Unit 3Democracies

Chapters 8, 10 & 12Mrs. Tucker

World HistoryVictor Valley High School

Democracies California Standards:

10.2.1 –Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g. John Lock, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simon Bolivar, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison;

10.2.2. – List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791).

10.2.4. – Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism in the Napoleonic empire.

Democracies

Standards, Continued:

10.2.5 – Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was represented for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolutions of 1848.

10.3.7 – Describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and the move away from Classicism in Europe.

10.4.2 – Discuss the locations of the colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.

Democracies

Standards, Continued:

10.4.3 – Explain imperialism from the perspective of the colonizers and the colonized and the varied immediate and long-term responses by the people under colonial rule.

10.4.4 – Describe the independence struggles of the colonized regions of the world, including the roles of leaders, such as Sun Yat-sen in China, and the roles of ideology and religion.

10.9.6 – Understand how the forces of nationalism developed in the Middle East, how the Holocaust affected world opinion regarding the need for a Jewish state, and the significance and effects of the location and establishment of Israel on world affairs

Common Core

Reading Standards for Informational Text 6-12, Grade 9-10

5. Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter).

a. Analyze the use of text features (e.g., graphics, headers, captions) in functional workplace documents.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.

Common Core Standards

WRITING STANDARDS, Grades 9-10 Students

Text Types and Purposes

1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.

b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns.

c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.

Common Core Standards, Continued

d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.

e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

 2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

a. Introduce a topic or thesis statement; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

b. Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.

Common Core Standards, Continued

c. Use appropriate and varied transitions to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.

d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic.

e. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.

f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).

9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research

Democracies - Main Ideas

Discontent and Enlightenment Ideas spurred people in Latin America to Fight Colonial Rule;

Sixteen of Today’s Latin American Nations gained their independence at this time;

Liberal and Nationalist Uprisings Challenged the old Conservative Order of Europe;

The System of Nation-States established in Europe during this Period Continues today;

Nationalism Contributed to the Formation of Two New Nations and a New Political Order in Europe;

Nationalism is the Basis of World Politics Today and has often Caused Conflicts and Wars;

Artistic and Intellectual Movements both Reflected and Fueled Changes in Europe During the 1800s;

Romanticism and Realism are Still Found in Novels, Dramas, and Films Produced Today;

Divisions in Spanish Colonial Society, 1789

Social Classes

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

Creoles Lead Independence

Miguel Hidalgo, Simón Bolivar, José de San Martín, José Maria Morelos

Changes in Rule in Latin America

Clash of Philosophies

Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility – protecting traditional monarchies of Europe;

Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants – more power to elected parliaments – only educated and landowners would vote;

Radical: drastic change to extend democracy to all people – governments should practice ideals of French Revolution – Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity/Brotherhood

Nationalism

Belief that people’s greatest loyalty is not to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history;

Nation-State

History

Language

Territory

Nationality

Religion

Culture

Positive and Negative Results of Nationalism

Positive Results

People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good

The overthrow of colonial rule

Democratic governments in nations throughout the world

Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances

Negative Results

Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation’s majority culture;

Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s;

The rise of extreme nationalistic movements, such as Nazism;

Competition between nations leading to warfare

The Balkans

The Balkans – all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the Former Yugoslavia;

Balkan Peninsula controlled by Ottoman Empire – Turkey – Muslim;

Religion – Greek Orthodox – Ties to Russian Orthodox - Russia, along with France and Britain support Greek’s Independence against Ottoman;

Greek Independence a popular cause against the world – Western Civilization – Respected Greek Culture;

Many different languages, cultures, histories, and religions;

Ruled by an Empire;

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Revolutions of 1820s – 1830s - Revolutionary zeal swept across Europe

Greek Independence –1830 – Independent Kingdom of Greece – supported by Britain, France, and Russia;

Belgians declared independence against Dutch Rule;

Italy – Nationalist worked to unite many separate states on Italian Peninsula – Order restored by Austrian troops sent by Metternich;

Poles in Warsaw revolt --Russian rule in 1830 Russian army crushed revolt ;

Revolutions of 1848

Questions, page 257, 6-9

Why might liberals and radicals join together in a nationalist cause?

Why did some liberals disapprove of the way Louis-Napoleon ruled France after the uprisings of 1848?

What consequences did Alexander’s reforms have on Russia?

Imagine you live in Europe in 1848. Write a letter to a friend, stating your political position – conservative, liberal, or radical. Relate your feelings about the uprisings and Europe's future. (1 page).

Nationalism

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary

Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Coats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians

Russian Empire

Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others;

Ottoman Empire Weakens

Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians;

Italian Unification

Italian Unification

Prime Minister of Sardinia – Camillo di Cavour - unites the North;

Giuseppe Garibaldi – Red Shirts – Unites the South

Sardinian King, Victor Emmanuel Rules – 1860

1866 – Venice Added from Austria

1870 – Papal States added – Popes Continues to Rule Vatican City

German Unification

Prussia Leads German Unification

Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik – The Politics of Reality

Iron and Blood

Prussia Grows toward Building a German Empire

Seven Weeks’ War – defeats Austria – unites Northern Germany

Franco-Prussian War - staged war – “insult” by French ambassador to Prussian king – united Southern and eventually all of Germany;

German King – Title of Kaiser

German Unification – 1865 - 1871

Revolution in the Arts - Romanticism

Ideas of Romanticism

Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, and imagination

Focused on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic, grotesque, or horrifying

Loved beauties of untamed nature

Idealized past as simpler and nobler time

Glorified heroes and heroic actions

Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories

Valued common people and individual

Promoted radical change and democracy

Romanticism in Arts

Literature and Poetry

William Wordsworth

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Lord Byron

Percy Bysshe Shelley

John Keats

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm

Victor Hugo

The Gothic Novel

Mary Shelley – Frankenstein

Music

Composers

Franz Liszt

Ludwig van Beethoven

Felix Mendelssohn

Robert Schumann

Frederic Chopin

Guiseppe Verdi

Richard Wagner

Realism

Realism shows life as it was and not as it should be

Photography

Louis Daguerre

William Talbot

Writers

Honoré de Blazac

Émile Zola

Charles Dickens

Impressionism

1860s – Movement in Paris against Realist style

Tried to show their impression of a subject or moment in time;

Light, pure shimmering colors used to capture a moment in a glance

Artists

Claude Monet

Edgar Degas

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Composers

Maurice Ravel

Claude Debussy

Water Lilies - Monet

Questions

Page 267, 6-9

6. How are the movements of Romanticism and Realism alike and different?

7. How might a realist novel bring about changes in Society? Describe the ways by which this might happen.

8. How did nationalism influence the artistic movements?

9. Listen to a piece of music by Beethoven, and then listen to a piece of contemporary music that you like. Write a compare and contrast essay on the two pieces of music

EXTRA CREDIT – 50 points

An Age of Democracy and Progress – British Reforms

The Reform Bill of 1832:

Extend Suffrage/Voting

Fear of Revolutionary Fever from France heading to Britain prompts reforms;

Lessened property requirements so wealthy middle class men could vote;

Modernized districts for electing members of Parliament which gave cities more representation;

Chartist Movement – People’s Charter of 1838

Suffrage for all men

Yearly Parliamentary elections

Secret Ballot for Parliamentary Votes;

End to Property Requirements;

By 1900 – all demands of Chartists except for annual elections became Law;

Women Get the Vote?

By 1890, several industrial countries had universal male suffrage;

No country allowed women to vote;

Women in Britain and US organized reform societies and protested unfair laws and customs;

Women’s Suffrage – some though it was too radical – some thought women lacked the ability to vote;

Militant Protests – Emmeline Pankhurst – formed Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 1903;

Militant Protests

The WSPU – most militant organization for women’s rights.

Goal – draw attention to cause of woman suffrage;

“I want to say here and now that the only justification for violence, the only justification for damage to property, the only justification for risk to the comfort of other human beings is the fact that you have tried all other available means and have failed to secure justice.” Emmeline Pankhurst, Why we are Militant

France and Democracy

Third Republic

Aftermath of Franco-Prussian War; Crises and changes in government

almost yearly; a dozen political parties competing for

power; 1875 National Assembly agree on a new

government; Divisions in France;

Rise of Zionism

The Dreyfus Affair

1880s-1890s, The Third Republic threatened by Monarchists, Aristocrats, Clergy, and Army Leaders who wanted Monarchy or Military rule;

Widespread feelings of anti-Semitism led to accusing Captain Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish officers in French army, of selling military secrets to Germany;

Found guilty on false and vague charges and sentenced to life in prison – Devil’s Island

Émile Zola – open letter in J’accuse! It denounced army for covering up scandal;

Dreyfus was eventually declared innocent by French government;

This gave rise to Zionism, leader Theodor Herzl – quest for a Jewish Homeland;

Other movements in Russia and Eastern Europe – Pogroms – campaigns of violence against Jews – immigration to US and Palestine;

Self Rule – British Colonies

Canada – 1839 – Canada united (upper and lower Canada) as Province of Canada;

British immigration encouraged;

Canada should be allowed to govern themselves;

Westward expansion – Transcontinental railroad – 1885;

New Zealand

Native Population – Maori;

Free Settlers;

Self governing in 1850s;

Australia

Native Population – Aborigines;

Colonized as penal colony in 1788 to resolve overcrowded prisons in Britain;

Free Settlers joined former convicts in early 1800s;

Sheep farming; Cheap land; Gold Rush in 1851; Self governing in 1850s;

The Great Famine The Great Hunger

Irish peasants dependent on potatoes as sole source of food;

From 1845 – 1948 a plant fungus ruined nearly all Ireland’s potato crop;

Our of 8 million population, 1 million died from starvation and disease;

Most, About 1 ½ million left Ireland to the US,

Immigrants also immigrated to Britain, Canada, and Australia;

Britain enforced demands of English landowners that Irish peasants pay their rent – many Irish lost land and fell in debt;

Large landowners profited from higher food prices;

Irish Immigration

Self Rule – British Colonies

Ireland

English control of Ireland – joined to Ireland in 1801;

Conflict between British Protestants and Native Irish Catholics;

Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829 restored many rights to Catholics;

Irish Potato Famine

Demand for Irish Home Rule – control of internal matters only or Independence.

Irish Republican Army – IRA

Ireland divided into

Northern Ireland – controlled by Britain

Ireland – Home Rule – 1921;

1949 – Irish Free State becomes Independent Republic of Ireland Ireland;

War and Expansion in the United States

Manifest Destiny

Americans believe they have the right and duty to rule North American from Atlantic coast to the Pacific;

War with Mexico – US gains Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, and Colorado;

Civil War Tests Democracy

Causes of the War

Divided Interests

North/East – Industry, Trade, farms – Free Workers;

South – Agricultural – Cash Crops – slave labor;

States Rights vs. Rights of Federal Government;

Climax of Tension in 1860 – When Abraham Lincoln Elected;

Civil War Breaks Out

Civil War

April 12, 1861 – Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina to start war;

Four years of fighting:

South – advantages – superior military leadership;

North – advantages – larger population, better transportation, greater resources, more factories;

April 1865 – South Surrenders;

Emancipation Proclamation – Declared all slaves in Confederate states were free;

Showed European nations that war was “fought against slavery,” and did not support South;

13th Amendment – Abolished Slavery – Ratified December, 1865;

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment extended rights of citizenship to all Americans and guaranteed former slaves right to vote;

New Ideas in Science

Germ Theory

French Chemist Louis Pasteur – mid-1800s

While examining fermentation process of alcohol discovered microscopic organisms - bacteria;

Learned heat killed bacteria;

Developed process of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids like milk;

Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution

Naturalist

Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle

theory that all forms of life evolved

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Survival of the Fittest

Theory of Evolution

Social Darwinism

New Ideas in Science

Marie Curie

Worked with her husband Pierre Curie

Discovered two missing elements – Radium and Polonium;

1898 – Radioactivity

1903 – The Curies shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry;

New Ideas in Science

Social Science Explore Behavior

Psychology

Ivan Pavlov

Human actions were often unconscious reactions to Experiences through training

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious mind drives how people think and act about it

Psychoanalysis – deal with psychological conflicts;