unit 3 – chemical periodicity. elements & atoms element-a pure substance that has one kind of...
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Unit 3 – Chemical Periodicity
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Elements & Atoms
Element-a pure substance that has one kind of atom
⚛ The periodic table lists all the different elements that are either found in nature or prepared in the laboratory synthetically
⚛ Atom-the smallest particle of matter
⚛ Example of an element is hydrogen. It contains only hydrogen atoms.
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⚛ PERIODIC TABLE: an arrangement of elements organized with respect to similar traits shared by different elements
Definition
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Development of the PT
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"...if all the elements be arranged in order of their atomic weights a periodic repetition of properties is obtained.”
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)- First published periodic table
Development of the Periodic Table
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⚛Arranged in rows (periods) of increasing mass
Development of the Periodic Table
MASS
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⚛Arranged in columns (groups or families) by similarities in physical and chemical properties
Development of the Periodic Table
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⚛Most important feature: Holes were left in the table to allow for the discovery of new elements
Development of the Periodic Table
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⚛Mendeleev predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon.
Development of the Periodic Table
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Henry Moseley (1913) - Modified into the modern PT
⚛Arranged in rows (periods) of increasing Atomic Number
⚛Arranged in columns (groups or families) by similarities of physical and chemical properties
Development of the Periodic Table
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⚛The Periodic Law: Chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers; properties of the elements occur at repeated intervals called periods.
Development of the Periodic Table
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Organization of the PT
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⚛The PT lists each element in order of their atomic number
⚛Elements are classified into three major categories based upon their properties: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
Organizing the Periodic Table
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Metals
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METALS: located on the left side of the PT (exception of H, which is a nonmetal)
⚛Most elements are metals (~80%)
⚛Good conductors of heat and electricity
⚛Lustrous (shiny)
⚛Solids at room temperature (except Hg)
⚛Ductile and malleable
Metals
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Nonmetals
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NONMETALS: located on the right side of the PT
Greater variation in physical properties among nonmetals than metals.
Some are solids, bromine is a liquid, but most are gases at room temperature
Do not conduct electricity
Good insulators
Dull and Brittle
Nonmetals
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Metalloids
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METALLOIDS: indicated by the BOLD “staircase”
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At
⚛Properties of both metals and nonmetals
⚛Semiconductors
Metalloids
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GROUPS – vertical columns containing elements with similar properties.
⚛There are 18 groups
⚛Groups are also called families due to their similar properties
Organizing the PT
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⚛The groups are numbered 1-18 with Group 1 being on the far left and Group 18 being on the far right of the periodic table.
Organizing the PT
1 18
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• Groups may also be numbered using Roman Numerals ⚛ “A elements” referring to the Main
Group or Representative Elements⚛ “B elements” referring to the Transition Metals
Organizing the PT
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PERIODS – horizontal rows on the periodic table; each period represents an exact grouping of elements
⚛There are 7 periods
⚛They are simply numbered 1-7
Organizing the PT