unit 3: animal anatomy & physiology the digestive system
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 3: Animal Anatomy & Physiology
The Digestive System
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Digestive System• responsible for 4 major functions:
1. ingestion• intake of nutrients (eating)
2. digestion• the breakdown of food into small soluble molecules
a) physical digestion: (ex.) chewing– mechanical digestion that cuts food into small pieces– smaller pieces increase surface area for enzymes to work on
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Digestive System
4 major functions (continued):
b) chemical digestion: ex. digestive secretions (saliva)
• enzymes in digestive juices chemically breakdown food molecules into their monomers (soluble)
monomersfood
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Digestive System
b) chemical digestion: (continued)
i) carbohydrates
i.e. polysaccharides
&
disaccharides
monosaccharides
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Digestive System
b) chemical digestion (continued):
ii) proteins
amino acids
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Digestive System
b) chemical digestion (continued):
iii) lipids
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Digestive System
4 major functions (continued):3. absorption
• the uptake of nutrient molecules, first into the cells of the small intestine
• then into the blood stream
4. Egestion: • removal of solid undigested material (feces)
from anus eating cellulose (fiber) helps
** Excretion (part of the excretory system)• removal of liquid soluble waste (urine) from
the bladder via urethra
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Components of the Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Liver
PancreasGall Bladder
digestive tract (alimentary canal) really just a very long tube (~ 9 m long)takes food ~ 24 - 33 hours to go through digestive tract
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Components of the Digestive System
Organ Comments Function
1. Mouth opening to digestive system
a) Teeth different shapes for tearing & grinding
ingestion
physical digestion
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Mouth (Oral Cavity)
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Components of the Digestive System
Teeth:
Molars (12)
Premolars or bicuspids(8)Canines (4)
Incisors (8)
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Anatomy of the Mouth
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Components of the Digestive SystemOrgan Comments Function
b) saliva made by 3 pairs of salivary glandssecrete saliva into oral cavity
contains:1.water:
2.mucus:
3.salivary amylase:
lubricates food (makes it slippery)
help to dissolve food
enzyme which digests starch
i.e. into mono & disaccharides
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
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Salivary GlandsSublingual glandParotid gland
Submandibular gland
Tongue
Mouth (oral cavity)
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Components of the Digestive SystemOrgan Comments Function
c) tongue very strong musclecontains large numbers of taste budsbolus:
2. physical digestion: chewing & mixing food with saliva
1.sensory: taste & temperature control
3. swallowing: a. pushes bolus up &
to the back of the throat
nerve endings
.
ball of chewed food
b.causes epiglottis to block windpipe
4. speech
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Components of the Digestive System
Tongue:• Different parts of the
tongue are able to taste one of four basic tastes.
sour
bitter
salty
sweet
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NOT IN YOUR NOTESComponents of the Digestive System
Organ Comments Functiond) epiglottis
2) pharynx
flap of tissue at the base of the tongue above the trachea
back of the throat
prevents food from going into lungs (down trachea) to avoid choking
.
common passageway for food & air
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Components of the Digestive SystemOrgan Comments Function
3) esophagus narrow tube about 24 cm long connecting pharynx to stomachcontains 2 muscle layers which relax and contract rhythmically for peristalsis
.
1. leads food into stomach
2. ensures that food (bolus) is pushed into stomach (mucus glands help lubricate the bolus)wave-like contractions
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Esophagus (24 cm long, carries food)
• Lined with circular and longitudinal muscle• Lower end of esophagus is thickened just
before stomach (sphincter) (ie: heartburn)• Regurgitation – movement of food from the
stomach up the esophagus and out the mouth
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SWALLOWING
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StomachEsophagus Pharynx
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Stomach
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Stomach
• Glands:– Located in lining of stomach – Produce gastric juices which contain:
• (i) HCl – Chemical breakdown of fibrous tissue Kills bacteria
• (ii) Pepsin – Enzyme which breaks down proteins
• (iii) Mucus –Thick layer which protects stomach wall from acid and pepsin
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Sphincters:
Small ring like muscles located at either end of the stomach• (i) Cardiac Sphincter – • Controls entry of food into stomach from esophagus• Closed during digestion to avoid re-entry into esophagus
(heart burn)• (ii) Pyloric Sphincter – • Controls entry of chyme (partially digested food & gastric
juices) into the small intestine
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Components of the Digestive System
cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter
duodenum
circular muscles
oblique muscles
longitudinal muscles
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Components of the Digestive Systemglands in stomach lining ulcer in stomach lining
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ENDOSCOPE
ACID REFLUX
GASTRIC FOLDS STOMACH LINING & GASTRIC JUICE
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ENDOSCOPE
STOMACH ULCER
MULTIPLE STOMACH ULCERS
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Before food enters the small intestine:
• It must pass through the PYLORIC SPHINCTER which is a valve that contracts and relaxes to control the flow of food leaving the stomach and going to the small intestine.
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Extra info in the next slides!
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Components of the Digestive System
Kinds of Teeth Description Function
long & pointy sharp
rip/tear very developed in predators
wide, but very thin bumps on bottom edges
cut like knives for biting
flat & broad have 2 bumps on surfaces called cusps (bicuspids)
grinding & mashing
flat & broad have 4 cusps
grinding & mashing
Canines
Incisors
Premolars
Molars
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Components of the Digestive System
periodontalmembrane
enamel
pulp (cavity)
root canal
nerve
arteryvein
dentin
crown(above gums) gingiva (gums)
root (under gums)
nerve endings
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Salivary Glands
• Parotid Gland (below/ in front of ears, largest)
• Sublingual Gland (floor of mouth, smallest)
• Submandibular Gland (below and behind sublingual)
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Ducts and Saliva
• Ducts – tubular canals for carrying glandular secretions from one part of the body to another.
• Saliva – Moisten and lubricate food– First step in chemical digestion