

• Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, ended Napoléon’s dream in 1802.

Louisiana

Main Idea 2:The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled

the size of the United States.

• Jefferson sent ambassador to France to try to buy New Orleans.

• The French offered to sell all of Louisiana.– Napoléon had wanted to set up a North American

empire, but a revolt in Haiti ruined those plans.• Price was $15 million.• Louisiana Purchase approved by Senate on October 20,

1803.• Nearly doubled size of United States.

Main Idea 3: Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike

increased Americans’ understanding of the West.

Lewis and Clark Expedition• Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase.• Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.• Included 50 skilled frontiersmen. • Began near St. Louis on May 14, 1804.• Reached the Pacific Ocean in November, 1805.

Contact with Native Americans

Lewis used interpreters to talk to leaders of each of the peoples they met.

Told them United States now owned land on which Native Americans lived.

Relied on goodwill of the peoples they met.- Given food by Shoshone, Nez Percé, and others.

Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide and interpreter.

Pike’s Exploration

• Zebulon Pike, an army officer, led another expedition to the West in 1806.

• Explored area near Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain

• Headed into Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado– Traveled into Spanish lands and was arrested– When finally released, still praised the opportunities for

doing business with the Spanish• Pike’s report offered Americans their first description of the

Southwest.

The Coming of the War

The Big IdeaChallenges at home and abroad led the United States to

declare war on Great Britain.

Main Ideas• Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to enact a ban on

trade. • Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United States

came into conflict in the West.• The War Hawks led a growing call for war with Great

Britain.

Main Idea 1: Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress

to enact a ban on trade. • Overseas trade was profitable but risky.

– Barbary pirates, along the coast of Africa, would capture ships.– Attacks continued until the United States sent the USS Constitution

and other warships to stop the pirates.• British and French tried to stop the United States from aiding the

other while they were at war in 1803.• British stopped American merchant ships to search for British

sailors who had run away from British navy.– British sailors were forced to return and sometimes U.S. citizens

were taken by accident. – British ship Leopard stopped U.S. Navy ship Chesapeake and took

sailors by force.– Attack on Chesapeake stunned Americans.

Embargo Act• Embargo Act passed in

1807, banning trade with all foreign countries to punish Britain and France

• Devastated American merchants, who lost much money without trade

• Damaged Jefferson and strengthened Federalists

• Had little effect on Britain and France

The United States’ Response

Non-Intercourse Act • Congress replaced

unpopular Embargo Act with Non-Intercourse Act in 1809

• Banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies

• U.S. trade would resume with first side to stop violating American neutrality

• Law was no more suc-cessful than Embargo Act

Conflict Over Land

Tecumseh Resists U.S. Settlers

• British and Native Americans clashed with American settlers over land in the West.

• British agents armed Native Americans along western frontier.

• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, emerged as leader.• Hoped to unite Native Americans of northwestern frontier, the

South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley.

Main Idea 2: Native Americans, Great Britain,

and the United States came into conflict in the West.

The Battle of Tippecanoe

• Tecumseh founded village near Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers in Indiana Territory. – Tecumseh was a brilliant speaker and leader.– He wanted to unite the Native Americans to resist

settlers.• Governor William Henry Harrison warned Tecumseh not to

resist power of the United States. • Harrison led army in attack on village in 1811.

– Was worried that with British backing, Tecumseh could be a serious threat to U.S. power in the West.

• U.S. forces won Battle of Tippecanoe, and Tecumseh fled to Canada.

War Hawks

The Opposition

• Evidence of British support for Tecumseh inflamed Americans.• Some young members of Congress from the South and West,

called War Hawks, demanded war against Britain.• They were angered by British trade restrictions and wanted to

invade Canada for more land to settle.

• New England Federalists opposed war.• British trade restrictions hurt New England’s economy.• Others argued that the United States was not ready to fight.

Main Idea 3: The War Hawks led a growing call for

war with Great Britain.

War Declared

• Republican James Madison was elected president in 1808.– Felt growing pressure from War Hawks.– Decided Congress must vote on war in 1812.

• Congress voted, and the War Hawks won.– Congress had declared war for the first time in the

nation’s history.• Madison was reelected in 1812.

– Would serve as commander in chief during War of 1812.

The War of 1812

The Big IdeaGreat Britain and the United States went to

battle in the War of 1812.

Main Ideas• American forces held their own against the British in the

early battles of the war. • U.S. forces stopped the British offensives in the East and

South.• The effects of the war included prosperity and national

pride.

War at Sea• Britain had hundreds of

ships, but most were scattered around the globe.

• Americans had less than 20 ships, but had well-trained sailors and new warships like the powerful USS Constitution.

• American ships victorious in one-on-one battles.

• British blockaded seaports.

Main Idea 1: American forces held their own against the

British in the early battles of the war.Along Canadian Border • American leaders wanted

to invade Canada.• Attacks in 1812 failed• Oliver Hazard Perry won

naval Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.

• American control of Lake Erie established.

• British driven out of Northwest in 1813.

The Creek War

War erupted with Native Americans in the South, whowere angry at settlers pushing into their lands.

Creeks attacked Fort Mims in Alabama, killing about 250 defenders.

Andrew Jackson, leading 2,000 volunteers, defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814.

The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended war in 1814 and forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of their land.

Main Idea 2: U.S. forces stopped British offensives

in the East and South.

British Attacks in East• British attacked Washington, D.C., in 1814. • Set fire to White House, Capitol, and other buildings. • British shelled Fort McHenry at Baltimore, Maryland.• Americans refused to surrender, and British retreated.

Battle of New Orleans

• British moved against New Orleans.– Hoped to capture city and control Mississippi River.

• Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces at New Orleans.– Troops included regular soldiers, free African Americans,

Choctaws, state militia, and pirates.• Battle began on January 8, 1815, with 5,300 British troops

against about 4,500 Americans.• British caught in open field; more than 2,000 casualties.• American victory at Battle of New Orleans made

Jackson a hero and was last major conflict of the war.

Treaty of Ghent

Consequences

Hartford Convention

• Group of New England Federalists were going to Hartford Convention to oppose war, but the war ended before the convention.

• War’s end made party lose power.

• Treaty of Ghent signed before negotiators knew of New Orleans.

• Each nation returned conquered territory gathered.

• Feelings of patriotism among Americans.• Power of many Native American groups broken.• Lack of goods during blockade boosted

American manufacturing.

Main Idea 3: The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride.

Chapter 9 – A New National IdentitySection NotesAmerican Foreign PolicyNationalism and SectionalismAmerican Culture

VideoThe Impact of the United States on Its Neighbors

ImagesThe Erie CanalAmerican ArtsAmerican Arts (continued)

Quick FactsChapter 9 Visual Summary

MapsU.S. Boundary Changes, 1818-1819U.S. Roads and Canals, 1850The Missouri Compromise, 1820Test Assessment Map

American Foreign Policy

The Big IdeaThe United States peacefully settled disputes with foreign

powers.

Main Ideas• The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes

over boundaries and control of waterways. • The United States gained Florida in an agreement with

Spain.• With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened

its relationship with Latin America.

Main Idea 1: The United States and Great Britain settled

their disputes over boundaries and control of waterways.

• United States and British Canada both wanted naval and fishing rights on the Great Lakes– Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) limited naval power on

Great Lakes for both• Disputes over fishing rights off Canada, fur trade in Oregon

Country, and the U.S.–Canadian border– Convention of 1818 allowed U.S. fishing off Canada and set

the border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

– United States and Britain agreed to share Pacific Northwest

Main Idea 2:The United States gained Florida in an

agreement with Spain.

• Conflict with Spain over American settlers near the U.S.–Florida border

• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams talked with Spain’s Luis de Onís.

• President James Monroe sent troops to secure the border.• There was conflict with the Seminoles over settlements

and runaway slaves.

The First Seminole War and the Adams-Onís Treaty

Andrew Jackson’s troops captured Seminole raiders, beginning First Seminole War in 1818.

U.S. troops captured Spanish military posts and overthrew Spanish governor of Florida.

Spain and United States signed Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819; settled all border disputes.

United States received East Florida, gave up claim to Texas, and agreed to pay U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain.

Main Idea 3:With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States

strengthened its relationship with Latin America.

• Latin American countries declared independence from Spain.– Simon Bolívar led many of these revolutions.– The United States feared European countries would take

control of newly free countries.• United States issued Monroe Doctrine.

– Warned European powers not to interfere in Americas.– Put Latin America in U.S. sphere of influence.

The Monroe Doctrine: Four Basic Points

• The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations.

• The United States would recognize, and not interfere with, countries that already existed in the Americas.

• The Western Hemisphere was off-limits to colonization by any foreign power.

• The United States would consider any attempt by a European power to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere a hostile act.

Nationalism and Sectionalism

The Big IdeaA rising sense of national unity allowed some regional

differences to be set aside and national interests to be served.

Main Ideas• Growing nationalism led to improvements in the nation’s

transportation systems. • The Missouri Compromise settled an important regional

conflict.• The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.

Main Idea 1: Growing nationalism led to improvements

in the nation’s transportation systems.

• Nationalism: feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation• Henry Clay proposed the American System: a series of

measures to make America economically self-sufficient.– National bank to provide a single currency, and

improved roads and canals funded by a protective tariff– Some in Congress felt such improvements were not

permitted by the Constitution.– Clay argued that possible gains for the country justified

federal action.– Congress agreed with Clay.

Henry Clay

• Served as a U.S. representative from Kentucky, a senator, the Speaker of the House, and secretary of state.

• Supported nationalism.• Developed the American System.• Dedicated to preserving the Union.• Initiated the Missouri Compromise.

Roads

Canals

• Cumberland Road was first federally built road• Begun in Maryland in 1815, stretched to Illinois by 1850

Roads and Canals

• Americans tried to make water transportation easier by building canals.

• Erie Canal ran from Albany to Buffalo in New York, allowing goods and people to move between East Coast and towns on Lake Erie

• Success of Erie Canal provided incentive for future canal building

The Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings: time of peace, prosperity, and progress from 1815–1825.

National unity strengthened by two Supreme Court decisions that reinforced federal power.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) asserted implied powers of Congress, allowing for creation of national bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) said states could not interfere with power of Congress to regulate interstate trade.

Main Idea 2:The Missouri Compromise settled an

important regional conflict.

• Sectionalism, or disagreements between different regions, threatened the Union.

• Missouri applied to enter Union as slave state, which would change balance between free and slave states

• Initial compromise rejected• Henry Clay proposed Missouri Compromise in 1820

– Missouri entered as slave state– Maine would join Union as a free state, preserving balance between

free and slave states– Slavery would be prohibited in any new states or territories north of

36°30’.• Disagreements between the North and South over slavery continued.

Main Idea 3:The outcome of the election of 1824

led to controversy.

• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have enough electoral votes.

• The House of Representatives was required by the Constitution to choose the winner; they chose John Quincy Adams.

• Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay.

• Accusations grew after Adams made Clay secretary of state.

• Controversy weakened Adams’s support.

Chapter 10 – The Age of JacksonSection NotesJacksonian DemocracyJackson’s AdministrationIndian Removal

VideoNative American Reservations

ImagesAndrew JacksonPrimary Source: Jackson against the BankIndian Removal

Quick FactsRegions of the United States, Early 1800sChapter 10 Visual Summary

MapsSecond Seminole War

Jackson’s Administration

The Big IdeaAndrew Jackson’s presidency was marked

by political conflicts.

Main Ideas• Regional differences grew during Jackson’s presidency. • The rights of the states were debated amid arguments

about a national tariff.• Jackson’s attack on the Bank sparked controversy.• Jackson’s policies led to the Panic of 1837.

North• Economy based

on manufacturing

• Support for tariffs—American goods could be sold at lower prices than British goods

South• Economy based

on agriculture• Opposition to

tariffs increased the cost of imported goods

Main Idea 1: Regional differences grew during

Jackson’s presidency.

West • Emerging

economy• Support for

internal improvements and the sale of public lands

Tariff of Abominations

• In 1827, northern manufacturers had demanded a tariff on imported wool goods.– Would provide protection against foreign competition.

• Southerners opposed a tariff because it would hurt their economy.

• Congress passed a high tariff on imports before Jackson became president.

• The South called it the Tariff of Abominations.

Main Idea 2: The rights of the states were debated

amid arguments about a national tariff.

• Jackson was forced to deal with growing conflicts over tariffs.• The question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law

passed by Congress was at the heart of a growing conflict over tariffs.

• Vice President John C. Calhoun supported the South– Advanced states’ rights doctrine– States’ power greater than federal power because states had

formed national government– States could nullify, or reject, law judged unconstitutional

• Calhoun’s theory was controversial.– Produced the nullification crisis

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99 were early discussions on states’ rights.

• Daniel Webster debated Robert Y. Hayne in Senate on nullification.– Webster argued that the United States was one nation, not a

pact among independent states.• Jackson urged Congress to pass lower tariff rate in 1832.

– Jackson opposed nullification, but was worried about the southern economy.

• South Carolina enacted Nullification Act to void tariffs. • Congress then passed another lower-tariff compromise.• States’ rights controversy continued until Civil War.

States’ Rights Debate

Main Idea 3: Jackson’s attack on the Bank

sparked controversy.

• Jackson did not always support federal power.– Opposed Second Bank of the United States.– Believed it unconstitutional: only states should have banking

power.• Southern states opposed the Bank because they believed it only

helped the wealthy. • In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court ruled the national

bank was constitutional.– McCulloch was a cashier at the Bank’s branch in Maryland who

refused to pay the tax that was designed to limit the Bank’s operations.

• Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Bank’s charter in 1832.

Main Idea 4: Jackson’s policies led to

the Panic of 1837.

• Jackson took funds out of the Bank and put them in state banks.

• State banks used funds to give credit to land buyers.– Helped land expansion but caused inflation.

• Jackson tried to slow inflation.– Ordered Americans to use only gold and silver to buy

land.– Still did not help the national economy.

• Jackson’s banking and inflation policies opened the door for economic troubles.

Elections of 1836 and 1840

• Jackson chose not to run again in 1836; Vice President Martin Van Buren was nominated.

• Van Buren defeated four candidates nominated by the new Whig Party.

• A severe economic depression called the Panic of 1837 followed the election.

• People blamed Van Buren even though Jackson’s economic policies had contributed to the panic.

• Van Buren was defeated in 1840 by Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.

Indian Removal

The Big IdeaPresident Jackson supported a policy of Indian removal.

Main Ideas• The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native

Americans to the West. • Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement

between Jackson and the Supreme Court.• Other Native Americans resisted removal with force.

Main Idea 1: The Indian Removal Act authorized the

relocation of Native Americans to the West.

• Native Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to Mississippi.– Jackson and other political leaders wanted to open land to

settlement by American farmers.• Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

– The act authorized the removal of Native Americans living east of Mississippi to lands in the West.

• Congress then established the Indian Territory.– Native Americans would be moved to land in present-day

Oklahoma.• Congress approved the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

to manage removal.

Native American Removal

• Choctaw– First to be sent to Indian Territory.– 7.5 million acres of their land taken by Mississippi.– One-fourth died on the way.

• Creek – Resisted but were captured and forced to march to

Indian Territory.• Chickasaw

– Negotiated treaty for better supplies, but many died.

Cherokee Nation

Trail of Tears

• Cherokees adopted white culture, had own government and a writing system developed by Sequoya.

• Georgia took their land, and Cherokees sued the state.• Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokees’ favor in Worcester v.

Georgia, but President Jackson sided with Georgia and took no action to enforce the ruling. This violated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land.

• In 1838, U.S. troops forced Cherokees on 800-mile march to Indian Territory. One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokees died.

Main Idea 2: Cherokee resistance to removal led to

disagreement between Jackson and the Supreme Court.

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Main Idea 3:Other Native Americans resisted

removal with force.

• Chief Black Hawk of the Fox and Sauk fought rather than leave Illinois.– He was eventually forced to leave, after running out of

food and supplies.• Osceola led his followers in the Second Seminole War in

Florida.– Hundreds of Seminoles, including Osceola were killed,

and some 4,000 Seminoles were removed– Small groups of Seminole resisted removal, and their

descendants live in Florida today.

Chapter 11 – Expanding West Section NotesTrails to the WestThe Texas RevolutionThe Mexican-American WarThe California Gold Rush

VideoThe California Gold Rush

History Close-upRanch Life

ImagesMormon PioneersManifest DestinyBattle of Buena VistaStaking a Claim

Quick FactsWestward Movement in the United StatesChapter 11 Visual Summary

MapsTrails Leading WestThe Texas RevolutionMexican-American War, 1846-1847Skills Map Page: ExpansionGrowth of the United States to 1853Test Assessment Map

Trails to the West

The Big IdeaThe American West

attracted a variety of settlers.

Main Ideas• During the early 1800s, many Americans moved west of

the Rocky Mountains to settle and trade.• The Mormons traveled west in search of religious freedom.

Main Idea 1: During the early 1800s, many Americans

moved west of the Rocky Mountains to settle and trade.

• Some of the first Americans in the West were mountain men: fur traders and trappers.

• Many settlers traveled west over the Oregon Trail.• The Santa Fe Trail was another important path west.

Mountain Men

• Fur traders and trappers, who were some of the first Americans to explore the West

• John Jacob Astor created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company.

• Astor founded Astoria, one of the first settlements in Oregon Country.

Oregon Trail

• Settlers were lured by rich resources and the mild climate.• The trail was 2,000 miles, beginning in Iowa or Missouri

and ending in Oregon or California.• Hard journey because of food shortages, bad weather, and

mountains and rivers that were difficult to cross.

Santa Fe Trail

• The route led from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

• Was originally a Native American trading route• Traders used the route to trade American goods for

Mexican goods; traders made high profits.• Difficult journey due to hot desert and rough mountains

Main Idea 2: The Mormons traveled west

in search of religious freedom.• Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-

day Saints in western New York in 1830.• Their book of religious teachings is called the Book of

Mormon.• Church members were persecuted because of beliefs,

including polygamy (one man married to several women).• Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in 1844.• Brigham Young became the new head of the church and

moved the group to Utah.– Thousands of Mormons took the Mormon Trail to Utah. – By 1860, there were about 40,000 Mormons in Utah.

The Texas Revolution

The Big IdeaIn 1836, Texas gained its independence from Mexico.

Main Ideas• Many American settlers moved to Texas after Mexico

achieved independence from Spain. • Texans revolted against Mexican rule and established an

independent nation.

Main Idea 1:Many American settlers moved to Texas

after Mexico achieved independence from Spain.

• Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican priest, led an unsuccessful revolt against Spain in 1810.

• Mexico gained independence in 1821.– The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to

bring settlers to Texas.• Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on lower the Colorado

River in 1822.– Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in

exchange for obeying Mexican laws.• Mexico was concerned about the number of Americans and banned

further settlement.• General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the ruler of Mexico.

Main Idea 2:Texans revolted against Mexican rule and

established an independent nation.

• War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas. • Texans declared independence on March 2, 1836. • The Republic of Texas was established.• Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army.• Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek money

and troops.

Battle at the Alamo• Texans’ actions angered

Santa Anna.• Texas force of fewer than

200, led by Colonel Jim Travis, occupied Alamo mission near San Antonio.

• From February 23 to March 6, 1846, Texans held out against huge Mexican army.

• All defenders killed in Mexican attack on March 6.

Major Battles

Battle of San Jacinto • Santa Anna chased Texans

under Sam Houston.• Texans took stand at San

Jacinto River near Galveston Bay.

• Houston’s forces attacked on April 21, 1836, and destroyed Mexican army.

• Santa Anna captured at Battle of San Jacinto and forced to sign treaty giving Texas independence.

Independent Nation

Sam Houston was the hero of the new independent nation of Texas. Houston was elected president; Stephen F. Austin became secretary of state.

To increase the population, Texas offered land grants to new settlers. Many from nearby southern states brought enslaved Africans with them.

Most Texans hoped that the United States would annex, or take control of, Texas and make it a state.

President Jackson recognized Texas as an independent nation, but did not want to upset balance between slave and free states by letting a slave state enter the Union.

The Mexican-American War

The Big IdeaThe ideals of manifest destiny and the outcome of the

Mexican-American War led to U.S. expansion to the Pacific Ocean.

Main Ideas• Many Americans believed that the nation had a manifest

destiny to claim new lands in the West. • As a result of the Mexican-American War, the United States

added territory in the Southwest.• American settlement in the Mexican Cession produced

conflict and a blending of cultures.

Main Idea 1: Many Americans believed that the nation

had a manifest destiny to claim new lands in the West.

• Americans believed they could build a new, better society founded on democratic principles.

• The United States had a booming economy and population in the 1840s.– Needed more space for farms, ranches, businesses, and

families.– Looked to the West.

• Some believed it was America’s manifest destiny, or obvious fate, to settle all land to the Pacific.– Question was whether slavery would be allowed in new

territories.

Acquiring New Territory

• Democrat James K. Polk elected in 1844; favored acquiring Texas and Oregon.

• Oregon– Polk avoided war with Britain over Oregon and

negotiated treaty for land south of forty-ninth parallel.– Oregon organized as territory in 1848.

• Texas– Texas annexed in 1845, but this action angered Mexico.

California under Mexico

• Mexico had lost Texas but controlled other areas in the present-day Southwest—New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California.

• The mission system was important in California, carrying out huge farming and ranching operations using Native American labor.

• Missions were broken up in the 1830s by Mexico. – Land grants given to wealthiest California settlers– Created vast ranchos, or ranches– Worked by vaqueros, or cowboys

• About 3,200 settlers, or Californios, were in California in the early 1820s.

• Anglos, settlers from the United States, started to arrive in small numbers. They began calling for independence.

Conflict Breaks Out

War Begins

• The United States and Mexico were engaged in border disputes.

• John Slidell went to Mexico to try to buy New Mexico and California for $30 million. Mexican officials refused to speak to him.

• Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor and his army into the border region around the Rio Grande in 1846.

• U.S. troops clashed with Mexicans in April.

• Congress declared war on Mexico in April.• Taylor’s forces won battles south of the Rio Grande in Mexico.• General Stephen Kearny seized control of New Mexico.

Mexican-American War

Revolt

John C. Frémont

U.S. Forces

SettlersOnly about 500 Americans were in California in 1846, in contrast to about 12,000 Californios.

Americans seized Sonoma and declared California to be an independent nation on June 14, starting the Bear Flag Revolt.

Frémont, leader of a U.S. Army mapping expedition, entered California to support its independence.

U.S. naval and military forces invaded California in June 1846 and claimed California for the United States.

Bear Flag Revolt

Buena Vista• General Taylor’s forces defeated the Mexican army under Santa

Anna at Buena Vista in February 1847.• The Mexican army had fled overnight.• It was a fierce battle with heavy casualties on both sides. Veracruz• General Winfield Scott’s forces seized the port of Veracruz in

March 1847.• Veracruz was the strongest fortress in Mexico.Mexico City• Scott’s troops took Mexico City in September 1847 after a brave

defense by Mexican soldiers.

War’s End

Main Idea 2: As a result of the Mexican-American War,

the United States added territory in the Southwest.

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the war in 1848– Mexican Cession included present-day California, Nevada, and

Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming

– Mexicans in the cession areas were “protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion.”

– Also included area claimed by Texas north of Rio Grande– Increased size of United States by almost 25 percent

• In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States paid $10 million for southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Surge of American Settlers• Americans flooded into the

Southwest.• New settlers battled longtime

residents to control land, water, and minerals.

• Most Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans faced legal, economic, and social discrimination from settlers.

Main Idea 3: American settlement in the Mexican

Cession produced conflict and a blending of cultures.

Cultural Encounters • Different cultures shaped one

another in the Southwest despite conflicts.

• Names of places showed Hispanic and Native American heritage.

• Mexican and Native American knowledge and traditions also shaped many local economies.

The California Gold Rush

The Big IdeaThe California gold rush changed the future of the West.

Main Ideas• The discovery of gold brought settlers to California. • The gold rush had a lasting impact on California’s

population and economy.

Main Idea 1: The discovery of gold

brought settlers to California.

• California controlled by Mexico before Mexican-American War.

• Population was mostly Mexicans and Native Americans.• Mexican officials gave Swiss immigrant John Sutter

permission to found a colony there in 1839.– Became a popular rest stop for immigrants.

• Donner Party: group of early settlers traveling to California in 1846 that became lost in the Sierra Nevada during heavy snows and lost 42 of 87 members to starvation.

Gold in California

• Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848.• About 80,000 gold-seekers came to California in 1849;

they were called forty-niners. • They would prospect, or search for gold, along banks of

streams or in surface mines. • Placer miners used pans to wash gold nuggets out of

loose rock and gravel.• California produced $60 million in gold in 1853.

Life in the Mining Camps

• Mining camps sprang up wherever enough people gathered to look for gold.

• Miners came from many cultures and backgrounds.– Most were young, unmarried men in search of adventure.– 80% were Americans; the rest came from around the world.– Only 5 percent of gold-rush immigrants were women or

children.– Women generally made good money by cooking meals,

washing clothes, and operating boardinghouses.• Miners paid high prices for basic necessities because the huge

amount of gold in circulation caused severe inflation in California.

Causes• Americans believe in idea

of manifest destiny• United States acquires vast

new lands in West • Pathfinders open trials to

new territories • Gold is discovered in

California

Westward Movement in the United States

Effects • Native Americans are

forced off lands• Americans travel west to

settle new areas• United States stretches to

Pacific• California experiences

population boom

Immigrants to California

• The lure of gold attracted miners from around the world. • Many Chinese men came in hopes of making great wealth

and then returning to China—about 24,000 from 1849 to 1853.

• Many Americans did not welcome the Chinese, but the Chinese still worked in gold mines, opened their own businesses, and held other jobs.– In 1853, California placed a high monthly tax on foreign

miners.– The legal system favored Americans over immigrants.

• In 1849 alone, about 20,000 immigrants arrived in California from China, Europe, Mexico, and South America.

Population Boom

Economic Growth

• Population explosion quickly made California eligible for statehood.

• Became 31st state in 1850.• Growth had negative effect on Californios and Native

Americans in California.

• New businesses and industries transformed California.• Completion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 ended

isolation from rest of country and aided economy.

Main Idea 2: The gold rush had a lasting impact on California’s population and economy.